see Helen S. Dyer, Pandita Ramabai (London: Pickering & Inglis [ca. for the geographic area that includes Dohnavur, at which time, 1924], pp. 101-2; S. M. Adhav, PanditaRamabai (Madras: CLS, 1979), Amma severed her remaining Anglican connections. This might pp. 216ff. One is left with the impression that Ramabai's revival have been just as well, all things considered. On some of the aroused more attention than that at Dohnavur. complexities of Stephen Neill's character, see Eleanor M. Jackson, 18. Houghton, Amy Carmichael, p. 195. "The Continuing Legacy of Stephen Neill," in International Bulletin 19. Elisabeth Elliot, A Chance toDie: TheLifeandLegacy ofAmyCarmichael of Missionary Research 19, no. 2 (April 1995): 77-80. (Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell, 1987), p. 268. Elliot deals with 20. Houghton, Amy Carmichael, p. 259. the Neill episodein somedetail (pp. 267-70), in contrastto Houghton, 21. Ibid., p. 299. who merely hints at it, mentioning no names. In 1939 Stephen Neill 22. Amy Carmichael, Candles in the Dark(London: SPCK, 1981), p. 113. became Anglican bishop of Tinnevelly, with pastoral responsibility

Selected Bibliography Books by Amy Carmichael 1895 From Sunrise Land. London: Morgan & Scott. Elliot, Elisabeth. A Chance to Die: The Lifeand Legacy of Amy Carmichael. 1903 Things As They Are: Mission Work in Southern India. London: Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell, 1987. Morgan & Scott. Houghton, Frank. Amy Carmichael of Dohnavur: The Story of a Loverand 1906 Overweightsof Joy. London: Morgan & Scott. Her Beloved. London: SPCK, 1953. 1909 Lotus Buds. London: Morgan & Scott. Scoglund, Elizabeth R. Amma: The Life and Words of Amy Carmichael. 1932 GoldCord: The Story of a Fellowship. London: SPCK. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994. 1981 Candles in the Dark: Lettersto Her Friends. London: SPCK. 1987 if and His Thoughts Said . . . His Father Said . . . (in one volume). Houghton's book was written by one who had known Amma and London: SPCK. was commissioned by the Dohnavur Fellowship. It has of necessity been the basic source for all later writers, myselfincluded. In Elisabeth Elliot's Books About Amy Carmichael case, one feels that a more generous acknowledgment would not have Dick, Lois Hoadley. AmyCarmichael: LettheLittleChildren Come. Chicago: been out of place. Moody Press, 1984.

The Legacy of Horace Newton Allen

WiJo Kang

he legacy of missionaries includes much diversity in and went to Nanjing, where they had beenassigned to work. But T theology, vocational concepts, and personal characteris­ they were quite unhappyin Nanjing. Allen complained, "Having tics. Among those who dedicated their lives to spreading the cured [a case of opium poisoning] by the hypodermic use of Gospel of Christin another culture were some who changed their atropine, my life was made miserable by constant calls to other vocation from evangelistic mission to diplomatic, political, or such cases. These calls invariably came at night, one after the economic ventures. Horace Newton Allen, the first Protestant other, so that sleep was quite out of the question ."2 resident missionary to Korea, was such a person, for he changed When his medical friends in China advised him to go to from an evangelistic medical vocation to a diplomatic vocation. Korea, Allen consulted with his mission board in New York: "I He came to Korea in 1884, and three years later the king of Korea submitted the matter to the authorities in New York and was­ appointed him secretary of the Korean legation in the United instructed by themby cable, to go to Korea in their interest."3 He States. Afterward he became the American minister and the arrived in Korea on September IS, 1884, and soon after his family consul general in Seoul. joined him in Seoul. Allen was born in 1858 and grew up in Delaware, Ohio, Korea was then suffering much from political factionalism where his parents had moved from New England. Nurtured at and power struggles. The missionaries were warned in anarticle home in a puritan way of life, he went to Ohio Wesleyan College, in Foreign Missionary that"nothing could be more uncalled for, or where he received a bachelor of science degree in 1881. Then he more injurious to our real missionary work, than for us to seem went to Miami Medical College in Oxford, Ohio. Soon after to take any part in the political factions of Korea. "4 At first, Allen graduationfrom the medical school, he married Frances Messen­ heeded this advice. In 1885 he wrote to the Presbyterian Mission ger, "a girl of a definitely religious turn of mind."! In that same House in New York, "I have been honored by a committee year he was appointed as a medical missionary to China by the waiting upon me to ask me to present an address of welcome to Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the the returning British Consul, General Aston, but have thought it U.S.A. best to stay out of politics, and have, therefore, respectfully Allen and his bride arrived in Shanghai on October II, 1883, declined."5 How was it, then, that Allen eventually became involved in political life as an active diplomat for both Korea and the United Wi [oKang, bornin Korea, cameto the United Statesin 1954. He received his States instead of continuing his missionary vocation? Two theological education from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis and his Ph.D. importantfactors were Allen's personalityconflicts withGeneral degreefrom theUniversityofChicago. HeisWilhelmLoehe Professor ofMission Foote, the American minister in Seoul, and his ideological con­ at Wartburg Theological Seminary in Dubuque,Iowa. flicts withfellow missionaries,especiallyHoraceG. Underwood,

