Raspberry Cultivars for the Pacific Northwest Chad E

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A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication Oregon State University • University of Idaho • Washington State University PNW 655 • February 2014 Raspberry Cultivars for the Pacific Northwest Chad E. Finn, Bernadine C. Strik, and Patrick P. Moore

‘Meeker’ (floricane-fruiting)

here are two main types of raspberries: red and black. Yellow-fruited raspberries result from a Raspberry Canes Tmutation of red raspberries that prevents the formation of red color; they are grown exactly the Although raspberry plants live many years, same as red raspberries. Purple raspberries, a third their canes are biennial, meaning they live type, are a hybrid between black and red raspberries. 2 years. This publication briefly describes each type of Primocanes: First year of growth. Only raspberry. Tables 1–4 list cultivars in approximate fall-bearing raspberries produce a signifi- order of ripening within each type. cant amount of fruit on primocanes in the late summer and fall. Hybrids between blackberry and red raspberry include ‘Logan’, ‘Boysen’, and ‘Tayberry’. These Floricanes: Second year of growth. Both fruits are blackberries and are included in the OSU summer-bearing and fall-bearing raspber- Extension publication Blackberry Cultivars for ries produce fruit on floricanes. Fruit is Oregon (EC 1617). In blackberries, the core is part of borne on branches called fruiting laterals. the fruit; in raspberries, the core remains attached to After fruiting, floricanes die. the plant when the fruit is picked.

Chad E. Finn, berry crops geneticist, USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon; Bernadine C. Strik, Extension berry crops professor, Oregon State University; and Patrick P. Moore, scientist, Washington State University. All photos by Bernadine C. Strik, © Oregon State University, unless otherwise noted. ‘Vintage’ (primocane-fruiting)

‘Munger’ (black)

