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No Slide Title “Wild” Blackberries Blackberries for the Home Garden Rubus laciniatus Rubus ursinus ‘Evergreen’ Dr. Bernadine Strik, Professor of Horticulture The only true PNW native Introduced in 1800’s Extension Berry Crops Specialist Oregon State University Rubus armeniacus ‘Himalaya’ Introduced in 1800’s Male plant female plant Aggregate fruit of many Terminology: Fruiting Lateral drupelets calyx Marion during harvest drupelet Drupelet: Section of a berry Each has a seed The receptacle is part of the “berry” fruit we eat Primocanes Floricanes First year Second year Sliced blackberry fruit Always vegetative Always fruiting Floricanes at budbreak Blackberries Three types of blackberries: Erect e.g. ‘Ouachita’ Marion Trailing e.g. ‘Marion’ ‘Boysen’ ’ http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ Semi-erect Ouachita e.g. ‘Triple Crown’ Triple Crown Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 1 Trailing Blackberries Planting Establishment: Trailing Blackberries • Cultivars include – Marion, Obsidian, Black Diamond, Columbia Star – Hybrids: Boysen, Logan • Fruit tend to be oblong, have relatively small seeds, and have a highly aromatic, good flavor • Fruit from late June through August, depending on cultivar Trailing blackberry Trailing Blackberries Primocanes are not tipped/pruned in summer Every-year production: Floricanes trained on wires Plant 3.5 to 5 ft apart At harvest time Rows 10 ft apart Install trellis in planting year (wires at 6 ft & 4.5 ft) Train primocanes as they grow Hoop for training new primocanes Trailing blackberries Trailing blackberries During harvest (generally July) After fruit harvest is done (mid- late August) Cut dying floricanes and remove from the trellis wires Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 2 Trailing blackberries Trailing Blackberries Training primocanes Dying floricane, after pruning out Divide primocanes into two bundles Train half one way on trellis and the other in the opposite direction Primocanes ready for training Train in: • August or • February (colder regions) Trailing Blackberries Trailing Blackberries Training primocanes Training primocanes Loop bundles August trained around the two upper training wires Before training in Feb. OR Trailing Blackberries Re-growth should be tucked by late winter Trailing blackberries August-trained: Late winter Early spring Photo taken in October Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 3 Erect Blackberries Erect blackberries . Floricane and primocane- 2 to 3’ in the row with 10’ between rows fruiting types . Relatively large seeds . Less aromatic than trailing types . Ripen July – late August for floricane fruiting types & Sept.-Nov. for primocane-fruiting types Erect blackberry ‘Ouachita’ erect blackberry primocane after summer tipping . Tip primocanes in summer to about 3’-4’ high . Do this several times to catch all in the field . This encourages branching Erect blackberry Primocane-fruiting erect blackberry . Can use a simple trellis . Prune in winter, when dormant to shorten the branches Can double-crop (primocane + floricane) or single-crop (just primocane) Dormant primocanes after pruning Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 4 Pruning Tip (at 3 ft) Tip primocane • Remove 4 to 12 inches of the cane tip • If tip of cane shows 3 ft tall flower buds it is too late to tip June 3 Tip (at 3 ft) Tipped primocane New primocanes emerging from roots June 3 June 7 Pruning Pruning Fruit produced on branches Fruit produced on branches Branches growing Branches longer Branches flowering • Will fruit at tip Primocane development (how much • Branches will grow depends on region) June 17 July 27 July 27 Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 5 Pruning Pruning – plants go dormant Fruit produced on branches Autumn/Winter • Cold temperatures stop fruiting and branch tips die August 30 Fruiting season cut short by weather Pruning for two crops in many temperate or continental climates Prepare for floricane crop • Prune to remove dead portions of canes End of October Floricane crop Semi-erect Blackberries . Primarily for fresh market . Mainly ‘Chester Thornless’ and ‘Triple Crown’ (best flavor!) . Relatively large seeds . Less aromatic than trailing types Floricane crop . Ripen early August-Oct. • Fruit produced on laterals that emerge from portion of healthy buds remaining Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 6 Semi-erect blackberries 6’ x 10 to 12’ spacing Semi-erect blackberry Primocanes summer tipped to about 5 - 6’ Branches may be further pruned in winter Dead floricanes are removed Primocanes have strong apical dominance and Floricane at bud break benefit from tipping. Branches are more Tip primocanes to ~ 5’ productive Established blackberry Publication: o Fertilize with about 2 to 2.5 oz N/plant in spring