Vostok Spacecraft Retrofire and Deorbit Systems, December 1963

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Vostok Spacecraft Retrofire and Deorbit Systems, December 1963 DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PANEL, E.O. 13526, SECTION 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP APPEAL NO. 2009-068, document no. 9 DECLASSIFICATION DATE: November 13,2014 )81 VOSTOK SPACECRAFT RETROFIRE AND DEORBff SYSTEMS DECEMBER \963 - TASK 61820 4{3.3.8.3) AiR FO~C~ ~~~S~l~ DEVilOPiiOOT C!NT~~~ ~O~WMA~ AI~ ~0~~~ ~A$f ~H11 ~~ElC@ A:-'rJIOC 63- 6292. 1nh.') ~ · n ..~ ~·.c . :1 , · ,J r. i~ . : 1 . ng w :~ r . v r P• r • Ol.:nlly aJJe :. t .: ~ ih~( (011 · -.U:1 t' ci ; n ;·, ·, ~: : b! c ;; : c .--~ , ·.Lr:.:ld b < fcnvarchd b )• the reClp : f· a1t d . r (· r • L· , ,-. AFMD C: :MDr!::l. i-i<:-·: k-m ·\ n .-\FB. :-.l ~ w !.,ic-x:co 63330 T h: ::- .n :-:'.• v..·.":.t'.f :t b b!" ,:· g.i :.~ ~- o r .:a. l:tr.s resp0n~;b.Lty j u r !>end i ng c- '..1 : i". r: .!\: · rr.~·_ _,_,-;_ (..r ariy P f· :- \ i :\ent tnlell-.gt::nc:C; dc.\.a. tY.rc-ugh -:;. i:- : .:-~ d ·~· t ~- ~l.'cl =.-t. t-d -.: :~ f:}l · g e ;-, rt= (-:l't..:cnon chan n c Is ·J f the 1.:-'. 0 ',b ~-·t-' ; · c€~ < - ~ ~gcn.:-~r~ :; ,: f : }·. .:: \j S· G c ·.. ;e r r.m e n~ 2 \V AR~~ : :·JG T i;_ ·, ::, d o c..L rn e n: r.c.·r. ! 1an~ :. rdo rma Lon affec • ! n g the -: =t1 · c.:-d .l deff-n. :; c c..£ 1(. c· C S. w~r:h · .n t.'ne rnean~ng o i the E:sp1onage J.• <w. T : t\,· 16 \.: . S . (.._ Scni;)n5 i'93 a n d 7'14 . it~ transm"s510!1 <. !' 1 (: <.~ r~· : rla~ : cc. c i . t -.: -c ~J n·cnts 1n €l n y man nE:- r roan u nauthortzed !=-<· r ~ cn : .;, f-rd: .o : red by law 3 . Cof"'"' h;,.·;e nut b e en pla <c rcl tn t l;e DDC c ol}ect, cn Address ill rcq·1e& •. s Ic.-" ,_ op:.-~ '· '- 1\FM DC .MDFC\. -!: Do no~ l'E-f\J7fl tl·.::; <: 0p;• - 'A_.i1 E n nc;t n E· edr rl . de!;;!~roy- !n a c ccrd · 1.n(e ·w : ih perl ! ·~·v!nr s c-.:-_:Jr :·y Ttgu la( c.. n~ '1. Th : ~ p ·Jb1 t a1 : · .n ~- ;.-c been d r: s , gnf.O [t..'l rr: cet t(_r -:- ·.- ~ - r:li ::c r.ct.ds .:: f ' }. t: ·:·t-r '.f:tn ' i , r ·-nt l;- ll: g t-> n <' t.:. F ·:·. ~t : c:. ~ · ':1 =:;;;._ n -- . a.. ~: 011 oy ' 'h~ ~t·-~ : p:en: c! r:. .=li = ~ c•r rt~ ·, ·A· ~·. ; r:: tO ;:..•_bord: na•r: ,,_ l e1nents m\.i.~;. b-: bJ,;f'd c·n it·.c:: ::pt·: ·!·r nt· t::d !(· know c:.i lr:; E !'e c·. p!er~ : to t=- e-:fci m h :~ . ~-"i s : gr.. e d r n. ~.;, ~ -;.0n -­ A :J•c.cr : ty· AFC : N Pe-ll ey L e'.'<r 205 5 datr:d 20 F · ·br ·.;;·: _. 195'1~ . ----- ... -- -··· -- - -- -··- . .. - -- -· ~--- ··-· ·--·----··----.. ---- .., _________ __ _____... _ . ~ . .. .. -· · F O REIGN TECHNOLO GY REPORT AFMDC - TR -- 63-9 ( T ~tl e. SecJ ~ r.) VOSTOK SPACECR AFT RETROFIRE AN~ DEORB1T SYSTEMS Ta~k 6!&204\3. 3.8 .3! Pr10 p3.red by: Ga.p!