them for the second year, however, they will produce a crop on the floricanes the next summer. Because primocane-fruiting types can be double cropped, they sometimes are called everbearing raspberries. Red raspberry cultivars are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Black Raspberries Black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis), sometimes called blackcaps, are native from the Northeast to the ‘Willamette’ (floricane-fruiting) Great Plains. The native western black raspberry is R. leucodermis. Black raspberries produce canes only from Red Raspberries the crown, not from the roots. Tip primocanes in Red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) are native to summer to encourage branching. These canes pro- northern North America and Eurasia. Cultivated red duce fruit the following year. raspberries were introduced into the United States as In the early 1900s, there were dozens of black long ago as 1771. raspberry cultivars, and new cultivars were released Red raspberries produce new canes from buds on until about the 1960s. Until recently, there has been roots and from the crown. In the first year, canes are little breeding work on black raspberries, and only a called primocanes. In the second year, they are called handful of cultivars are now commonly available. In floricanes. Canes are pruned out after their second the Northwest, nearly the entire commercial crop is year. Both primocanes and floricanes are present ‘Munger’, a cultivar released in 1890. Black raspberry during the growing season. cultivars are listed in Table 3. There are two types of red raspberries. Inflori - cane-fruiting (summer-bearing) cultivars, the Purple Raspberries second-year floricanes bear a crop in early summer Purple raspberries are a hybrid between black and the first-year primocanes are vegetative only. and red raspberries. They tend to be vigorous, Primocane-fruiting (fall-bearing) cultivars pro- crown-forming plants with large, soft fruit. Purple duce a significant amount of fruit at the top of the raspberries are generally considered to have only primocanes in the fall. The easiest way to manage pri- fair quality for fresh use, but they are excellent for mocane-fruiting raspberries is to cut the primocanes processing. Purple raspberry cultivars are listed in to the ground each winter after fruiting. If you keep Table 4. 2 Cultivar Table Notes Use Tables 1–4 list floricane-fruiting and primo- Most berries sold in the fresh market are hand cane-fruiting raspberries, black raspberries, and harvested, firm, and bright red. They have a shelf purple raspberries. The descriptions are intended life of several days if properly handled and refrig- to serve only as a guide in choosing a cultivar that’s erated. Berries grown for processing are machine appropriate for your needs. Performance often harvested and have intense red color and flavor. varies with location. Machine Harvest Not all of the listed cultivars are available in Cultivars adapted to machine harvest have nurseries; however, these are included in the tables good plant architecture, easy fruit release from the because plants are long lived, and established receptacle when the berry is ripe, and fruit that is plantings of older cultivars still exist. firm enough for individually quick frozen (IQF) Disease Issues markets. Machine-harvested fruit will not store for more than a few hours after harvest. Most raspberry cultivars are sensitive to Phytophthora root rot; this disease is a much Commercial Production greater problem in Oregon and southern A commercial value score is provided to help Washington than in northern Washington and commercial growers select appropriate cultivars for British Columbia. Grow raspberries on very well- fresh and processed markets: drained soils and on raised beds or ridges (about 12 to 18 inches high) to promote drainage. 1 = Appropriate for most commercial operations Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) is a pol- 2 = May have commercial value but: len-borne virus (carried by bees); the primary (a) not enough is known about its performance symptom is crumbly fruit. Usually a raspberry or plant infected with RBDV looks normal and is (b) may meet a specific requirement neither bushy nor dwarf. There are no control (e.g., unique color or very early harvest) but measures for this virus other than to replant with has a negative trait (e.g., low yield or poor virus-free stock and choose resistant cultivars. In shipping quality) Tables 1 and 2, assume cultivars are susceptible to 3 = Unlikely to have good commercial value RBDV unless otherwise noted. Small Farm, U-Pick, and Home Fruit Descriptions and Yield Gardens Descriptions of yield and berry size are Cultivars that are well suited to small farms, primarily based on results of trials by the USDA- local sales, U-pick farms, and home gardens are ARS/OSU cooperative breeding program at the noted as such. However, we advise home gardeners OSU North Willamette Research and Extension not to grow cultivars that are susceptible to root Center in Aurora, Oregon, and the Washington rot west of the Cascades, except where there is very State University breeding program in Puyallup, good drainage. Washington. If a cultivar has not been tested at these sites, yield and berry descriptions are based Cold Hardiness on grower experience. Yield ratings are based on Cold hardiness is indicated if information is comparison to other cultivars of the same type. available. Grow only cold-hardy cultivars east of Red raspberries are generally more productive the Cascades. Primocane-fruiting raspberries can than black raspberries. be grown in most cold regions if only a primocane, and not the floricane, crop is produced. Many cultivars from eastern U.S. nurseries might be well adapted to eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, and Idaho.

√ √ √ Cold Cold hardy √ √ √ √ √ √ √ (Table continues) (Table Small farm or home garden Raspberry dwarf virus bushy

Large-scale value commercial 3 2 (nursery plants not be may available) 2 (high quality, low yield) 1 2 new to (too fully evaluate but expected to be fine) 2 3 3

√ √ Machine harvest Use Fresh Fresh Fresh Processed and Fresh processed Fresh Fresh Fresh Yield to Low medium Medium to Low medium Medium High Medium Medium to Low medium Fruit soft, dull, Small size, good flavor, medium red, very early floricane crop, small also produces primocane crop size, large Medium to medium firmness, bright dark red, attractive, difficult very good flavor, unless fully ripe fruit release size, large Medium to medium firmness, very bright red, attractive, good flavor soft, dark red, Medium size, very good flavor size, large Medium to dark red, medium to good flavor medium Medium size, bright attractive, firmness, good flavor red, light soft, dark red, Medium size, good flavor medium Medium size, bright attractive, firmness, very good flavor red, Plant Moderate vigor Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Medium vigor Vigorous Vigorous Very vigorous Disease issues Resistant to root rot Some tolerance rot, root to RBDV immune to susceptible Very rot root to to Susceptible immune rot, root RBDV to Moderately to susceptible rot root to Susceptible immune rot, root RBDV to root to Tolerant immune rot, to RBDV to Susceptible rot root

