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Intro to Raspberry Production and Uncommon Small Fruits

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Intro to Raspberry Production and Uncommon Small Fruits Intro to Raspberry Production and Uncommon Small Fruits Grant McCarty University of Illinois Extension Local Foods and Small Farms Educator Basics of Raspberry Production • Short-shelf life • Field or high tunnel production • A good U Pick option • Most are thorned • ‘Joan J’ an exception • Pruning will be an absolute must • Trellis needs in most cases • Most common= Red Type • But Yellow, Purple, and Black show increasing interest Basic Plant Structure •Canes live for two years • 1st Year: Primocanes • No fruit from them except if it’s an everbearing type. • Develop fruit buds in the fall • 2nd Year: Floricanes • Buds go dormant into 2nd year • Need 800 chilling hours (25-40 F) • Produce fruit and then die. • Floricanes pruned out Distinguishing primocanes from floricanes Raspberry Types •Red Raspberries • Red, Summer bearing (2-3 ft, 6- 10 ft btwn rows): • ‘Boyne’- very hardy, good for freezing • ‘Killarney’-good for fresh market • ‘Lauren’- good quality, large fruit • ‘Titan’- large, mild flavor • ‘Octavia’, ‘Encore’, ‘Tulamagic’, ‘Liberty’ Raspberry Types • Red, Everbearing (2-3ft, 6-10 ft) • Aka fall bearing/primocane fruiting • Mow off canes in late winter • Do not have to hand remove flouricane • Less disease pressure • Varieties • ‘Joan J’- early, spineless canes • ‘Jaclyn’- early, dark red • ‘Heritage’- good yields, hard to pick • ‘Anne’, ‘Nova’- good fruit size • ‘Josephine’- late season • ‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Autumn Britten’ Raspberry Types •Non-Red • Yellow (2-3 ft, 6-10 ft between) • Red raspberry without red pigment • Will have everbearing and summer bearing types • ‘Goldie’ • ‘Amber’ • ‘Fall Gold’- good marketability • ‘Anne’- heat tolerant • ‘Honeyqueen’ (everbearing)-peach colored berries Raspberry Types •Black (4ft, 8-10 ft) • Not as winter hardy as red • Tend to be a bit more compact • Disease susceptible and less productive? • Varieties • ‘Bristol’- medium-large, firm fruit, high yield potential • ‘Jewel’- earlier ripening, anthracnose resistance, very hardy • ‘Blackhawk’- lg berries, vigorous • ‘Allen’- vigorous, moderate yields Raspberry Types • Purple (3-5ft, 10-12 ft) • Cross between red and black raspberries • Tend to be a bit more compact • Moderate hardiness • Fruit is larger and juicer than black • Varieties • ‘Brandywine’-large and tart fruit • ‘Royalty’-large and sweet fruit, not recommended for U Pick (based on growth) • ‘Estate’-flavor between Brandywine and Royalty Establishment • Full sun, well-drained soil, good air flow (but not too windy) • pH between 6.0-6.5 • Avoid planting in area with previous Verticillium susceptible crops • Pre-plant cover crop of Rye for weed control • Mix in compost before planting • Place the crown 1-2 inches above soil surface • Red/Yellow Raspberries: allow to spread to 12 inches • Purple/Black: will “hill” into a cluster Planting Systems • Hill system - Plants grown in hills, wide spacing, weed control by cultivation between and within row, recommended for gently sloping areas. Good for black and purple types of raspberries. • Hedgerow system - Plants are grown in continuous rows about one to two feet wide to form a hedge. Control by cultivation confined to one direction. More space saving, good for cultivars that produce a lot of suckers. Good for red and yellow raspberries. • Linear system - A modification of the two above, no suckers are allowed to grow by cultivating the width around the parent plant. Good for black and purple raspberries. High Tunnel Raspberries • Fertility should be lower on N • May need to consider a double-plastic layer • Keep up with moisture in bed- double drip • Issues: Spider Mites, Powdery Mildew • Results from Dixon Springs: • ‘Joan J’- best performing, thornless, good flavor • ‘Autumn Britten’- 2nd best, fruit size easy to harvest • ‘Nanthahala’- poor performer, maybe colder climate Mulching • Landscape fabric (Planting) • Expect several years of use • Can restrict primocanes emergence from roots • Plastic (Planting) • Needs irrigation • Usually breaks down within one season • Can restrict primocanes emergence from roots • Organic Mulches • Annual replacement • Labor intensive? Established Needs • Established Plants • Apply 2-4 ounces of ammonium nitrate per original plant every spring or alternatively use equivalent lower rates of 10-10-10 compound fertilizers. • Ensure higher fertilizer rates in sandy soils and with older plants. • Keep the area between rows weed free. This can also be achieved by seeding perennial grass or a mixture of grass and a legume as a cover crop. • When controlling weeds around the plants, do not dig 2-3 inches deep to avoid root injury. • Use trellis support to protect plants from wind injury. Raspberry