July 1996 125 the first ordained clergy missionary in Korea, who arrived in on having rooms low enough so they might dispense with the use 1885. of elevators. Itwas amusing to see them go clattering up the stairs Allen's difficulties with Foote started soon after the coup of in their sandals, a sort of foot gear not meantfor stairclimbing and 1884,in which Prince MinYongikwasseriously wounded. Allen used in a countrywhere the houses are of one story, withoutstairs, was called to treat the prince, who eventually recovered. Foote and where the shoes are left outside the door on entering a house.to was jealous of Allen because of the latter's growing popularity But eventually Allen escorted the delegation safely to Wash­ and influence at the Korean court. ington, D.C., and presented themto PresidentGroverCleveland. Allen's involvement at the court also proved a trial for his missionary colleagues. Most of the Korean royal family, espe­ In 1888 I escorted a Korean minister, and his suite of twelve, to cially Prince MinYongik, were conservative and pro-Chinese. In Washington, and established them there, the first Korean legation contrast, most missionaries, including Horace Underwood, fa­ to be established out of Asia. It was in January that this unique vored the progressive, pro-Japanese Koreans. Allen criticized party burst upon our capital, clad in delicately tinted silk gowns, Underwood as "rather conceited and rash." and wearing their hats in the house. And such hats! They were Allenhad further difficulties withUnderwood and the other made of glossyblackhorsehair, silkand bamboo, with the crowns, missionaries. He had his doubts concerning evangelistic prac­ shaped like truncated cones, rising from rims six inches across." tices, and he was always cautious aboutbeginning overt mission work. Underwood, in contrast, was zealous to promote his Though his task was sometimes difficult, sometimes humorous, mission "cautiously but without apology," and to "preach and Horace Allen performed it patientlyand faithfully for the benefit take the consequences."7 Criticisms of Allen's reticence also came of Korea. He could truthfully report to his friend Prince Min Yongik that everyone in Washington received the Korean lega­ tion very favorably. After the Korean diplomats were settled and the legation Allen's involvement at the firmly established, Allen began trying to raise American busi­ Korean court proved a trial ness interest in Korea. He extolled the Korean people and their culture in the American press, hoping to attract American finan­ to his missionary ciers and businesses by explaining Korea's economic potential compatriates. and promise of prosperity. Allen wrote of his efforts: "I tried to raise a loan through James H. Wilson of Grant Co.... He is the financial authority in New York apparently, on Eastern matters. from the Methodist missionaries and even from a medical col­ The result was unsuccessful. Later on several gentlemen visited league, Dr. John Heron. Allen became disillusioned and dis­ me in Washington asking a franchise for gas lighting in Seoul."12 gusted, writing, "Mission work is a farce .... Heron has every otherweekwhollyto himselfandall but2-3 hoursof otherweeks. Cultivating American Business Leaders Yet he does not study. Underwood has as much leisure. So have the Methodists. I think it is a pretty soft thing." In the summer of 1888, Allen succeeded in forming a syndicate Out of Allen's unhappiness came a growing desire to get that included some of America's leading capitalists of the day, awayfrom Seoulandfromhis countrymenthere. In 1887anideal among them Morton Bliss and Dodge Phelps and Company. opportunity arose. The Korean king decided to open a legation Allen also excited the interest of American mine expert W. T. in the United States and asked Allen to be its foreign secretary Pierce, who wanted to establish a gold mill in Korea. Allen and to serve as guide to the Korean members of the envoy. rejoiced and wrote in a letter to Prince Min, "I now have some Allen's first step toward becoming a diplomat was escorting encouraging news for you. The mining expert Mr. Pierce has these representatives to Washington. found gold enough in Korea to warrant the erection of a mill and While he was glad to leave Seoul, this new job was not easy. machinery.':" Pierce later sent a telegram to Allen that stated: Guiding uninitiated diplomats through a strange land was long "one machinist foreman was sent, one machinist, four assis­ and tiresome work, from the very first experience on board ship: tants."'14 From that small start, Pierce went on to develop a modern mechanized gold mine in Korea. They persist in standing upon the closet seats which they keep To be sure, Allen's success in bringing American business dirtied all the time and have severely marked with their hob­ into Korea had roots in selfisheconomicmotives quiteapartfrom nailed shoes. They smell of dung continually, persist in smoking any perceived benefits to the Korean people. Nevertheless, his in their rooms which smell horribly of unwashed bodies, dung, stale wine, Korean food, smoke, etc. I go regularly every morning efforts did stimulate some crucial economic development in to see the ministerand get him up on deck. Ican'tstop long in their Korea as a result of American enterprise, and Koreans began to rooms as I have had to point out lice to them on their clothes." enjoy more of the advantages of modernscience and technology. Before the end of the nineteenth century, Americans developed The difficulties Allen was to face had just begun. When the Korea's first modern gold, silver, and coal mines, an electric diplomatic partylanded in San Francisco, they wentto the Palace railroad, a modern water system, and a steam railroad. Hotel. Allen recounts another incident there: With the involvement of American enterprise, the progress toward modernization in Korea was amazing. In the last decade Arriving from our ship we entered the elevator at the Palace Hotel of the nineteenth century, Korea had "one of the most extensive in San Francisco. It was quite a little room with divans along the sides. Some of the Koreans had comfortably seated themselves, and successful gold mining properties in Asia," employing "over while others were standing ... when the operator pulled his rope half a hundred white men and some thousands of Asiatics in the and we began to shoot skyward. With horrified exclamations, as operations of its mines and mills, and all the many accessories one man they seized me, exclaiming about earthquakes in the necessary to the successful conduct of so large a property."lS greatest alarm. After that, when stopping at hotels, they insisted Thus Korea waswell onits wayto modernization. American

