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Cane Management and Training of field Grown Blackberries and Hybrid Berries.Pdf Factsheet 01/09 Horticultural Bradbourne House Development East Malling Black and hybrid berries Company Kent ME19 6DZ T: 01732 848383 F: 01732 848498 E: [email protected] Cane management and training of field grown blackberries and hybrid berries Janet Allen, ADAS (UK) Ltd This factsheet outlines the importance of good cane management and training of field grown main season black and hybrid berries. It offers growers information on how best to achieve this, thereby reducing picking costs, reducing the incidence of disease and maximising yields. Introduction or for further processing. Interest Poor primocane (current season’s in blackberry production for direct non-fruiting cane) and floricane The demand for well-managed sales has also experienced a revival. (fruiting cane) management of black blackberry crops (Figure 1) has risen In contrast, the area devoted to and hybrid berries can result in substantially in recent years, the production of hybrid berries high levels of cane disease, ineffec- resulting from increased popularity such as Tayberry, Loganberry and tive pest control and a substantial of fresh fruit with consumers Tummelberry remains very small. loss of yield and fruit quality. It and retailers. There has also been These crops are currently produced can also lead to significantly higher a modest resurgence in the market primarily for PYO, farm shop sales harvesting costs, at a time when for frozen blackberries, either as a and Farmers Markets, with small pay rates are rising and labour avail- constituent of mixed soft fruit packs quantities used for jam production. ability is diminishing. 1 The increased demand for fresh blackberries has resulted in an increase in the planted area in the UK Contents Introduction 1 Figure 7 Cane tipping can substantially increase the production of new canes Figure 1 The increased demand for fresh per plant 10 blackberries has resulted in an increase in Diagram 9 10 the planted area in the UK 1 Trailing blackberries and hybrid berries 11 Figure 8 The double wire trellis system The cost of poor cane management 3 separates floricane from primocane, which can improve presentation of fruit to pickers 11 Figure 2 Primocanes that are allowed Diagrams 10 & 11 11 to trail on the soil surface are more difficult Figure 9 Closely spaced plants trained by to lift and tie in 3 weaving across the support wires 12 Figure 10 Well managed plantation of ‘Silvan’ The approach to cane management 3 on a vertical wall trellis. Primocanes are held upright using two pairs of mobile wires 12 Methods of removing and controlling primocane 4 Optimum specification for the support trellis 13 Figure 3 Chemical desiccants have been Vertical wall support trellis 13 used successfully for many years to control Posts 13 unwanted primocane – photographed in Wires 13 raspberry crop 4 Brace 13 Table 1 Summary of terms of SOLA for use Plant spacing 13 of Shark in blackberry and rubus hyprids 4 Diagram 12 13 Fruiting lateral supports 14 Crop establishment and early management 5 Double Wire support trellis 14 Diagram 13 14 Choice of planting material and subsequent cane management 5 Securing canes to support wires 15 Weaned ex micro-propagated plants 5 9 cm pot plants 5 Figure 11 Typical plastic clips used to 2 year old plants 5 secure canes to wires 15 Once or twice-fruited 5–10 litre containerised plants 5 Old fruiting cane removal and clearance 15 Table 2 Guide to the growth habit of commonly grown blackberries and Labour requirement 15 hybrid berries 5 Early support 6 Biennial cropping 16 Figure 4 Primocane should be trained upwards, spaced out across the support trellis 6 How does it work? 16 Diagram 1 6 Figure 12 Biennial crop of ‘Silvan’ in the fruiting phase 16 Cane management and training from year Figure 13 Biennial crop of ‘Silvan’ in the two onwards 7 vegetative phase 16 Erect and semi-erect blackberries 7 Cane tipping and management in closely spaced plantations 7 Figure 5 Many growers cut back primocane to encourage the production of branching 7 Diagram 2 7 Figure 6 Primocanes can be held in position by a pair of wires. Note the tape used to fasten canes to wire 8 Diagrams 3, 4 & 5 8 Diagrams 6, 7 & 8 9 Cane tipping and management in wider spaced plantations 10 The cost of poor summer will have rooted at their tip, or leaf petioles tend to be less easy to and are more difficult to lift and tie handle than spine-free varieties. They cane management in (Figure 2). take longer to pick and it is essen- Varieties which bear spines on their tial that they are managed correctly to The current commercial cost of floricane, primocane, fruiting laterals reduce costs to a minimum. picking blackberries in a well-man- aged plantation, where fruit is displayed well to pickers, is typically £1,200 per tonne. Where cane management is poor, access to fruit