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Ultracapacitors for Port Crane Applications: Sizing and Techno-Economic Analysis

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Ultracapacitors for Port Crane Applications: Sizing and Techno-Economic Analysis energies Article Ultracapacitors for Port Crane Applications: Sizing and Techno-Economic Analysis Mostafa Kermani 1,*, Giuseppe Parise 1, Ben Chavdarian 2 and Luigi Martirano 1 1 Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (L.M.) 2 P2S, Inc., Long Beach, CA 90815, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 March 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 22 April 2020 Abstract: The use of energy storage with high power density and fast response time at container terminals (CTs) with a power demand of tens of megawatts is one of the most critical factors for peak reduction and economic benefits. Peak shaving can balance the load demand and facilitate the participation of small power units in generation based on renewable energies. Therefore, in this paper, the economic efficiency of peak demand reduction in ship to shore (STS) cranes based on the ultracapacitor (UC) energy storage sizing has been investigated. The results show the UC energy storage significantly reduce the peak demand, increasing the load factor, load leveling, and most importantly, an outstanding reduction in power and energy cost. In fact, the suggested approach is the start point to improve reliability and reduce peak demand energy consumption. Keywords: ultracapacitor sizing; techno-economic analysis; energy storage system (ESS); ship to shore (STS) crane; peak shaving; energy cost 1. Introduction It is well known that large-scale commodity (and people) transport uses the sea as a crucial and optimal route. In maritime transportation ports and harbors with power demands of tens of megawatts based on some vast consumers with a high peak level (such as giant cranes, cold ironing, etc.) require a unique power system. Hence, the electrical load areas of port facilities must be organized as microgrids pointing to the goal of a net-zero energy load system that allows a reduced impact on the network supply [1]. The nodes of the maritime highways are the ports representing strategic and critical logistic nodes, both for the strategical service and the energy consumption. Container terminals (CTs) are special zones of the ports used for the transportation of goods as an intermodal exchange between ships and ships and between ships and other transportation vectors (trucks and trains) [2]. Automated terminals are defined as terminals with at least some container handling equipment operating without direct human interaction for 100% of the duty cycle of the equipment. In most cases, drivers have been physically removed from the cranes, although in some cases drivers remain in the equipment cabins but are not needed for the entire duty cycle. There are several types of automated container terminal around the world. The case study of the present paper is Pier E of the Port of Long Beach (POLB), in which the cranes contribute to most of the power demand. The electrical power system in Pier E consists of a subpart of the whole system of the POLB, supplied by an MV/V substation 66/12 kV, owned by Southern California Edison Company [3]. There are different types of crane in operation in a CT. First, ship to shore (STS) cranes, also well known as quay cranes (QC), act as an interface between land and ships and have to load or unload container ships as quickly as possible, usually with multiple cranes working on a single ship. The containers then have to be transported horizontally to the stacking yard behind the STS cranes. Energies 2020, 13, 2091; doi:10.3390/en13082091 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2020, 13, 2091 2 of 19 Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 This is done by much smaller vehicles like container tractors, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), or automated straddle carriers (ASCs). Finally, the containers are stacked for the most efficient use of automated straddle carriers (ASCs). Finally, Finally, the containerscontainers are stacked for the most eefficientfficient use ofof space and time, before they are transferred onto trucks or trains that transport them overland. In spacespace andand time,time, beforebefore theythey areare transferredtransferred ontoonto truckstrucks oror trainstrains thatthat transporttransport themthem overland.overland. InIn smaller terminals, this stacking can also be done by straddle carriers, but usually, this is done by rail- smallersmaller terminals, this this stacking stacking can can also also be be done done by by straddle straddle carriers, carriers, but butusually, usually, this thisis done is done by rail- by mounted gantry (RMG) cranes. Figure 1 provides a flow diagram of a CT operation. rail-mountedmounted gantry gantry (RMG) (RMG) cranes. cranes. Figure Figure 1 prov1 providesides a flow a flow diagram diagram of a of CT a CToperation. operation. STS Cranes ASC and AGV Cranes RTG Cranes RMG Cranes Departure STS Cranes ASC and AGV Cranes RTG Cranes RMG Cranes