126 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH enterpriseswerepoised to develop manymore of Korea's natural cine for a short time there but soon took up his former job at the resources and could have easily helped it to become one of the government hospital that he had established in Seoul in 1885. most modern, industrialized nations in Asia. Unfortunately, its Then in 1890 Allen was appointed secretary of the U.S. legation development was constantly hindered by the colonial aspira­ in Seoul, resuming his diplomatic career. In 1897 he became the tions of its neighbors and by its own internal weakness, and the U.S. minister and consul general to Seoul. In this second phase country thus lost a prime chance to develop its resources for its of his diplomatic career, Allen worked harder than ever to own people. Still, Allen continued to believe that Korea could preserve Korean sovereignty. He supported the king and other blossom into a modern nation. When neighboring powers did Korean leaders as they sought to affirm the value of indepen­ interfere with Korea's freedom and sovereignty, Allen went to dence and freedom. In 1896 Allenwholeheartedly supported the great lengths to oppose their encroachments. formationof theKoreanIndependenceAssociation,whichsought One triumph of his efforts to protect Korean independence to cope with a growing infiltration by foreign powers. carne at the time when Allen was asked to guide the Korean legation to Washington. This mission was a diplomatic blow to Unproductive Interventions in Washington the Chinese, who wanted to keep Korea a subject nation. Yuan Shih Kai, the Chinese representative in Seoul, tried to stop the The main enemy of Korean independence, as Allen rightly envoy'sdeparturewiththehelp of the former regent, Taewonkun. perceived, was the growth of Japanese power. Allen constantly The Chinese reaction frightened the king of Korea, who warned his government that expandingJapanese power was the called upon Allen for advice; Allen strongly urged him to carry greatest threat to world peace. out the mission for the sake of Korea's sovereignty and integrity. Allen hoped to save Korea from Japanese imperial ambi­ With this encouragement, the king determined to send the dip­ tions. He wished to instill this hope in his U.S. superiors, but the lomats to the United States in spite of the threat, and then he attitudes in Washington, especially those of President Theodore asked Allen to seek further support for the venture from the Russians and Americans in Seoul. Allenwrote, "[The king] asked me to linger ... and requested that I present these matters to Americans and Russians and see whether they would back him The main enemy of Korean up in sending off the mission."16 independence, as Allen In addition, Allenhelped PakChungYang, newly appointed rightly perceived, was Korean minister to Washington, D.C., to stay with the American legation in Seoul. With the help of Hugh N. Dinsmore, the Japanese imperialism. Americanministerin Seoul, Allen arranged passageonthe U.S.S. Omaha for the Korean diplomats. China was prepared to prevent their departure from Chemulpo and sent a fleet to stop them, but Roosevelt, seemed to be pro-Japanese. Roosevelt likedJapan and the attemptfailed because the Chinese did notdare to tangle with often praised the country, once writing, "Japan is indeed a an American warship. The presence of Allen in the legation and wonderful land. Nothing in history has quite paralleled her rise his position as its secretary thus helped secure the Korean diplo­ during the last fifty years. Her progress has been remarkably mats' safe departure for the United States. alike in war, in industry, in statesmanship, in science."!" Unbe­ Chinese efforts to prevent their success continued in Wash­ lievably, Roosevelt felt that Korea actually belonged to Japan! ington. When the mission arrived, the Chinese minister wanted Said the president, "With businesslike coolness the soldierly to introduce the Koreans as vassal envoys of China, but Allen statesmen of Nippon have taken the chance which offered itself lobbied vigorously for Korea's sovereign rights. "It became my of at little cost retaliating for the injury inflicted upon them in the past and removing an obstacle to their future dominance in eastern Asia. Korea is absolutely [apan's.'"? In 1903 Allen decided to travel to Washington to speak with Prodded by Allen, the president in person. He started out from Korea in early American enterprises were summer, taking the newly opened trans-Siberian railroad. Allen arrived in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 1903, and he met poised to develop Korea's with the president on September 30. He wrote in his diary: "I many natural resources called onpresident and told himhe was making a mistake to side needed for modern with Japan against Russia. He asked me if I had talked with Secretaries. I said I had. He then made an appointment with industrialization. Rockhill and myself to meet him at 9:30 P.M.... Called on the Koreans in afternoon.'?" In his discussion with the president, however, Allen's pro-Korean and pro-Russian views clashed duty," he said, "to defeat the demands as well as the persuasions sharply with Roosevelt's pro-Japanese attitude. Allen attacked of the Chinese minister that we consent to be introduced by Japan's aggressive behavior, but he was unable to sway the him."17 Allen succeeded in thwarting the Chinese attempts, and president. the Korean legation was established on its own terms. Allen gained little in his conference with the president, but After the Korean diplomats were settled in their legation, he resumed his work as American minister in Seoul and contin­ Allen resigned his duties with them. In 1889 he was recalled by ued as much as he was able to oppose Japanese expansion in the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions to open a mission in Korea. When he returned to Korea, he traveled through Japan Pusan. When he went to Pusan, however, it proved impossible and later remarked, "By encouraging Japan it seemed that we to purchase or even rent a suitable property, and so, with the were egging them on to war, a war that would harm US."21 As board's consent, Allen moved to Chemulpo. He practiced medi­ growingJapanesepowerfurther menacedKoreanindependence,