-a.!n Willi am J. Barl ow T his is an AFSC F·oreign T echn ology document prepared a nd publis h e d by the. AFSC for us e primarily within the command. It has not been reviewed ii>. the Office nf the ACS/Intelligence , Headquarte rs USAF, and does not nec essarily repreaer.~ an agre €d A '. !" F0::ce po ::.: ~i c;n . DEPUTY YOR FORELGN TECHNOLOGY AIR FORCE M::SSILE DEVELOPMEN T CENTE k AIR FORCE SYSTEM':: COMMAND HOLLOMAN AIR FORCE BASE: NEW MEX.-.C1..' SECRET AFMDC 63-6292 .-.. ·-·- ---- ... -····-···· ··· .. ·-·-·-- -· ....._,__ ............. - ·· - ~-,__----. .... ...... ~.-.... --... PREFACE The inf<'.rm3. ~ •on :e!lected 1n th.1s repc!·' has been prepared p:-::,mar: \y fc.r t!­_.,.. 'O~e c.J F·n:eign Te ~ hnology p<!rsonnel engaged :n the analys,.s of th f, S<:>c: '.et. '-pace "'.[fort. Captain James W. ::o :he mate r:;.3.l 10 S.;-~!; ,::_ (:.n I"'f... -::cncf.!' r:u.ng O!' '!ent.aU.on systems .. The. $t-..:dy of the S<:>vie. ~ ,;pact>. eifc.rt !S ~n Ai~· Foro::e Systems Command p.:oject, a:!d thj..s report will be of part1cular interest t o m<hv i duals ccnc ~..rne- .d with Sovi et deorb1t, rctro­ thrust, and ~:e- - e nt~y t.,<:bniq•~es . Th:·.s .c s a t e.-:hrucal support do<:ume nt !or Proje::~ 6182, T3.sk 6182.04(3.3. 8.3). a:signed to the Ai-z: Force M.io;si.l.,; D evelopmer,t Center. · i 'I .i i ·! PUBLC ·,TJ.O:·•-- RS---­ 1i1F.W :rh:•.s Foreign Te<:!:r.c:logy do'O'-lmen~ ha~ beoon :>:<Wlewed and is approved for di.stribut.ion w i. tr.~n t!-o~ Au For:::e '>y •. e~,., Command. FOR THE COMMANDER ~~t:JL1:;T L!: Col 1 USAF DE[-c: t y £or Foreigl". Te:::hm,Jc g·i' AFMDC 63-&292. _.. ----·--·------·- .. ····-· . ------ ·-·-----·----··--··... ·---- . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Nr Preface . Summary ii1 SECTION Introducuon SECTiON ll Ever.t Sequence 3 SECTION lU Re-Entry DectSion SECTION IV Spacecra!t Orient~non for Retrothrust. II SECTION V I>eorb1t Command and Ret~othrust ll SECTION VI R~orienta.tion for Re-Entry. 29 SECTION Vli Manual Reorientation System . 31 B ibliography . 34 I> istribution . Ll~T -jF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure l Vostok Event Sequence . • 4 Figure 2 One -Impulse Descent !rom Orbit s Figure 3 Paramete:s of !nterest. • • • . 6 AFMDC &3-6292 -· ,-.---·- · - - -- -·- -~- ----..·-- -­ ·- --·- ···--·-·----- - ~- · --~ ·-- · This report was prepared t.o satisfy requirements e~lablished by tr.. e Fore1gn Technology Division Vostok Techmcal Operat1ona1 P-rojectSpec~fic_.t;.on {TOPS). The:;oe requnements are rcfledcd I c"' page 47 of the TOPS as Taek 618;!04·:3.3.8.3). /.81 ·! Conr:lusions The following conclusions are presented: a. A decision tc deorbit a vehtcle is made by the Moscow ,. l; I M1ssi.on Control Group based on degree of m i ssion accomphsh · ment, the cosmonaut's recommenda~ions, . and c!'bltal parameters de.tcrmmed by the space tracking net. jB')' ·j b. Ground co mmands arc passed to the Vostok electronic I i prcgrammer, possibly •.ria a h;ghly d1rect1ve radar link ·from either Ko. ·• ,~chatka or the. Ty...tr~ Tam ran~eh'!ad f'n thE r r, ~cver, · crb!t. autc-.mati:: a<:tivati.on of deor.b' t events; the ::a£monaut w:tll mon~to:r and veri.iy the automat:~ sequence. The Sov!