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Application of Supercapacitor in Electrical Energy Storage System

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Application of Supercapacitor in Electrical Energy Storage System Application of Supercapacitor in Electrical Energy Storage System Ng Aik Thong (B.Eng., NUS, Singapore) For partial fulfillment of the Degree of Masters Of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore 2011 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to my research supervisor, Prof. Bi Chao, for his encouragement, guidance and support during my research, despite his very busy schedule. He guided me in a direction that was unseen to me previously, and put innovation to simple issues which opened up a wide spectrum of possibilities. Coupled with his extensive experience in many disciplines, he is a master of foresight and solutions. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Hong Ming Hui, for he has to tend to me amongst his numerous duties. His guidance allows me to complete my tasks on time, whilst advising possible areas of improvements not previously considered. Special thanks to Dr. Lin Song for his mind provoking comments and analysis. I would also like to thank Data Storage Institute for supporting this research. i Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... ii Summary .................................................................................................................................... v List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... vii List of Figures: ....................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Supercapacitor: Electric Double Layer Capacitor ....................................................... 2 1.3 Supercapacitor: Pseudo Capacitor ............................................................................... 3 1.4 Latest Trends in Supercapacitor .................................................................................. 4 1.5 Supercapacitor as An Energy Storage Device ............................................................. 5 1.6 Issues with Supercapacitor .......................................................................................... 8 1.6.1 Supercapacitor Parameter Issues ............................................................................. 8 1.6.2 Electric models of Supercapacitor ........................................................................... 9 1.7 Voltage Regulators for Supercapacitor Applications .................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Applying Supercapacitor as Electrical Energy Storage Element ........................... 13 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Application of Supercapacitor – Automobile ............................................................ 13 2.3 Application of Supercapacitor – Mobile Devices ..................................................... 16 2.4 Application of Supercapacitor – Micro-Grid ............................................................ 18 2.5 Application of Supercapacitor – Data Storage Devices ............................................ 19 2.6 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3: Characterization of Supercapacitor ........................................................................ 23 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Classification of Supercapacitor Models ................................................................... 24 3.3 The Basic RC Model ................................................................................................. 25 3.4 The Parallel RC Model .............................................................................................. 26 3.5 Proposed Supercapacitor Model – The Modified RC Model .................................... 31 3.6 Supercapacitor Parameter Acquisition ...................................................................... 32 ii Table of Contents 3.7 AC Parameter Measurement ..................................................................................... 34 3.8 Using Voltage Recovery Method to Measure ESR ................................................... 35 3.9 Using Instantaneous Voltage Drop Method to Measure ESR ................................... 36 3.10 Using Constant Current Pulse Method to Measure ESR........................................... 38 3.11 Using AC Parameter Measurements to Measure ESR .............................................. 39 3.12 IR Drop Measurement Procedure .............................................................................. 47 3.13 Constant Current Pulse Measurement Procedure ...................................................... 49 3.14 Implications of Measurement Results ....................................................................... 55 3.15 Dynamic Model of Supercapacitor ........................................................................... 57 3.16 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4: Bidirectional SMPS Converters ............................................................................. 65 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Classification of Voltage Regulator .......................................................................... 66 4.3 Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter Topology ........................................................ 67 4.4 Bidirectional Half Bridge Converter Topology ........................................................ 70 4.5 Bidirectional Full Bridge Converter Topology ......................................................... 71 4.6 Bidirectional Hexa-Mode Buck-Boost Converter Topology ................................... 72 4.7 Generalization of Supercapacitor Topology ............................................................. 73 4.8 Possible Topology for Highly Fluctuating Load ....................................................... 75 4.9 Principle of Hexa-Mode Buck-Boost Converter Topology ..................................... 75 4.10 Hybrid Model ............................................................................................................ 82 4.11 Calculation and Selection of Components for Hexa-Mode SMPS ........................... 85 4.12 Simulation of Hexa-Mode SMPS .............................................................................. 87 4.13 Utilizing the Hybrid State ......................................................................................... 90 4.14 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 5: Practical Implementation of Bidirectional SMPS with Supercapacitor ................. 92 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 92 5.2 Experimental Setup ................................................................................................... 92 5.3 DSP Control Algorithm ............................................................................................. 94 5.4 Initialization .............................................................................................................. 94 5.5 Digital PI Control ...................................................................................................... 95 5.6 Experimental Results............................................................................................... 102 iii Table of Contents 5.7 UPS Functionality ................................................................................................... 106 5.8 Application: Supercapacitor Based UPS in HDD Applications .............................. 110 5.9 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................. 114 Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Works ............................................................................ 115 6.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 115 6.2 Reliable Acquisition of ESR - Unification of AC and DC ESR ............................. 115 6.3 Supercapacitor Modeling - Modified RC Model .................................................... 116 6.4 Application of the Supercapacitor - Hexa-Mode Converter ................................... 117 6.5 Future Works ........................................................................................................... 118 References .............................................................................................................................
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