July 1996 127 Allen wrote to Secretary of State Hay, sharing with him the Allen deserves high praise for his books on Korea, especially serious concern of the Korean king about the threat of Japan: Things Korean and A Chronological Index. In Things Korean (1908) "He falls back in his extremity upon his old friendship with Allen expresses his "earnest sympathy with, and kindly senti­ America.... [He] confidently expects that America will do ments towards, the Koreans," who were struggling against Japa­ something for him at the close of this war [the Russo-Japanese nese oppression. This book is a collection of sketches and War] or when opportunity offers, to retain for him as much of his anecdotes of his experiences with Korea and its people. In the independence as is possible."22 By this time Allen's influence in book, Allen criticized American policy toward Korea and at­ Washington was minimal, and his letter persuaded no one. tacked Japanese power ambitions in the Far East as a threat to In 1905 he was recalled to the United States and replaced by world peace. This valuable book gives some important informa­ Edwin V. Morgan. There was little question that Allen was tion on Korea's political, social, and economic conditions in the dismissed because he strove for Korean sovereignty in opposi­ last part of the nineteenth century and the early part of the tion to Japanese imperialism. twentieth century. The Chronological Index is a scholarly work on After returning to the United States, Allen practiced medi­ Korean history, recording important historical events of Korean cine in Toledo, Ohio. While he lived in Ohio, he continued to history in relation to other countries, together with dates and make contributions on behalf of Korea by his speeches and names of foreigners who visited Korea from 97 B.C. to A.D. 1901. writings, at a time when Korea was largely unknown to the The book also includes lists of consular and diplomatic represen­ Western world. Korea has a rich treasure of legends, folk tales, tatives in Seoul from 1876 to 1899, a list of chief officers of the and love stories with literary value. In Korean Tales, Allen trans­ Korean Customs, a list of chiefs of the Korean foreign office, and lated and condensed Korea's most beloved stories, such as a bibliography on Korea. "Shimchong-Jon," "Honkiltong," and "Chunghyang-Jon." As far On December 11, 1932, Horace N. Allen died in Toledo, as I am aware, Allen's Korean Tales, published in 1889, is one of the Ohio, leaving behind a rich legacy of Christian witness to politi­ first books in English to introduce Korean literature to the cal justice as the first Protestant missionary to Korea. English-speaking world.