~t Space Event Support. Ships (SSESS) alsc mcnitor the c!eor·bit pha.se and coald be utilized in the deorb~t command link. ).8f c. There is a. separate a1.1tomaih : deorb1t u~~-:l·..,. :!on syat~m a.board t he Vostoks wh1cl", utilizes a sun sensor, g-;-.:-os , iii AFMDC 63 -6?.92 SECRET ... • ....-..----· - • · --··-- .------· --· ---··-· ·-- ,_,., _ _____ ,_ ____.. _ ______.. _A ' ' •-> •• · --- o• and horizon scanne.::-s. Three gy:ros and three. actuators are ut1liz.ed w1th the follo·v;•ing mechanl 7.al:ion affordcng the greatest prec~sion and ease vi operation: -:ll As the ve,h1de crosses 1n~o the sunlight on 1t.s re c over-y orbit, the solar sensor is used to align the longltudinal axis d,Iect.ly a~ the e-un; a t the 2ame time a s e t of th:>"ee caged c:rthogonal body ·· mounted gyrc.e are set into motion to wa"rn up. \2) Or.ce the sur.line 1s precisely eetabhshed, the body -mounted gyros are uncaged by the cosmonaut, thereby establishing a highly a cr.urate 1nerti.al attitude reference for deorbi.t. :3) Wi th r.he inertial reference estabbshed, th~t. ' vehicle iS then oriented to fire the retrorocket at the programmed r . ! t i me and 1 0 plane angle t.o ach1ev<;> impact. in the designated area. .! d. The r. ~trc.. : n.· <tt untt is 1den t i cal o n a ll -.rostok~ and Vostok··t.ype veht cles (Sputnik 4 and Cosmos l2 are epecittc examples); it has a nominal 40 . 3 -sP.cond burni ng t,~~ .- a.nd 1s a s ' ngle chamber, liqu1d bipropellant. turbopump rocke t. The eet1mated thn.:st l.S 3, 580.:!:. 380 pounds w1th a veloCJ.'.y ciecrP.ment (nV) of 464.:!:. 49ft/sec. The retrorocket has a consC<' i'lt t:N: tr.ereforF., it is necessary for t.he Soviets to adjust the , ..•~cor:-1tch AFMDC 63-629'2 - .. .... •-- - · -~ - ·-··.. ·-- ····· - -- ·----·--····--·-­ E.ngle [or each of th ebe satellites :. n order to. achleve impac t at spo .:;(\~ loca•.ic~. ~. This w1ll result m beth positive 3.nd n~. gat i ve rct~op i !ch angles bemg pos::.ible ior the Vosto k ser:es . ....;8} e. Abo'.lt 8 to 9 eeccnd8 afte:- termmation of retrothrust, the hfe support C:ibl. n is separa~ed f::-on1 the mstrument and ret<o" package. Both uni t s :re - e!'le? ~ h@ atmosphere at an angle between f. The li~e support C3.b>.n must be. reonented to place the heat shie ld along the .path of t.he velocity v e cto:-; there i s no speci.Ec tele metry to Vf;rify the exac t nat. u :-; e of thts event. ~ Backgro:.1nd Highlights Inf ormation utilized fc.r th ~ s paper ecn s·~s t e d of Loc kheed ESS reports, Goodyear Astroan.a.'.yo ;.s r~.
