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186 Los Campos De Concentración Nazi D. Benedicto Cuervo Álvarez

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186 Los Campos De Concentración Nazi D. Benedicto Cuervo Álvarez Historia Digital colabora con la Fundación ARTHIS Los campos de concentración nazi D. Benedicto Cuervo Álvarez Licenciado en Historia y Geografía Universidad de Oviedo Resumen Los campos de concentración nazis eran los lugares a donde los dirigentes nacionalsocialistas llevaban a los disidentes políticos, judíos, gitanos y a personas con deficiencias psíquicas o físicas e incluso a sacerdotes de diversas religiones. En dichos campos había personas de todas las edades: niños y niñas, jóvenes, adultos, ancianos y ancianas y hasta mujeres embarazadas. En un principio estos campos se ubicaron en Alemania (de 1933 a 1939) pero, posteriormente, se desplegaron por toda Europa Central, Septentrional y Oriental. Los campos más importantes eran unos 71, aunque su número llegó a superar los 7.000. Existían distintos tipos de campos de concentración desde los denominados de prisión, de concentración, de trabajo y, por último, de exterminio. Se podrían decir que, en los dos primeros tipos de campos, la dureza era algo menor, así como el número de fallecidos respecto a los campos de trabajo y exterminio donde el trabajo excesivo provocaba la muerte al igual que las cámaras de gas proceso que se agilizó en los dos últimos años de la 2º. Guerra Mundial. En los campos de concentración nazis murieron más de seis millones de personas, la mayor parte judíos, pero también disidentes políticos, gitanos, rusos, personas minusválidas, homosexuales, etc. Después de transcurridos Historia Digital, XVII, 30, (2017). ISSN 1695-6214 © Benedicto Cuervo Alvarez, 2017 186 Historia Digital colabora con la Fundación ARTHIS más de setenta años, todavía nos viene a la memoria nombres que reflejan la brutalidad y barbarie nazi como: Auschwitz, Treblinka, Dachau, Jasenovac o Ravensbrück. Abstract The concentration camps Nazi were the places where the leader National Socialists were taking the political, Jewish, gypsy dissidents and persons with psychic or physical deficiencies and even to priests of diverse religions. In the above mentioned camps there were persons of all the ages: children and girls, young women, adults, elders and elderly and pregnant women. In a beginning these camps were located in Germany (from 1933 to 1939) but, later, they spread out for the whole Central Europe, North and Orientally. The most important camps were approximately 71, though his number managed to overcome the 7.000. Different types of concentration camps existed from named of prison, of concentration, of work and, finally, of extermination. They might be said that in the first two types of camps, the hardness was something minor as well as the number of deceased with regard to the work camps and extermination where the excessive work was provoking the death as the gas chambers, this sped up in last two years of the Second World War. In the concentration camps Nazi died more than six Jewish million persons, most, but also dissident political, gypsy, Russians, persons minus valid, homosexual, etc. After passed more than seventy years, still it comes to our memory names that reflect the brutality and barbarism Nazi as: Auschwitz, Treblinka, Dachau, Jasenovac or Ravensbrück. Palabras Clave Nazismo, campos de concentración, judíos, disidentes, SS, genocidio. Historia Digital, XVII, 30, (2017). ISSN 1695-6214 © Benedicto Cuervo Alvarez, 2017 187 Historia Digital colabora con la Fundación ARTHIS Keywords Nazism, concentration camps, Jews, dissidents, SS, genocide. INTRODUCCIÓN Un campo de concentración, es un centro de detención o confinamiento donde se en cierra a personas por su pertenencia a un colectivo genérico en lugar de por sus actos individuales, sin juicio previo ni garantías judiciales, aunque puede existir una cobertura legal integrada en un sistema de represión política. Se suelen emplear campos de concentración para encerrar a opositores políticos, grupos étnicos o religiosos específicos, personas de una determinada orientación sexual, prisioneros de guerra, civiles habitantes de una región en conflicto, u otros colectivos1. Inmediatamente después de hacerse con el poder, los nazis construyeron campos en los que encarcelaron y trataron de forma brutal a aquellos que consideraban opositores al régimen; comunistas, socialistas, líderes sindicales y cualquiera que supusiese una "amenaza". Esos campos fueron diseñados para acabar con la oposición e infundir temor entre la población y asegurarse de que no surgirían más opositores. El primer campo de concentración se puso en funcionamiento el 23 de marzo de 1933, en Dachau, dos meses después de que Hitler fuese nombrado Canciller de Alemania2. Desde mi punto de vista se podría diferenciar tres etapas distintas dentro de la construcción, desarrollo y objetivo final masivo en los campos de concentración Nazi: 1º. Etapa. (1933 a 1939). Se realizan las primeras construcciones de campos de concentración en Alemania, unos seis en total. A estos campos de concentración se envían no solamente judíos sino también a políticos alemanes 1 www.ushmm.org 2 www.yadvashem.mx Historia Digital, XVII, 30, (2017). ISSN 1695-6214 © Benedicto Cuervo Alvarez, 2017 188 Historia Digital colabora con la Fundación ARTHIS de izquierda y liberales, gitanos, homosexuales, pacifistas, etc. que se diferenciaban con distintas etiquetas en la solapa de su camisa o abrigo. 