Fruiting • For U Pick and longer season, look to have mix of early and late maturity • Reds/Yellows • Terminal buds bloom 1st and progress on laterals and on down to lower laterals • Fruit ripens over an extended period of time • Blacks and Purple • Fruit ripens over a short period of time • 2 to 2.5 weeks of production Bramble Diseases • Some varieties have disease resistance • Good airflow, pruning, trellising, and spacing can help prevent disease • Cane Blight • Start in wound sites of the primocanes. • Spreads through the cane from the wound and causes cankers to form. • Cankers caused by the cane blight fungus start out as reddish- brown streaks under the bark. • If the infection girdles the stem, the entire cane may wilt and die. Raspberry/Blackberry Cane Blight Raspberry Spur Blight Bramble Diseases • Anthracnose • Little round, sunken pits in the bark of the cane. • Spots are white to pale tan, while the margins sometimes are a purplish red. • Smaller spots than other blights • Very common on black raspberries but it can also occur on susceptible red raspberry varieties. Uncommon Small Fruits • Potentially expand your market • Reach new customers • Potentially diversify your operation • Suggestion: Test plot and talk to others • Major drawback: Not as much research as others • Variety and pest unknowns • Climate issues • General growth characteristics Grower Challenges • Who is your buyer going to be? • Grower Groups? Value added buyer? Standard direct marketing channel? • Know before you grow! • Uncertainty of market potential • Larger risk than others • Current vs. future trends • Educational gap between consumer and grower • Most are not fresh eating • Needs a market/buyer • Aronia, Chokeberry, many others Grower challenges • Do not always fit well on production scale • Figs, Hardy Kiwi, Paw Paws • Labor Needs • Reliance on hand picking • Needs to be processed and/or combined with other fruit • Seaberry, Wolfberry/Goji, Honeyberry/Haskaps, Persimmons, Hazelnuts • FSMA Compliance/Processing License may be needed Potential Opportunities Currants (Zones 4-6) • Black currants and white pines are extremely susceptible to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) • Introduced (white pine blister rust) into the U.S. around 1900 • Red currants exhibit varying degrees of susceptibility. • Always choose resistant cultivars • Black – ‘Consort’, ‘Crusader’, and ‘Titania’ • Better suited to a cool site • Will tolerate shade in hotter climates • Multi-stemmed shrub or trained as a standard White Pine Blister Rust Photo credit: Washington State Department of Natural Resources Photo credit: Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Examples of Resistance to White Pine Blister Rust • Black currant: • Blackcomb, Canada RIB0112, Consort (Prince Consort), Crusader, Coronet, Crandall, 'Doch Siberyachki (Daughter of Siberia), Kosmioleskaja, Lowes Auslese, Minaj smyriou, Pilot Alexander Mamkin, Polar, Risager , Tahsis, Titania, Willoughby • Red currant: • Rondom • White currant: • White Imperial, White Currant 1301 Gooseberry ( • In the currant family • Gooseberries exhibit varying degrees of susceptibility to white pine blister rust • Always choose resistant cultivars • Very tart when eaten raw • Excellent in jams and pies • Better suited to a cool site • Will tolerate shade in hotter climates Gooseberry • Types of gooseberry plants • American • Tend to be smaller fruited • ‘Poorman’ (red), ‘Hinnonmaki Red’ (red), ‘Pixwell’ (Pinkish) • European cultivars • Larger and better flavored (not always); make sure to select mildew resistant cultivars • ‘Invicta’ (yellow-green) • Susceptible to leaf spot • American x European • ‘Captivator’ (deep red) Examples of Resistance to White Pine Blister Rust •Gooseberries: • Achilles, Canada O-273, Captivator, Columbus, Downing, Glenton Green, Golda, Hinnomaen kiltaenen green (Hinnomaki yellow), Howards Lancer, InvictaJahns Prairie, Jeanne, Josselyn, Oregon, Pixwell, Poorman, Sabine, Whitesmith Jostaberry/pruterberry/yostaberry Zones 4-7 • Cross between gooseberries and 2 species of black currants • Seems to be highly resistant to white pine blister rust • Thornless • Fruit are deep black, tart, and borne singly like gooseberries • Don’t ripen evenly Image courtesy www.starkbros.com Hybrid Berries Blackberries (Rubus ursinus, R. Fruticosus) and Raspberries (R. idaeus) • Loganberry (California, USA, 1883), R. × loganobaccus, a spontaneous cross between R. ursinus 'Aughinbaugh' and R. idaeus 'Red Antwerp' • Boysenberry (USA, 1920s), a cross between R. idaeus and R. × loganobaccus • Veitchberry (Europe, 1930s), a cross between R. fruticosus and R. idaeus • Marionberry (1956), now thought to be a blackberry cultivar R. 'Marion' • Silvanberry, R. 'Silvan', a cross between R. 'Marion' and boysenberry • Tayberry (Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry cross
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