Notes ------­ 1. Fred Harrington, God, Mammon, and theJapanese (Madison: Univ. of 11. Ibid., p. 159. Wisconsin Press, 1961), p. 5. 12. Allen to Frazer, September 25, 1898, Allen MSS. 2. Horace N. Allen, ThingsKorean (New York: FlemingH. Revell, 1908), 13. Allen to Min Yongik, June 20, 1889, Allen MSS. p.191. 14. Allen to Frazer, September 25, 1889, Allen MSS. 3. Ibid., p. 167. 15. Allen, Things Korean, p. 215. 4. "The Hour for Korea," Foreign Missionary44, no, 4 (September 1885): 16. Allen Diary, September 30, 1889. 156. 17. Allen, Things Korean, p. 164. 5. Allen, "Only a Square Inch of Royalty," Foreign Missionary 44, no. 4 18. The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 18, ed. Herman Hagerdon (September 1885): 176. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1926), p. 406. 6. Allen Diary, April 6, 1885, Allen MSS, New York City Library. 19. Ibid., p. 21. 7. L. H. Underwood, Underwood of Korea (New York: Fleming H. 20. Allen Diary, September 30, 1903. Revell, 1908), p. 14. 21. Allen, Things Korean, p. 251. 8. Allen Diary, September 5, 1886. 22. Allen to John Hay, April 14, 1904, quoted in F. A. McKenzie, Korea's 9. Ibid., December 26, 1887. Fightfor Freedom (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1920), p. 98. 10. Allen, Things Korean, p. 162.

Selected Bibliography Allen's Unpublished Material 1896 "Bicycle Experience in Korea." Korean Repository 3:320-22. Manuscripts, 1884-1907. New York City Library. 1896 "Some Korean Customs: Dancing Girls." Korean Repository 3:383­ Allen reports, correspondence, etc. Archives of the Board of Foreign 86. Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., Presbyterian 1897 "An Old Book on Korea." Korean Repository 4:14-17. Historical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 1901 A Chronological Index: Someof the Chief Events in the Foreign Inter­ course of Korea from the Beginning of Christian Era to the Twentieth Allen's Published Works Century. Seoul: Press of Methodist Publishing House. 1904 Korea: Fact andFancy. Seoul: Press of Methodist Publishing House. 1884 "Our First Letter from Korea." Foreign Missionary 43, no. 7 (De­ 1908 Things Korean: A Collection of Sketches andAnecdotesMissionaryand cember): 303. Diplomatic. New York: Fleming H. Revell. 1885 "Medical Work in Korea." Foreign Missionary. 44, no. 2 (July): 74. 1885 "Only a Square Inch of Royalty." Foreign Missionary. 44, no. 4 (September):176. Works About Allen 1889 Korean Tales: Beinga Collection of Stories Translated from the Korean Harrington, Fred. God, Mammon, and theJapanese: Dr.Horace N. Allen and Folk Lore, Together with IntroductoryChapters Descriptive ofKorea, by Korean-American Relations, 1884-1905.Madison: Univ. ofWiscon­ H. N. Allen. New York: G. P. Putnam. sin Press, 1944, 1961. 1896 "Some Korean Customs: The Mootang." Korean Repository 3:163­ Kang, Wi Jo. "Horace N. Allen's Contribution to Korea, 1884-1905." 65. M.A. thesis, Univ. of Chicago, 1962. 1896 "A Fortune-Teller's Fate." Korean Repository 3:273-80.

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