Hananim En La Frontera: Un Estudio Sobre Iglesias Coreanas En Tijuana, Baja California

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Hananim En La Frontera: Un Estudio Sobre Iglesias Coreanas En Tijuana, Baja California Hananim en la frontera: un estudio sobre iglesias coreanas en Tijuana, Baja California Tesis presentada por Dinorah Lizeth Contreras Aragón para obtener el grado de MAESTRA EN ESTUDIOS CULTURALES Tijuana, B. C., México 2020 CONSTANCIA DE APROBACIÓN Director de Tesis: Dr. Alberto Hernández Hernández Aprobada por el Jurado Examinador: 1. Dra. Olga Odgers Ortiz, lectora interna 2. Dr. Shinji Hirai, lector externo 1 海ヘ Al mar y todos los significados que caben en él. 2 Agradecimientos Cuando se lleva a cabo una investigación como la que presento en este manuscrito, es inevitable arraigar la sensación de nunca haber observado lo suficiente, de no haber registrado lo suficiente, de no haber reflexionado lo suficiente, de no haber escrito lo suficiente. Sin embargo, como recuerdo entrañable quedan todas las conversaciones de oídos prestos a escuchar las inquietudes del estudiante que busca reafirmar o enriquecer algún pensamiento fugaz o profundo sobre el tema de estudio que está desarrollando. Para aquellas, personas todo mi agradecimiento. A mis profesores en El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, principalmente a quienes prestaron sus consejos para el desarrollo de este proyecto: Alberto Hernández y Olga Odgers. Así como al doctor Shinji Hirai, del Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. A mis compañeros de generación de la Maestría en Estudios Culturales, gracias porque de sus conocimientos y experiencias aprendí valiosas enseñanzas para mi formación como estudiosa de la cultura. Especialmente, gracias a Karla Horta por brindarme su sincera amistad desde el primer día de clases. A Marcelino Ayala, por ser mi compañero de tareas, debates y conflictos teóricos, actividades a través de las cuales juntos reafirmamos e intercambiamos posturas y conocimiento; gracias Marce por ser un lector asiduo de mis escritos. Agradezco también a quienes prestaron su testimonio y tiempo para esta investigación, a Fermín Kim, a Vasthi y Felipe King, a la doctora Nilda Llanes Kim; al pastor Ananías Bravo, al pastor Jonathan Kim y a la Iglesia Coreana de Tijuana que me abrió las puertas para la observación en campo; a So Hee, gracias por las charlas. De igual manera, agradezco el apoyo de los miembros del Círculo Mexicano de Estudios Coreanos: Cintli, Claudia, Edith, Eduardo, Gaby, Jorge, Sergio. Muchas gracias porque en nuestras charlas y a través de su trabajo, siempre puedo enriquecer mi conocimiento sobre los estudios coreanos y la necesidad constante de reflexionar sobre los diversos significados de Corea. A mi familia, especialmente a mi madre Amparo Aragón, por todo el apoyo incondicional para siempre cumplir los objetivos de esta mente inquieta. A la familia que se escoge, Gaby y Sarita Vega porque en algún momento fueron parte de esta investigación. Y a mi compañera de aventuras etnológicas, Karina Juárez. A todos, gracias por haber formado parte de este proyecto. Finalmente, gracias a El Colegio de la Frontera Norte y al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por creer en las intenciones académicas de esta estudiante y brindar los recursos oportunos para la realización de este proyecto de investigación. Dinorah Contreras Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México. Verano de 2020. 3 Resumen El siguiente texto tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de un proyecto de investigación que se centra en describir las funciones de cuatro iglesias coreanas ubicadas en Tijuana, Baja California, México. Consideramos que estas iglesias son parte de un campo religioso transnacional y el resultado de religiones en movimiento. Para analizar las manifestaciones del cristianismo coreano en Tijuana, partimos de la idea de que las iglesias coreanas pueden definirse como iglesias étnicas debido a las funciones de asociación, preservación de la cultura coreana, prestación de servicios a los migrantes y concesión de estatus a sus miembros. Sin embargo, esta investigación también ha revelado que abordar el estudio de las iglesias coreanas en el campo religioso de Tijuana usando el concepto de iglesia étnica puede hacer invisibles otros procesos en los que las organizaciones religiosas coreanas están involucradas, debido a que su trabajo de proselitismo se extiende más allá de sus fronteras étnicas, y alcanza a la población local. Conceptos clave: campo social transnacional, comunidades transnacionales, campo religioso, iglesias étnicas, cristianismo coreano, migración coreana, religiones en movimiento. Abstract The following text aims to present the results of a research project that focuses on describing the functions of four Korean churches located in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. We consider that these churches are part of a transnational religious field and the result of religions on the move. To analyze the manifestations of Korean Christianity in Tijuana, we start from the idea that Korean churches can be defined as ethnic churches due to the functions of association, preservation of Korean culture, providing services to migrants and granting status to their members. However, this research has also revealed that approaching the study of Korean churches in the Tijuana religious field using the concept of ethnic church may make invisible other processes in which Korean religious organizations are involved due to their proselytizing work that expands itself beyond its ethnic borders. Key concepts: transnational social field, transnational communities, religious field, ethnic churches, Korean Christianity, Korean migration, religion in motion. 4 Contenido Introducción ........................................................................................................................... 6 Planteamiento del problema ............................................................................................ 8 Justificación ..................................................................................................................... 10 Síntesis de la estrategia metodológica ........................................................................... 11 Presentación del contenido del texto ............................................................................. 14 Capítulo I. Las iglesias étnicas en el campo social transnacional .................................. 18 Transnacionalismo .......................................................................................................... 18 El campo social transnacional ....................................................................................... 22 Comunidad transnacional .............................................................................................. 23 El campo religioso ........................................................................................................... 26 ¿Qué es una iglesia? ........................................................................................................ 28 Las iglesias como comunidades transnacionales .......................................................... 30 ¿Qué implica estudiar a la religión en movimiento? ................................................... 33 Características y funciones de una iglesia étnica de migrantes .................................. 35 Apuntes sobre la etnicidad ............................................................................................. 38 Capítulo II. Cartografiando el cristianismo coreano ........................................................ 45 Capítulo III. Los coreanos en el contexto de la diversidad religiosa y cultural de Tijuana .............................................................................................................. 56 Algunas especificidades de la diversidad religiosa en Tijuana ................................... 60 Los coreanos en México .................................................................................................. 61 Los coreanos en Tijuana ................................................................................................. 71 Capítulo IV. Organizaciones religiosas de origen coreano en Tijuana ........................... 83 De Yucatán a Tijuana: la iglesia adventista de la calle ‘K’ y los descendientes de la primera migración coreana de 1905 .............................................................................. 87 Los senderos del presbiterianismo coreano en las colonias de Tijuana ..................... 94 La iglesia de los coreanos en la colonia Obrera: un antecedente histórico .............................................. 94 Iglesia Coreana de Tijuana 티화나한인교회 .......................................................................................... 99 Misión Elim 티화나 엘림교회 ............................................................................................................. 105 Cristianismo coreano en Tijuana: ¿más allá del concepto de iglesia étnica? .......... 111 Conclusión ......................................................................................................................... 121 Anexo estadístico de la presencia de coreanos en México ............................................... 123 Mapa de los espacios coreanos en Tijuana ...................................................................... 128 Referencias ......................................................................................................................... 129 5 Introducción El crecimiento económico de la República de Corea después de la segunda década del siglo XX ha conseguido posicionar al país como una de las potencias económicas emergentes más importantes del Este
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