o Divide into thirds (early April; late May; late June) o For example: 4 to 5 oz of 16-16-16 per application per plant http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ ‘Marion’ also known as “marionberry” Cultivars: Black Diamond (thornless) Trailing types Marion (thorny; previous slide) Obsidian Logan Boysen (Hybrids) Columbia Star (thornless) Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 7 Cultivars (all regions): Winter Cold Injury Ouachita (erect; thornless) Triple Crown (semi-erect; thornless) Poor bud break due to cold damage Cane damage & poor bud break in trailing blackberry Primary bud killed by cold Sliced cane showing damage to bud base. PrimeArk®-45 (erect; primocane fruiter) Cane Diseases Heat/u.v. Damage . Cane & leaf spot (Septoria) . Purple blotch Sunburn to semi-erect blackberry Heat damage to a trailing type Botrytis Cane & Leaf Rust Cane & leaf rust (Khuneola sp.) . Remove and burn infected floricanes right after harvest . Apply dormant copper sprays . Disease is promoted by a warm, moist environment . Maintain an open canopy . Avoid overhead irrigation and late watering Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 8 Downy mildew Red Berry Mite . Systemic – known to affect ‘Kotata’ & ‘Boysen’ . No home products registered that are effective . Practice good weed control • Use dormant oil and lime sulfur Dried fruit often split sprays in dormant season Section of berry affected by mites Mite is only 1/50” long Receptacle Drupelet Lesions on leaves follow veins Leaves are chlorotic Leaf Roller Larvae Herbicide Damage and strap-like Phytotoxicity from Round-Up R Watch for leaf rolling and kill larvae before enter fruit larva Orange Tortrix adult Spotted Wing Drosophila Crown Borer Actual size Drosophila suzukii 2-3 mm . Two-year life cycle . Adult lays eggs on leaves . Larvae burrow into crown and into new primocanes Female with serrated ovipositor . Canes collapse Male with spotted wings . Only home control is rouging out infected plants From OSU Extension Publication, EM8991 Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 9 Spotted Wing Drosophila Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Crown Gall (BMSB) . Bacterium in plant . No control other than AND soil exclusion nets . Cultivar differences in susceptibility . No control . Disinfect pruners to avoid spread Courtesy, WSU BMSB on late-fruiting blackberry Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 10 http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ Blueberries for the Home Garden Free Resources Dr. Bernadine Strik, Professor of Horticulture Extension Berry Crops Specialist Oregon State University Pruning Video What do plants need? Site - Full sun is important Blueberry plants with only a few hours of sun do not Full sun grow well Acid soil (pH 4.5 to 5.5) Good organic matter in soil Good drainage Strawberry inter-planted Photos: Neil Bell, OSU Symptoms of soil pH being too high Blueberry plants are well-suited to containers “lime induced iron deficiency” Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 1 Blueberry plants are well-suited to containers Blueberry plants are well-suited to containers Relatively shallow root system Plant growing in a 5 gallon container Site – Think about pH Before Planting: . Test soil – 6 months prior to planting (previous fall typically) Test for soil pH and nutrient levels . In the fall, incorporate any materials needed to achieve target pH of about 5.5 prior to planting . In spring, incorporate Douglas fir bark mulch or sawdust (~ 4 inches deep tilled in) . Form or build raised beds, if possible Ripening dates in Western Oregon Publication: Bluetta Various cultivars Duke “Blueberry Cultivars for the Pacific Earliblue are grown to extend Northland Northwest” Bluegold Spartan the fruiting season Draper Reka from late June to Bluejay Toro early Sept. in Olympia Berkeley northern highbush Bluecrop Northern Rubel highbush Jersey and Aug.- Oct. Nelson 1613-A in rabbiteye Legacy Liberty Brigitta Blue Darrow Chandler Ozarkblue Elliott Aurora Maru Rahi Ochlockonee Rabbiteye Tifblue Powderblue http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ 13-Jun 23-Jun 3-Jul 13-Jul 23-Jul 2-Aug 12-Aug 22-Aug 1-Sep 11-Sep 21-Sep Bernadine Strik, Professor, Oregon State University 2 Cultivars Jersey Cultivars Northern Highbush – all areas Highbush – Willamette Valley and coast only Spartan Chandler Legacy Mini Blues Bluecrop Liberty Darrow Cultivars Cultivars Rabbiteye – Willamette Valley only Half-high – All regions Ochlockonee . Many cultivars . Very cold hardy . Compact growth habit (1 to 4 ft tall) . Don’t need much pruning . Nice ornamentals . Yields range from 1 to 7 lb/bush Pick 2 for cross Pink Lemonade pollination Powder Blue Pick 2 for cross pollination North Country Nursery plants Planting –rough up roots,
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