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Evaluation of Rubus Genetic Resources on Their Resistance to Cane Disease

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Evaluation of Rubus Genetic Resources on Their Resistance to Cane Disease Genet Resour Crop Evol (2018) 65:1979–1993 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0670-1 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) RESEARCH ARTICLE Evaluation of Rubus genetic resources on their resistance to cane disease Vadim Girichev . Marcel von Reth . Magda-Viola Hanke . Monika Ho¨fer . Erik Schulte . Henryk Flachowsky Received: 29 January 2018 / Accepted: 3 July 2018 / Published online: 25 July 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Raspberry cane disease, caused by a identified the main fungi growing on infected canes. complex of fungi, is amongst the most devastating Our results suggest that Fusarium avenaceum is the problems for raspberry production. Using resistant or main fungus causing cane disease in Saxony. The highly tolerant genotypes is a promising strategy. Rubus hybrid cultivars ‘Tayberry’ (2n =6x = 42), However, until now, cultivars with good field resis- ‘Buckingham Tayberry’ (2n =6x = 42) and ‘Dorman tance for German fruit growers as well as the primary Red’ (2n =2x = 14) displayed the highest levels of causal pathogens of cane disease present in the eastern field resistance at both locations. Moreover, we part of Germany, Saxony state are still unknown. The established an in vitro assay for resistance evaluation primary objective of this study was to identify the which correlates significantly with field data and is primary disease causing organisms and resistant particularly suitable for quick assessment of resistance Rubus germplasm for future breeding efforts. From against F. avenaceum in breeding material. Future 2012 to 2014, we evaluated the degree of susceptibil- breeding programs, aiming at cultivars with enhanced ity to cane diseases on 213 raspberry cultivars at two resistance towards cane diseases can use the presented different locations using a rating scale. We also data for parental selection and may employ our in vitro F. avenaceum inoculation method for parental testing and progeny selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0670-1) con- Keywords Rubus idaeus Á Genetic resources Á Cane tains supplementary material, which is available to authorized diseases Á Cane blight Á Resistance breeding Á users. Fusarium avenaceum Vadim Girichev and Marcel von Reth have contributed equally to this work. V. Girichev Á M. von Reth Á M.-V. Hanke Á Introduction M. Ho¨fer Á H. Flachowsky (&) Julius Ku¨hn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit In 2016, the worldwide production of raspberries Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany amounted to 795,249 t, with about 75% (498,353 t) e-mail: henryk.fl[email protected] produced in Europe (Faostat 2016). Currently, main raspberry producing countries are Russia, Poland, and E. Schulte Federal Office of Plant Varieties, Torgauer Straße 100, Serbia. In Germany, raspberry production decreased 04808 Wurzen, Germany 123 1980 Genet Resour Crop Evol (2018) 65:1979–1993 from 29,700 t in 2002 to 5617 t in 2016, despite the sources for field resistance in raspberry germplasm overall increase in the worldwide raspberry production collections or in related Rubus species are still (Faostat 2016). This phenomenon is the result of missing. This includes the identification of the primary multiple factors, including high production costs, causal pathogens in different areas in Germany. Until increased labor costs and an increase in the occurrence now, only northern Germany has been assessed of several plant diseases, including black root rot, the (Weber and Entrop 2008). Moreover, artificial inoc- spread of fungicide-resistant Botrytis strains and cane ulation experiments for evaluating the resistance or diseases (Graham et al. 2011; Rupp et al. 2016). susceptibility of germplasm have not been established. Raspberry cane disease is caused by various phy- Therefore, this study aimed at the identification of topathogenic fungi, including Fusarium avenaceum resistance sources using a collection of 213 different (Fusarium wilt), Didymella applanata (spur blight), raspberry cultivars, including Rubus hybrid cultivars Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (cane blight) and Botrytis and other Rubus species. Because cane disease occurs cinerea (cane Botrytis) with F. avenaceum being the in a complex, identification and introgression of major cause of cane diseases in Northern Germany pathogen strain-specific resistances into elite cultivars (Williamson and Hargreaves 1979; Weber and Entrop appears extremely difficult. Identification of sources 2008). First pink to orange colored spore bearing for broad-spectrum or field resistance may be a more structures on dark brown lesions which are clear promising and