Recommended publications
  • Industry at the Edge of Space Other Springer-Praxis Books of Related Interest by Erik Seedhouse
    IndustryIndustry atat thethe EdgeEdge ofof SpaceSpace ERIK SEEDHOUSE S u b o r b i t a l Industry at the Edge of Space Other Springer-Praxis books of related interest by Erik Seedhouse Tourists in Space: A Practical Guide 2008 ISBN: 978-0-387-74643-2 Lunar Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on the Moon 2008 ISBN: 978-0-387-09746-6 Martian Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on Mars 2009 ISBN: 978-0-387-98190-1 The New Space Race: China vs. the United States 2009 ISBN: 978-1-4419-0879-7 Prepare for Launch: The Astronaut Training Process 2010 ISBN: 978-1-4419-1349-4 Ocean Outpost: The Future of Humans Living Underwater 2010 ISBN: 978-1-4419-6356-7 Trailblazing Medicine: Sustaining Explorers During Interplanetary Missions 2011 ISBN: 978-1-4419-7828-8 Interplanetary Outpost: The Human and Technological Challenges of Exploring the Outer Planets 2012 ISBN: 978-1-4419-9747-0 Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps 2012 ISBN: 978-1-4614-0519-1 Pulling G: Human Responses to High and Low Gravity 2013 ISBN: 978-1-4614-3029-2 SpaceX: Making Commercial Spacefl ight a Reality 2013 ISBN: 978-1-4614-5513-4 E r i k S e e d h o u s e Suborbital Industry at the Edge of Space Dr Erik Seedhouse, M.Med.Sc., Ph.D., FBIS Milton Ontario Canada SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION ISBN 978-3-319-03484-3 ISBN 978-3-319-03485-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03485-0 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956603 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas Launch System Mission Planner's Guide, Atlas V Addendum
    ATLAS Atlas Launch System Mission Planner’s Guide, Atlas V Addendum FOREWORD This Atlas V Addendum supplements the current version of the Atlas Launch System Mission Plan- ner’s Guide (AMPG) and presents the initial vehicle capabilities for the newly available Atlas V launch system. Atlas V’s multiple vehicle configurations and performance levels can provide the optimum match for a range of customer requirements at the lowest cost. The performance data are presented in sufficient detail for preliminary assessment of the Atlas V vehicle family for your missions. This guide, in combination with the AMPG, includes essential technical and programmatic data for preliminary mission planning and spacecraft design. Interface data are in sufficient detail to assess a first-order compatibility. This guide contains current information on Lockheed Martin’s plans for Atlas V launch services. It is subject to change as Atlas V development progresses, and will be revised peri- odically. Potential users of Atlas V launch service are encouraged to contact the offices listed below to obtain the latest technical and program status information for the Atlas V development. For technical and business development inquiries, contact: COMMERCIAL BUSINESS U.S. GOVERNMENT INQUIRIES BUSINESS INQUIRIES Telephone: (691) 645-6400 Telephone: (303) 977-5250 Fax: (619) 645-6500 Fax: (303) 971-2472 Postal Address: Postal Address: International Launch Services, Inc. Commercial Launch Services, Inc. P.O. Box 124670 P.O. Box 179 San Diego, CA 92112-4670 Denver, CO 80201 Street Address: Street Address: International Launch Services, Inc. Commercial Launch Services, Inc. 101 West Broadway P.O. Box 179 Suite 2000 MS DC1400 San Diego, CA 92101 12999 Deer Creek Canyon Road Littleton, CO 80127-5146 A current version of this document can be found, in electronic form, on the Internet at: http://www.ilslaunch.com ii ATLAS LAUNCH SYSTEM MISSION PLANNER’S GUIDE ATLAS V ADDENDUM (AVMPG) REVISIONS Revision Date Rev No.