2º. Etapa. (1940 a 1941). Aumenta el número y extensión de los campos de concentración que se ubicarán, mayoritariamente, fuera de Alemania y se irán masificando cada vez más. Se producen las primeras matanzas importantes de judíos principalmente. 3º. Etapa. (1942 a 1945). En la conferencia de Wannsee, celebrada el 20 de enero de 1942, los dirigentes nazis planificaron la llamada “solución final al problema judío”. Además, se produce la eliminación sistemática de los guetos en Polonia y otras regiones del este de Europa. Destrucción total de un gueto en Varsovia, Polonia (1942) Los campos de concentración fueron clasificados en cinco grandes grupos: A)Schuthaflager, para detenidos. B)Arbeitslager, de trabajo. C)Straflager, penitenciario. D)Konzentrationslager, de concentración. E)Vernichtungslager, de exterminio3. 3 Los campos de concentración Nazi. Planeta Sedna. Historia Digital, XVII, 30, (2017). ISSN 1695-6214 © Benedicto Cuervo Alvarez, 2017 189 Historia Digital colabora con la Fundación ARTHIS Los castigos físicos que recibían los prisioneros eran terribles. Era frecuente castigar a un prisionero a recibir una cantidad determinada de latigazos que el prisionero debía contar en alemán. Si se equivocaba se volvía a empezar. En un ambiento donde la muerte es omnipresente los nazis mostraban continuamente que había castigos peores que la muerte, o formas de morir realmente atroces. Una forma de matar en Mauthausen a un prisionero que no ha llevado una piedra lo suficientemente pesada era lanzarlo por un precipicio de unos 80 metros. Este precipicio era conocido como el muro de los paracaidistas (otro ejemplo del cinismo de los nazis). Otra forma de castigar consistía en encerrar a un prisionero en una pequeña celda, del tamaño de una tumba, y dejarlo morir de inanición. Las torturas, o los experimentos salvajes que se hacía con los prisioneros (introducir tinta en los ojos para convertirlos en ojos azules, cronometrar el tiempo que tarda una persona en morir sumergida en agua congelada, investigar formas nuevas de esterilizaciones masivas…) hacían que la vida en los campos fuera un auténtico infierno. A medida que se van produciendo las derrotas militares de los ejércitos alemanes mayor será el grado de torturas, asesinatos y matanzas de judíos en masa hasta llegar a más de seis millones de judíos asesinados a tiros o en las cámaras de gas. Al final los nazis pretendían acabar con todos los judíos y forman una única raza, la raza aria, que sería la que constituiría la Gran Alemania que conformaría la unidad de toda Europa bajo el Tercer Reich alemán. Evidentemente estos absurdos y locos objetivos de Hitler y sus dirigentes no los llegaron a conseguir por la fuerza y unión de los ejércitos Aliados (Estados Unidos, Rusia, Gran Bretaña y Francia) y la resistencia guerrillera anti-nazi que operaba en todos los países europeos. Historia Digital, XVII, 30, (2017). ISSN 1695-6214 © Benedicto Cuervo Alvarez, 2017 190 Historia Digital colabora con la Fundación ARTHIS A continuación, iré analizando las diversas etapas desde el origen de los primeros campos de concentración (construidos en territorio alemán) hasta la etapa última que es cuando el gobierno nazi pretende el exterminio de todos los judíos y semitas de todas las regiones controladas por el ejército alemán en Europa. 1º. ETAPA: LOS CAMPOS DE CONCENTRACIÓN NAZI ANTES DE INICIARSE LA 2º. GUERRA MUNDIAL. (1933-1939). Los primeros campos de concentración Nazi se construyeron en Alemania en 1933 y, hasta septiembre de 1939, solo había unos 11 de los que 6 eran los campos más importantes. Salvo dos de ellos (Oranienburg y Osthofen) de corta existencia (poco más de un año), vigilados por las S.A y que servían para concentrar en ellos a gitanos, judíos y personas no afines al régimen, todos los demás campos de concentración, los nueve restantes, se mantuvieron activos hasta el final del régimen Nazi y sirvieron para el trabajo y la productividad en condiciones bastante penosas pero, al menos, no se produjeron un elevado número de muertos en estos campos si exceptuamos los de Sachsenhause, Maulthausen, Ravensbrück y Neuengamme en los que llegaron a morir, en estos campos, el 50% de los reclusos. En general, la vida de los campos sólo duraba algunos meses y cada uno de ellos encerraba una gran cantidad de prisioneros. La mayoría tenía cientos de reclusos y sólo el más grande albergaba más de mil prisioneros a la vez. La mayor parte de los reclusos se pueden catalogar como prisioneros políticos alemanes, que eran seguidores y miembros de partidos y organizaciones izquierdistas, fundamentalmente comunistas, pero también social-demócratas y sindicalistas. Si bien a principios de 1933 los comunistas constituían entre el 80% y 90% de todos los prisioneros, para el verano de ese mismo año había entre un 60% y 70%.
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