durable strategy. Gene H, determining indications of infections of young raspberry primo- pubescence of raspberry canes is a prominent example canes with F. avenaceum can be found at the end of for broad-spectrum resistance attributed to a single May beginning of June at earliest depending on the locus in raspberry. It has been shown to be linked with year and weather conditions (Weber and Entrop 2008). increased resistance towards Didymella applanata, Afterwards disease symptoms are progressing until the Leptospaeria coniothyrium and Botrytis cinerea and end of August, beginning of September. comes at the cost of enhanced susceptibility towards However, diseased canes in the field are often Elsinoe veneta and Sphaerotheca macularis (Graham infected by a complex of several of these fungi, et al. 2006; Jennings 1962, 1982; Jennings and Brydon making it difficult to pin down the primary causal 1989a, b). Here, we screened the available genetic pathogen from infection symptoms alone. The infec- resources at two different locations in Saxony (East tion may be associated with ‘‘midge blight’’ caused by Germany) based on the severity of cane disease the cane midge Resseliella theobaldi. However, this symptoms, without attributing symptoms to individual might not necessarily be the case (Williamson and pathogens aiming at the identification of potential Hargreaves 1979; Weber and Entrop 2008). Hence, we sources for broad-spectrum disease resistance. Fur- will generalize the disease complex as ‘cane disease’ thermore, the priority was to identify the primary throughout this manuscript without further causal pathogens for Saxony (East Germany), one of specification. the three major fruit production areas in Germany. For As a result of an infection, fungal pathogens occupy this purpose, a field trial was performed from 2012 to the vascular system and block water and nutrient 2014 at two different locations. Additionally, we transport. Infected canes become weakened and die. aimed at establishing a reliable inoculation method The consequence is that raspberry plantations quickly which allows the identification of resistant germplasm become unprofitable, thus emphasizing the need for under standardized environmental conditions. cultivars with resistance to cane disease. Cultivars combining field resistance to cane disease with superior fruit traits such as large fruit size, sufficient Materials and methods firmness, excellent taste and a beautiful shape are currently not available. Breeding of new and highly Plant material and location resistant cultivars is therefore a major aim in many raspberry breeding programs. In total, 213 different Rubus genotypes were evaluated Despite the widespread occurrence of this disease from 2012 to 2014 at two different locations grown complex and its impact on the raspberry industry, according to standard horticultural practices. Most detailed studies concerning the identification of genotypes were red raspberries and belonged to Rubus 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol (2018) 65:1979–1993 1981 idaeus L.. In addition the black raspberry (R. occi- exists since more than 10 years at this site and cane dentalis L.) genotype ‘Black Jewel’, the Rubus hybrid disease is well distributed among the cultivars. This cultivars ‘Tayberry’, ‘Buckingham Tayberry’, ‘Clen genebank collection was evaluated in October of 2013 Coe’, and ‘Dorman Red’, as well as the blackberry (R. and 2014 (Supplementary Table 1). fruticosus L.) cultivar ‘Navaho’ were also included into the study. Resistance evaluation in the field Location 1 In order to determine the level of cane disease infestation, we established a rating scale (Fig. S1). Borthen, close to Dohna, Saxony (lat 50.968778, long This scale was based on the percentage of visibly 13.826466). This site is located within a commercial infected area per cane and consists of six classes raspberry plantation which is used since many years. namely: class 0 (very resistant, no infection), class 1 ‘Tulameen’ and ‘Clen Ample’ are the two main (resistant, up to 10% infected area), class 2 (medium cultivars which are grown in this plantation. Both resistant, 11–25% infected area), class 3 (medium cultivars showed always a good level of infection with susceptible, 26–50% infected area), class 4 (suscep- cane disease. The field trial planted for this study at tible, 51–75% infected area) and class 5 (very this site consisted of cultivars commercially used in susceptible, [ 76%). Germany at this time. Thirty-one Rubus cultivars were planted in 2012 in a randomized block design Isolation and morphological characterization consisting of at least two blocks per cultivar. One of fungal isolates block consisted of 20 plants of the same genotype. The cultivars ‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Lucana’, ‘Meeker’, ‘Nini- In October 2013, when the symptoms of cane disease
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