    [Show full text]
  • Orion Capsule Launch Abort System Analysis
    Orion Capsule Launch Abort System Analysis Assignment 2 AE 4802 Spring 2016 – Digital Design and Manufacturing Georgia Institute of Technology Authors: Tyler Scogin Michel Lacerda Jordan Marshall Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Mission Profile ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 8 2. Conceptual Design ............................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Design Process ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Vehicle Performance Characteristics ......................................................................................... 15 2.3 Vehicle/Sub-Component Sizing ................................................................................................. 15 3. Vehicle 3D Model in CATIA ................................................................................................................ 22 3.1 3D Modeling Roles and Responsibilities: .................................................................................. 22 3.2 Design Parameters and Relations:............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dimov Stojče Ilčev CNS Systems
    Sources for Future African Multipurpose GEO Satellites (FAMGS) Presentation by: Dimov Stojče Ilčev Durban University of Technology (DUT) Space Science Centre (SSC) CNS Systems August 2012 CNS Systems (Pty) Ltd CNS Systems (Former- IS Marine Radio Ltd) is South African private company for design, Research and projects of Radio and Satellite Systems for Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) and other aspects in the Space Program - [www.cnssystems.co.za] Space Science Centre Aeronautical Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) via Spacecraft Soviet First Artificial Satellite Sputnik 1 First Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin Lifted in Orbit by Vostok 1 on 12 April 1961 First Commercail Communication Satellites Telstar 1 (Left) Launched by US in 1962 and Intelsat 1 (Right) in 1964 Introduction of Multipurpose GEO Satellite The South African company CNS Systems (Pty) Ltd and Space Science Centre (SSC) are potential and main designers of novel Multipurpose GEO Satellite constellation for full coverage of the entire African Continent and Middle East. The SSC Group at Durban University of Technology (DUT) may collaborate with similar institutes in the Country or Continent and provide essential project of first Multipurpose GEO Satellite by Africans for Africa. What is Multipurpose GEO Satellite? This is an integration of GEO Communication with GNSS (Navigation) Payloads in a modern satellite configuration for CNS Solutions. Advantages of Satellite Communications • Wide Coverage Areas • Broadcast DVB-RCS Capability • Broadcast CNS Solutions • Broadband, Multimedia and Internet Capability • High Bandwidth • Flexibility in Network Set-up • Mobility and Availability • Rapid Deployment • Reliability and Safety • Economic Solutions Available • Backbone in Areas without Adequate Terrestrial Telecommunication and Cellular Infrastructures Russian Space Vision US Space Vision Negative Effects of Van Allen Radiation Belts [Inner Belt is from 1000 to 5000 km and Outer Belt is from 16000 to 24000 km above the Earth Surface.
    [Show full text]
  • 19700031865.Pdf
    1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA TM X-2075 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date EFFECTOFRETROROCKETCANTANGLEON October 1970 6. Performing Organization Code GROUND EROSION - A SCALED VIKING STUDY 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Leonard V. Clark L-7376 IO. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 124-08-29-01 NASA Langley Research Center 11. Contract or Grant No. Hampton, Va. 23365 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Memorandum National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D.C. 20546 ~ 16. Abstract An experimental study was conducted at the Langley Research Center to evaluate the relative merits of canting the Viking lander retrorockets toward the spacecraft center line as a means of reducing rocket-exhaust disturbance of the surface of Mars. This paper describes the experimental study, outlines the scaling scheme of the tests, and briefly dis- cusses significant data trends. The results of this exploratory study indicate that canting of the retrorockets toward the center of the spacecraft does reduce ground erosion of the landing site from that produced by a lander configuration with downward-directed retro- rockets. Obviously, before canting the Viking lander retrorockets, it would be necessary to weigh this reduction in surface disturbance against the attendant loss of thrust due to canting. 17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s) ) 18. Distribution Statement Jet impingement Unclassified - Unlimited Rocket-exhaust effects 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No.