is hampered, which leads to reduced picking speeds and increased costs. For a 15 tonne/ha crop, the increase in picking costs could be as much as 33%, rising from £18,000 to £24,000 per ha. Poor cane management during spring, summer and autumn can also lead to a marked increase in the time and cost incurred for winter pruning. This is especially so where cutting out and tying in is left until the winter. By this time, in trailing varieties, many of the primocanes which have been allowed to trail on the soil surface all 2 Primocanes that are allowed to trail on the soil surface are more difficult to lift and tie in The approach to The following growing season, water and nutrients, leading to re- primocane becomes floricane, pro- duced berry number and size cane management ducing flowers during the spring (yields). They will also compete with and summer and fruit from early themselves, limiting growth and cane Main season blackberry and hybrid summer into the late autumn months quality, producing an adverse effect berries bear their fruit from mid to (depending on the variety). on yields in the following season. late summer into the autumn months. All established plantations, (un- Excessive numbers of primocane, During their growing season, the less managed biennially), have particularly those emerging between rows of established plantations con- both primocane and floricane present plants in the crop rows will reduce tain both primocane (spawn) and in the crop rows throughout the access for pickers and reduce spray floricane (fruiting canes). The spring, summer and autumn months. penetration for pest and disease primocane emerges from the soil in After the fruiting season the floricane control. It is therefore necessary the spring from buds at or just should be cut through at ground with some varieties in some years to below the soil surface around and level, removed from the crop row and reduce primocane numbers during between the bases of each plant. disposed of either by pulverising in the spring and summer months. The primocane grows through the the alleyways or by removal from the In the case of erect and semi-erect spring, summer and autumn, reaching plantation for burning or other growing blackberries, primocane may 1.5–3 m or more in length. means of disposal. At the same time, need to be cut back (tipped). This Primocanes can either produce the stand of primocane should be will encourage branching, improve a single stem or be branched. Their reduced in number selecting cane habit so that it remains upright growing habit varies by variety and the required diameter and length of during its growing season and lead can fall into one of these categories: cane to crop the following year. to the production of the required All unwanted primocane should be number of canes of a suitable stature 1 Erect – those that grow upright. cut out at ground level, removed from and thickness for cropping the the crop rows and disposed of in the following year. Be aware that despite 2 Semi-erect – those that grow same manner as the spent floricane. the removal of unwanted primocane upright initially and then become Growers should aim to retain during the spring and summer trailing. sufficient primocane to provide a months, some further cutting out similar or improved crop the following of unwanted or damaged canes may 3 Trailing – those that naturally year. However, it should be noted still be necessary at the end of the grow or trail along the soil surface that the emergence of excessive growing season. throughout their growing period. numbers of primocane in spring can have a detrimental effect. They will compete with floricane for light, 3 Methods of removing and hybrid berries, such damage exercised to avoid contacting those provides infection sites for crown gall canes to be retained. and controlling (Agrobacterium spp.) or cane blight To destroy primocane around (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium). fruiting plants in biennially-cropped primocane An alternative to mechanical plantations and to completely control is the use of a chemical remove the first flush of primocane Primocane removal in blackberry herbicide or desiccant directed care- in close-planted annually-cropped and hybrid berry plantations is fully with a shielded sprayer onto plantations, Shark can be applied generally carried out by hand, using primocanes growing in the alleys throughout the base of the crop row secateurs or pneumatic pruners, and between plants in the row to contact all primocanes. However, cutting through unwanted primocanes (Figure 3). Materials currently being in so doing, growers should be aware at their base. The cane is removed used include glufosinate-ammonium that the second flush of primocane from the rows and placed in the alleys, (Harvest), diquat (Reglone) and will be thinner, weaker and poten- to wilt and then be pulverised.
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