√ √ √ Cold Cold hardy √ √ √ √ √ √ (Table continues) (Table Small farm or home garden Raspberry dwarf virus bushy

Large-scale value commercial 3 3 2 market for (limited types) yellow 2 1 2 1 2 (high susceptibility limits rot root to commercial in this potential region) √ √ √ √ Machine harvest Use Fresh Fresh Fresh Processed or Fresh processed Processed Processed Fresh Yield Medium Medium Medium high to High Medium Medium High Medium Fruit crumbly, Small size, only fair flavor medium red, soft, medium Medium size, excellent sweet, dark red, to flavor fruit, yellow size, Large retains flavor, excellent when even good flavor firm stage picked at medium Medium size, can be a bit firmness, fair flavor red, bright lumpy, firm, bright Medium size, very good flavor red, good Medium size, good red, dull firmness, flavor medium Medium size, red, medium firmness, good flavor very to size, Large large veryfirm, bright attractive, flavor excellent red, Plant Moderate vigor Moderate vigor Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Disease issues root Resistant to immune rot, to RBDV Moderate to resistance immune rot, root to RBDV susceptible Very rot, root to RBDV immune to Excellent to resistance root rot Somewhat to sensitive root rot to Susceptible rot root Somewhat to sensitive root rot susceptible Very rot root to

√ √ √ √ Cold Cold hardy Cold Cold hardy √ √ √ √ √ √ (Table continues) (Table Small farm or home garden Small farm or home garden Raspberry dwarf virus bushy

Large-scale value commercial 1 (hand pick fresh only) 1 only to (available growers; licensed sold only as tissue- plants) cultured 2 to obtain) (difficult

Large-scale value commercial 2 (early season) 2 (early season) 3 2 fully new to (too but evaluate be fine) expected to (RBDV) unless otherwise noted. √ Machine harvest Unknown this at time Yield Medium medium to Low Medium Medium to high Use Fresh Processed or Fresh processed Raspberry dwarf virus bushy Yield Medium high to High Medium high to Fruit firmness, moderate size, Large mild flavor medium red, attractive, firmness, moderate size, Large mild flavor bright red, attractive, medium firmness, Small size, very good flavor bright red, attractive, red, bright firm,attractive, size, Large outstanding flavor Fruit very firm, size, large Very bright red, attractive, flavor excellent very medium size, Small to color, firm, a bit dull in good flavor red, firm, bright size, Large very good flavor Plant vigor Moderate to Moderate good vigor vigor Moderate vigor Moderate Plant Very vigorous Vigorous, primocanes not very self- supporting Vigorous Disease issues to Good resistance rot root Some sensitivity rot root to Disease issues to Tolerant root rot new Relatively but appears to RBDV develop all if at slowly, Somewhat to tolerant root rot

Table 1. Floricane-fruiting unless otherwise Red-fruited cultivars: (summer-bearing) noted Table harvestThe season of Meeker of ripening. order in approximate listed are Cultivars markets. or processed fresh for Floricane-fruiting raspberries can be grown to susceptible are Cultivars Washington. and Lynden, and about July 4 in Puyallup Valley Willamette starts about June 20 in Oregon’s (RBDV) unless otherwise noted. Cultivar Cascade Delight Plant (U.S. 14,522) Patent Wakefield Plant (U.S. 21,185) Patent Lewis 2. Primocane-fruiting Red- (fall-bearing) and yellow-fruited cultivars: Table fruiting The of ripening. order in approximate listed are Cultivars market and harvested hand. the fresh by primarily for Primocane-fruiting grown raspberries are and cold Yield earlier. Bliss is about 2 weeks Autumn Valley; Willamette of Heritage starts 20 in the Oregon’s the primocane crop August season for around to susceptible are Cultivars only. based on the primocane crop are evaluations hardiness Cultivar Bliss Autumn Plant (U.S. Patent 6,597) Britten Autumn Amity Vintage Plant (U.S. Patent 24,198)

6 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Cold Cold hardy √ √ √ √ √ √ (Table continues) (Table Small farm or home garden

Large-scale value commercial 1 yellow (market for types be may limited) 1 3 2 3 3 1 3 1 (RBDV) unless otherwise noted.