    [Show full text]
  • Death of Sputnik IV
    The Russians hurled a 5-ton spacecraft into orbit in by JAMES C. SPRY May 1960. Two weeks later they attempted reentry Public Information Office maneuvers. Something went wrong, and the way- U.S. Civil Service Commission ward satellite swung into a higher orbit. Nearly 28 months later it plunged to earth over Wisconsin. Federal scientists of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass., and volunteer Moon- watch teams were waiting for it, and retrieved what before their successful Vostok flight.) The satellite, was left of the Russian prize. they said, carried a dummy cosmonaut in a pressurized cabin, and was programed for reentry maneuvers. Two The Journal presents here the story of their success- weeks later, the retrorockets were fired to slow the space- ful recovery and scientific analysis of the surviving craft for reentry. However, something went wrong. fragment. The retrorockets obviously fired in the wrong direction, for the vehicle broke into several pieces and swung into N SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 1963, representa- a higher orbit that ended more than 2 years later on a 0 tives of the Soviet Embassy in Washington for- Manitowoc street. mally accepted from the United States the last remains of A disappointment to the Russians, yes. But the re- Sputnik IV-a 14-pound chunk of blackened metal. covery and scientific analysis of the Sputnik fragment The acceptance occurred only after a long series of ne- spelled high success to the Federal career scientists of the gotiations following the initial American offer of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institu- fragment at the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Lesson Plan: Russian Rocket Ships!
    Engineering Lesson Plan: Russian Rocket Ships! Sputnik, Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz Launcher Schematics Uttering the text “rocket ship” can excite, mystify, and inspire young children. A rocket ship can transport people and cargo to places far away with awe-inspiring speed and accuracy. The text “rocket scientist” indexes a highly intelligent and admirable person, someone who is able to create, or assist in the creation of machines, vehicles that can actually leave the world we all call “home.” Rocket scientists possess the knowledge to take human beings and fantastic machines to space. This knowledge is built upon basic scientific principles of motion and form—the understanding, for young learners, of shapes and their function. This lesson uses the shape of a rocket to ignite engineering knowledge and hopefully, inspiration in young pupils and introduces them to a space program on the other side of the world. Did you know that the first person in space, Yuri Gagarin, was from the former Soviet Union? That the Soviet Union (now Russia) sent the first spacecraft, Sputnik I, into Earth’s orbit? That today, American NASA-based astronauts fly to Russia to launch and must learn conversational Russian as part of their training? Now, in 2020, there are Russians and Americans working together in the International Space Station (ISS), the latest brought there by an American-based commercial craft. Being familiar with the contributions Russia (and the former Soviet Union) has made to space travel is an integral part of understanding the ongoing human endeavor to explore the space all around us. After all, Russian cosmonauts use rocket ships too! The following lesson plan is intended for kindergarten students in Indiana to fulfill state engineering learning requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Reusable Rocket Upper Stage Development of a Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation Tool to Determine the Feasibility of Upper Stage Reusability L
    Reusable Rocket Upper Stage Development of a Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation Tool to Determine the Feasibility of Upper Stage Reusability L. Pepermans Technische Universiteit Delft Reusable Rocket Upper Stage Development of a Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation Tool to Determine the Feasibility of Upper Stage Reusability by L. Pepermans to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Wednesday October 30, 2019 at 14:30 AM. Student number: 4144538 Project duration: September 1, 2018 – October 30, 2019 Thesis committee: Ir. B.T.C Zandbergen , TU Delft, supervisor Prof. E.K.A Gill, TU Delft Dr.ir. D. Dirkx, TU Delft This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until October 30, 2019. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Cover image: S-IVB upper stage of Skylab 3 mission in orbit [23] Preface Before you lies my thesis to graduate from Delft University of Technology on the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of reusable upper stages. During the accompanying literature study, it was determined that the technology readiness level is sufficiently high for upper stage reusability. However, it was unsure whether a cost-effective system could be build. I have been interested in the field of Entry, Descent, and Landing ever since I joined the Capsule Team of Delft Aerospace Rocket Engineering (DARE). During my time within the team, it split up in the Structures Team and Recovery Team. In September 2016, I became Chief Recovery for the Stratos III student-built sounding rocket. During this time, I realised that there was a lack of fundamental knowledge in aerodynamic decelerators within DARE.
