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A Review on the Selected Applications of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Microgrids

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A Review on the Selected Applications of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Microgrids energies Review A Review on the Selected Applications of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Microgrids Muhammad Khalid 1,2 1 Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; [email protected]; Tel.: +966-13-860-8076 2 K A CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia · · Received: 23 October 2019; Accepted: 20 November 2019; Published: 29 November 2019 Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive categorical review of the recent advances and past research development of the hybrid storage paradigm over the last two decades. The main intent of the study is to provide an application-focused survey where every category and sub-category herein is thoroughly and independently investigated. Implementation of energy storage systems is one of the most interestingly effective options for further progression in the field of alternative energy technology. Apart from a meticulous garnering of the energy resources regulated by the energy storage, the main concern is to optimize the characteristic integrity of the storage devices to achieve a practically techno-economic size and operation. In this paper, hybrid energy storage consisting of batteries and supercapacitors is studied. The fact that the characteristic of batteries is mostly complementary to that of supercapacitors, hybridizing these storage systems enhances their scope of application in various fields. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present an inclusive review of these applications. Specifically, the application domain includes: (1) regulation of renewable energy sources, (2) contributions to grid regulation (voltage and frequency compensation, contribution to power system inertia), (3) energy storage enhancements (life cycle improvement, and size reduction), (4) regenerative braking in electric vehicles, (5) improvement in wireless power transfer technology. Further, this review also descriptively highlights the control strategies implemented in these domains of applications. The application-oriented review explicates the principle advantages with the hybridization of battery and supercapacitor energy storage systems that can be used as an insight for further development in the field of energy storage technology and its applications. Keywords: battery; electric vehicles; hybrid energy storage systems; power quality; renewable energy sources; supercapacitors; renewable generation 1. Introduction The application of batteries has come a long way since its inception, ranging from commercial electronic equipment, satellite applications, medical instrumentation, substation installation to the electrical circuitry of conventional vehicles. Conventionally, the principle of application of batteries was based on its capability to allow devices to be electrically autonomous. Further, with the introduction of green revolution owing to the rapid growth due ever-increasing energy consumption, increment in population and urbanization, the battery technology concurrently matured with it, paving its way and, hence establishing its prominence in power sector. Considering the objective of reducing greenhouse emission and heed to the global demand-supply mismatch, that is, to optimize energy usage and minimize fuel consumption and toxic emissions. Among various alternatives to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EV) Energies 2019, 12, 4559; doi:10.3390/en12234559 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2019, 12, 4559 2 of 34 are some of the most researched and matured technological propositions. Energy storage systems (ESS), being multifaceted in their applications, form the foundation for technological advancement in RES and EV. In this field, several excellent discoveries and proposition have been made for the applications of batteries for RES output power stabilization, wireless RES power transfer, peak-shifting, Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 35 electricity market pricing and scheduling, grid voltage and frequency regulations, increasing RES penetration withtoxic inertialemissions. contribution Among various to alternatives the grid, to peak fossil clipping-valleyfuels, renewable energy filling sources due to(RES) RES and integration in the main gridelectric [1–4 ],vehicles and further(EV) are some commercialization of the most researched of EVs and withmatured enhanced technological driving propositions. and acceleration Energy storage systems (ESS), being multifaceted in their applications, form the foundation for range with increasedtechnological performance advancement ofin dueRES toand recuperation EV. In this field, of regenerativeseveral excellent braking discoveries [5– 7and]. Even thoughproposition batteries have been can made aptly for the performapplications inof batteries these applications,for RES output power batteries stabilization, possess certain inconvenientwireless characteristics RES power transfer, such aspeak-s lowhifting, power electricity density, market limited pricing and life scheduling, cycle and grid comparatively voltage slow and frequency regulations, increasing RES penetration with inertial contribution to the grid, peak response in termsclipping-valley of the filling requirements due to RES integration of the applications. in the main grid This [1–4], mightand further limit commercialization the feasibility of battery when dealingof withEVs with transient enhanced high-power driving and acceleration demands, range such with as increased the transient performance RES of output due to power and load variabilityrecuperation leading of toregenerative an oversized braking [5–7]. design of batteries with increased investment cost and an Even though batteries can aptly perform in these applications, batteries possess certain additional powerinconvenient loss owingcharacteristics to the such slow as low response power de ofnsity, the limited batteries life cycle to and compensate comparatively for slow transient peak power demands.response in terms of the requirements of the applications. This might limit the feasibility of battery when dealing with transient high-power demands, such as the transient RES output power and load Moreover,variability the majority leading to ofan electronicoversized design devices, of batteries EVs with and increased telecommunication investment cost and system an possess a common loadadditional profile, power described loss owing by to the the slow relatively response of high the batteries peak-to-peak to compensate average for transient power peak requirement. These kinds ofpower loads demands. can be closely represented as a constant current characteristic, that is a pulsed load Moreover, the majority of electronic devices, EVs and telecommunication system possess a profile, hence,common sulphating load profile, batteries described in robust by the relatively and standalone high peak-to-peak operations average due power to therequirement. high current profile leading to increasedThese kinds system of loads lossescan be closely and constantrepresented need as a constant for battery current replacement.characteristic, that Supercapacitors,is a pulsed also known as electricload profile, double hence, layer sulphating capacitors, batteries have in robust 20 times and standalone more energy operations storage due to capacity the high current thanconventional profile leading to increased system losses and constant need for battery replacement. electrolytic capacitorsSupercapacitors, and also in known contrast as electric to batteries, double layer supercapacitors capacitors, have 20 can times support more energy comparatively storage much higher powercapacity pulses than [8]. conventional However, electrolytic their energy capacitors storage and in capacity contrast to is batteries, less than supercapacitors that of batteries can (Table1). Therefore,support hybridization comparatively much of battery higher power energy pulses storage [8]. However, system their (BESS) energy storage with capacity supercapacitor is less storage than that of batteries (Table 1). system (SCSS) willTherefore, lead hybridization to the overall of battery ESS energy to possess storage highsystem energy (BESS) with density supercapacitor and high storage power density (Figure1) withsystem increased (SCSS) will operational lead to the overall flexibility ESS to possess [ 9]. high Moreover, energy density with and thishigh power hybridization density of these complementary(Figure characteristics 1) with increased the operational requirements flexibility of [9]. the Moreover, system with can this be hybridization decoupled of with these each hybrid complementary characteristics the requirements of the system can be decoupled with each hybrid energy storageenergy system storage (HESS) system (HESS) device device performing performing to its its characteristic characteristic potential potential and hence andachieve hence achieve reduced ESSreduced sizing, ESS investment sizing, investment cost andcost and optimize optimize thethe efficiency efficiency of the of overall the overall ESS [10,11]. ESS [10,11]. Figure 1.FigureQualitative 1. Qualitative comparison comparison of of batteries batteries and supercapacitors supercapacitors. Energies 2019, 12, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2019, 12, 4559 3 of 34 Table 1. Technical characteristics of selected energy storage systems. Redox-Flow Characteristics Supercapacitor Lead-Acid Li-Ion NaS ZEBRA (VRB) Power Ratings 0–0.3 [12] 0–0.03
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