Yield Medium to high High Medium Medium medium to Low Medium Medium to high Medium high to Low yield in (low climates cold with short season) Raspberry dwarf virus bushy Fruit soft medium to size, Large yellow, bright attractive, firmness, excellent flavor firmness, moderate size, Large good flavor medium red, attractive, veryMedium soft, size, gold color, flavor excellent very firm, dark medium size, Small to mild flavor red, very berry, long narrow Small size, pick to hard dark red, dark red, early ripening, Small size, mild flavor attractive, firm, size, large Medium to mild but good flavor dark red, dark red medium size, Small to bright firm,attractive, Medium size, so has short ripens late bland, red, climates fruiting season in cold Plant Vigorous Vigorous vigor Moderate Vigorous vigorous, Very to susceptible leaf rust Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Disease issues to Susceptible rot root to Susceptible rot root to Susceptible rot root Resistant to root rot Some resistance rot root to susceptibility Low rot root to Immune RBDV to

Table 2. Primocane-fruiting Red- (fall-bearing) and yellow-fruited cultivars: Table fruiting The of ripening. order in approximate listed are Cultivars market and harvested hand. the fresh by primarily for Primocane-fruiting grown raspberries are and cold Yield earlier. Bliss is about 2 weeks Autumn Valley; Willamette of Heritage starts 20 in the Oregon’s the primocane crop August season for around to susceptible are Cultivars only. based on the primocane crop are evaluations hardiness Cultivar Anne Plant (U.S. Patent 10,411) Caroline Plant (U.S. Patent 10,412) Fallgold Joan J Plant (U.S. Patent 18,954) Jaclyn Plant (U.S. Patent 15,647) Himbo Top (‘Rafzaqu’; U.S. Plant Patent 19,512) Polka Polana Heritage

7 √ √ √ √ √ Cold Cold hardy √ √ √ √ Small farm or home garden

Large-scale value commercial 1 2 fully new to (too evaluate) 3 (novelty) 1 2 (RBDV) unless otherwise noted.

Yield high to Low yield in (low climates cold with short season) Moderate to Low moderate high to Low yield in (low climates cold with short season) low Very (unless grown in tunnels) Raspberry dwarf virus bushy Fruit sports are These of Heritage and color. only in fruit differ yellow. or apricot Kiwigold is yellow Goldie typically is a deep apricot color. uneven color, red dull light size, Large bland flavor shape, veryMedium dark (“black”) size, fruit, mild flavor firmness, moderate size, Large good flavor, bright red, attractive, so has shortripens late fruiting climates season in cold in well works fruit, dark red Small size, tunnels in southern Oregon Plant Vigorous vigor Moderate Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Disease issues Immune RBDV to to Good resistance rot root

Table 2. Primocane-fruiting Red- (fall-bearing) and yellow-fruited cultivars: Table fruiting The of ripening. order in approximate listed are Cultivars market and harvested hand. the fresh by primarily for Primocane-fruiting grown raspberries are and cold Yield earlier. Bliss is about 2 weeks Autumn Valley; Willamette of Heritage starts 20 in the Oregon’s the primocane crop August season for around to susceptible are Cultivars only. based on the primocane crop are evaluations hardiness Cultivar Kiwigold Plant (U.S. Patent 11,313) or Graton (Goldie Gold are similar) Crimson Giant Patent Plant (U.S. applied for) Crimson Night Patent Plant (U.S. applied for) Josephine Plant (U.S. Patent 12,173) Nantahala Plant (U.S. Patent 20,689)