    [Show full text]
  • Reusable Stage Concepts Design Tool
    DOI: 10.13009/EUCASS2019-421 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES (EUCASS) DOI: ADD DOINUMBER HERE Reusable stage concepts design tool Lars Pepermans?, Barry Zandbergeny ?Delft University of Technology Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft [email protected] yDelft University of Technology Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft Abstract Reusable launch vehicles hold the promise of substantially reducing the cost of access to space. Many different approaches towards realising a reusable rocket exist or are being proposed. This work focuses on the use of an optimisation method for conceptual design of non-winged reusable upper stages, thereby allowing it to take into account landing on land, sea or mid-air retrieval as well as landing the full stage or the engine only. As the optimisation criterion, the ratio of the specific launch cost of the reusable to the expendable version is used. The tool also provides for a Monte Carlo analysis, which allows for investigating the ruggedness of the design solution(s) found. The article will describe the methods implemented in the Conceptual Reusability Design Tool (CRDT) together with the modifications made to ParSim v3, a simulation tool by Delft Aerospace Rocket Engi- neering. Furthermore, it will present the steps taken to verify and validate CRDT. Finally, several example cases are presented based on the Atlas V-Centaur launch vehicle. The cases demonstrate the tools capa- bility of finding optimum and the sensitivity of the found optimum. However, it also shows the optimum when the user disables some Entry Descent and Landing (EDL) options. 1. Introduction To make space more accessible, one can reduce the cost of an orbital launch.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soviet Space Program
    C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Pictorial History of Rockets
    he mighty space rockets of today are the result A Pictorial Tof more than 2,000 years of invention, experi- mentation, and discovery. First by observation and inspiration and then by methodical research, the History of foundations for modern rocketry were laid. Rockets Building upon the experience of two millennia, new rockets will expand human presence in space back to the Moon and Mars. These new rockets will be versatile. They will support Earth orbital missions, such as the International Space Station, and off- world missions millions of kilometers from home. Already, travel to the stars is possible. Robotic spacecraft are on their way into interstellar space as you read this. Someday, they will be followed by human explorers. Often lost in the shadows of time, early rocket pioneers “pushed the envelope” by creating rocket- propelled devices for land, sea, air, and space. When the scientific principles governing motion were discovered, rockets graduated from toys and novelties to serious devices for commerce, war, travel, and research. This work led to many of the most amazing discoveries of our time. The vignettes that follow provide a small sampling of stories from the history of rockets. They form a rocket time line that includes critical developments and interesting sidelines. In some cases, one story leads to another, and in others, the stories are inter- esting diversions from the path. They portray the inspirations that ultimately led to us taking our first steps into outer space. NASA’s new Space Launch System (SLS), commercial launch systems, and the rockets that follow owe much of their success to the accomplishments presented here.
    [Show full text]
  • Please Type Your Paper Title Here In
    Estimating the Reliability of a Soyuz Spacecraft Mission Michael G. Lutomskia*, Steven J. Farnham IIb, and Warren C. Grantb aNASA-JSC, Houston, TX – [email protected] bARES Corporation, Houston, TX Abstract: Once the US Space Shuttle retires in 2010, the Russian Soyuz Launcher and Soyuz Spacecraft will comprise the only means for crew transportation to and from the International Space Station (ISS). The U.S. Government and NASA have contracted for crew transportation services to the ISS with Russia. The resulting implications for the US space program including issues such as astronaut safety must be carefully considered. Are the astronauts and cosmonauts safer on the Soyuz than the Space Shuttle system? Is the Soyuz launch system more robust than the Space Shuttle? Is it safer to continue to fly the 30 year old Shuttle fleet for crew transportation and cargo resupply than the Soyuz? Should we extend the life of the Shuttle Program? How does the development of the Orion/Ares crew transportation system affect these decisions? The Soyuz launcher has been in operation for over 40 years. There have been only two loss of life incidents and two loss of mission incidents. Given that the most recent incident took place in 1983, how do we determine current reliability of the system? Do failures of unmanned Soyuz rockets impact the reliability of the currently operational man-rated launcher? Does the Soyuz exhibit characteristics that demonstrate reliability growth and how would that be reflected in future estimates of success? NASA’s next manned rocket and spacecraft development project is currently underway.
    [Show full text]