Departure Container handling Waterside Container handling Storage yard Land side Waterside process Storage yard Land side process Figure 1. Flow diagram of a container terminal operation. Figure 1.1. Flow diagram of a container terminal operation. POLB is one of the busiest and thriving seaports in the world is the second busiest container port POLB is one of the busiest and thriving seaports in the world is the second busiest container port inin the the US, US, after after the the Port Port of of Los Los Angeles Angeles (POLA), (POLA), which which adjoins adjoins it. it. With With an an extension extension of aboutof about 13 km13 km2, it2, in the US, after the Port of Los Angeles (POLA), which adjoins it. With an extension of about 13 km2, it generates approximately $100 billion and provides more than 300,000 jobs. In the last few years, as generatesit generates approximately approximately $100 $100 billion billion and and provides provides more more than than 300,000 300,000 jobs. jobs. InIn thethe lastlast fewfew years,years, as shown in Figure 2, the container trades are reaching the highest level ever, and a contraction has been shownshown inin Figure2 2,, the the containercontainer trades trades areare reachingreaching the the highest highest level level ever, ever, and and a a contraction contraction has has been been recorded in a ten-year period [4]. recordedrecorded inin aa ten-yearten-year periodperiod [[4].4]. 99 ContainerContainer TradeTrade inin TEUsTEUs inin MillionsMillions 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 0 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 2. Container trades in TEUs. Figure 2. Container trades in TEUs. Figure 2. Container trades in TEUs. Nowadays, by expanding renewable energy sources in electrical power systems, ports authorities Nowadays, by expanding renewable energy sources in electrical power systems, ports haveNowadays, encouraged theby useexpanding of these units.renewable New solutionsenergy forsources electrical in gridselectrical are under power study systems, in the globalports authorities have encouraged the use of these units. New solutions for electrical grids are under study community.authorities have The mainencouraged research the areas use of are these assigned units. to New renewables, solutions sustainability, for electrical lowgrids or are zero-emissions, under study in the global community. The main research areas are assigned to renewables, sustainability, low or smartin the global grids, aggregation,community. The etc. main The research goal is to areas create are models assigned for to smart renewables grids, operating sustainability, in seaports low or zero-emissions, smart grids, aggregation, etc. The goal is to create models for smart grids operating tozero-emissions, optimize energy smart consumption grids, aggregation, and to reduceetc. The the goal emissions. is to create Not models only for energy smart management grids operating but in seaports to optimize energy consumption and to reduce the emissions. Not only energy alsoin seaports safety and to maintenanceoptimize energy are the consumption drivers to find and new to solutionsreduce the [5, 6].emissions. Considering Not a only CT port energy as a management but also safety and maintenance are the drivers to find new solutions [5,6]. Considering management but also safety and maintenance are the drivers to find new solutions [5,6]. Considering a CT port as a microgrid, such as Figure 3, requires two main infrastructures. The first is the physical a CT port as a microgrid, such as Figure 3, requires two main infrastructures. The first is the physical assets such as power lines, breakers, transformers, conventional and renewable energy sources, and assets such as power lines, breakers, transformers, conventional and renewable energy sources, and Energies 2020, 13, 2091 3 of 19 microgrid,Energies 2019, such12, x FOR as FigurePEER REVIEW3, requires two main infrastructures. The first is the physical assets3 such of 19 as power lines, breakers, transformers, conventional and renewable energy sources, and the second onethe second is communication one is communication and control, and which control, is necessary which is necessary for communication for communication and the controls and the between controls thebetween physical the assets,physical for assets, example for theexample local ethernetthe local network, ethernet serialnetwork, connection, serial connection, microgrid controller,microgrid protectivecontroller, relayprotective [7]. relay [7]. Figure 3. Future plan for Energy Island at POLB. Figure 3. Future plan for Energy Island at POLB. The new scenarios of sustainability, for electrical and energy systems in ports, can be synthesized in theThe 4-L new pillars scenarios approach: of sustainability, less, leveled, local, for electrical load (also and called energy lele-lolo systems approach) in ports, [8 can]. Since be synthesized the cranes, needin the about 4-L pillars 72% of approach: the total powerless, leveled, at Pier Elocal, (in detail,load (also STS cranescalled aboutlele-lolo 37%, approach) ASC cranes [8].
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