8 √ √ Cold Cold hardy √ √ √ √ Small farm or home garden ‘Jewel’ (black) ‘Jewel’ √ √

Large-scale value commercial 1 1 2 late (unique for season) 2 very(unique for season) late Cold Cold hardy √ √ √ Machine harvest Small farm or home garden Use Fresh Processed Fresh Fresh Yield to Low medium Medium to Low medium Low Large-scale value commercial 3 3 Use fresh Local market or processed fresh Local market or processed Yield High very to high High Fruit good size, large Medium to black,firmness, excellent flavor fair firmness, Medium size, black, very good flavor good size, large Medium to black,firmness, good flavor, than later 14 days ripens 10 to most other cultivars ripens medium size, Small to in September

Fruit very to Large large soft, purple, size, flavor excellent very to Large large soft, purple, size, flavor excellent Plant Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Primocane-fruiting (fall-bearing). encourage to Tip and flowering. branching Plant Vigorous Vigorous

Table 4. Purple raspberry 4. Purple cultivars Table start raspberries generally Purple than floricane-fruiting fruiting a bit later raspberries. red Cultivar Brandywine Royalty Table 3. Black raspberry cultivars Table the late-fruiting MacBlack and the primocane except Most All fruiting Niwot ripen black raspberry and fruit characteristics. very are cultivars similar in growth wilt. Verticillium and rot root Phytophthora to susceptible quite Most are Oregon. Portland, around early July in the area June to late nearly simultaneously from Cultivar Jewel Munger or (same as Bristol Cumberland) MacBlack Niwot Patent Plant (U.S. applied for)

9 What if you find a cultivar that’s not on these lists? Find out as much about it as you can: • Is it floricane-fruiting (summer-bearing) or primocane-fruiting (fall-bearing)? • Does the nursery’s description indicate that it’s susceptible to any diseases, such as root rot or viruses? • What’s the fruit like? • Is it suitable for machine harvesting? (important for commercial growers) Remember: If you purchase a cultivar that is not on these lists, it probably hasn’t been extensively tested in this region. It’s best to try a few plants first and see how well they grow and how you like the fruit. ‘Cascade Gold’ (floricane-fruiting) Patrick P. Moore, used with permission. Moore, P. Patrick ‘Cascade Delight’ (floricane-fruiting) ‘Cascade Bounty’ (floricane-fruiting)

‘Tulameen’ (floricane-fruiting)

10 For More Information Commercial Red Raspberry Production in the Pacific Northwest (PNW 598). Oregon State University Extension. Growing Raspberries in Your Home Garden (EC 1306). Oregon State University Extension. PNW Extension Catalogs Oregon: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ Washington: http://pubs.wsu.edu Idaho: http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/ catalog.asp

‘Heritage’ (primocane-fruiting)

‘Saanich’ (floricane-fruiting) ‘Chemainus’ (floricane-fruiting)

This publication replaces OSU Extension publication EC 1310,Raspberry Cultivars for Oregon. Trade-name products and services are mentioned as illustrations only. This does not mean that the participating Extension Services either endorse these products and services or that they intend to discriminate against products and services not mentioned.

© 2014 Oregon State University. Pacific Northwest Extension publications are produced cooperatively by the three Pacific Northwest land-grant universities: Oregon State University, Washington State University, and the University of Idaho. Similar crops, climate, and topography create a natural geographic unit that crosses state lines. Since 1949, the PNW program has published more than 600 titles, preventing duplication of effort, broadening the availability of faculty specialists, and substantially reducing costs for the participating states.

Published and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914, by the Oregon State University Extension Service, Washington State University Extension, University of Idaho Extension, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating.

The three participating Extension services offer educational programs, activities, and materials without discrimination based on age, color, disability, gender identity or expression, genetic information, marital status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran’s status. The Oregon State University Extension Service, Washington State University Extension, and University of Idaho Extension are Equal Opportunity Employers. Published February 2014. 11