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Gold of Power from Julius Caesar to Marianne

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Gold of Power from Julius Caesar to Marianne PRESS KIT GOLD OF POWER JUNE 2016 FROM JULIUS CAESAR TO MARIANNE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBITION INFORMATION: CRYPT OF THE ÎLE OPENING 26 MAY WWW.CRYPTE. DE LA CITÉ 2016 PARIS.FR Contents Gold of Power, from Julius Caesar to Marianne Press release 3 The Exhibition 4 The Parisii 4 The Romans, from Augustus to Julian the Apostate 5 The Middle Ages 8 The Renaissance 10 The Classical Period 11 From the Second Empire to the Third Republic 12 Glossary 13 A family-friendly exhibition 14 Activities 15 Paris Musées 17 The Ile de la Cité Archaeological Crypt 17 Press Visuals 18 Practical Information 20 PRESS CONTACTS – THE ÎLE DE LA CITÉ ARCHAEOLOGICAL CRYPT HEAD OF COMMUNICATIONS/PRESS RELATIONS PRESS OFFICER Constance Lombard André Arden [email protected] [email protected] Tél. +33 (0)1 44 59 58 38 Tél. +33 (0)1 44 59 58 76 2 Press release Gold of Power, from Julius Caesar to Marianne From 26 May 2016 a new exhibition entitled Gold of Power, from Julius Caesar to Marianne, will be held in the Archaeological Crypt of the Île de la Cité. The exhibition will retrace the history of Paris through a magnificent selection of coins and exhibits evoking great figures of power. Visitors will discover, in ten stages, the people of history who transformed the destiny of the city of their time, related to the archaeological vestiges found in the Crypt. The Parisii, founders of the Gallic city, Julius Caesar, victorious at the battle of Lutetia, the Emperor Julian who took power in the Île de la Cité, Philippe IV le Bel and Charles V who transformed the medieval city, up to Napoleon III who initiated today’s capital: each of these powerful people left their effigy and their symbol engraved in metal. 1- Stater struck by the Parisii. Gold, first century BC The currencies of the earliest inhabitants of Paris are © Carole Rabourdin / Musée Carnavalet / Roger-Viollet moving relics of the past and veritable works of art, made remarkable by their stylization and modernity. The production of currency is also of key importance in political and symbolic terms and sheds light on how power was exercised. Julius Caesar received permission from the Senate to stamp coins with his effigy during his lifetime, but Louis XII was the first king of France to put his portrait on a coin. At a time when humanism was extolling the individual, coins slowly became tools for propaganda and legitimisation of royal authority: Louis XIII gave his name to the famous Louis d’Or, and Louis XIV used variations of his portrait with great symbolic sophistication. Long after Caesar and Charlemagne, Napoleon III reproduced the imperial emblems: the eagle and the laurel leaf crown. The French Revolution and the Republic followed this tradition, replacing the figure of the Emperor with a system of allegorical motifs including the winged genie, the cockerel symbolizing vigilance, the liberty cap and the figure of Marianne. What do these coins represent ? What do they reveal about the history of Paris? How should they be interpreted? The exhibition will provide answers to such questions. Through creative exhibits, young visitors and families will be able to touch large-scale copies of the coins, redesign them or create their own new coin bearing their effigy. #OrPouvoir 3 Gold of Power, from Julius Caesar to Marianne The Exhibition The Parisii Les Parisii The Parisii were a Gaulish people who crossed the Rhine in the 3rd century BC and established themselves in the area around what is now Paris. The Parisii were farmers with elaborate rearing and cultivation practices. Their society was based on a centralised system of government, led by an educated elite powerful enough to issue its own currency. Establishing a currency meant minting money, i.e. making coins and specifying their value. No major archaeological sites connected with the Parisii have yet been found in Paris, and their gold coins are the best evidence we have of this period of Gaulish domination. These coins are known as staters, a term originally used as a measure of the weight of a metal and subsequently applied to gold and silver coins. 2- Stater struck by the Parisii. Gold, first century BC © Carole Rabourdin / Musée Carnavalet / Roger-Viollet The coins of the Parisii During the Punic Wars between Rome, the Greek colonies of Italy and Carthage (3rd and 2nd centuries BC), Gaulish warriors fought as mercenaries on the Greek side. They were paid in gold coins, which they brought back with them to Gaul. This is how Greek coins bearing the portrait of Philip II of Macedonia, founder of the Macedonian Empire and father of Alexander the Great, came to serve as the prototype for money minted in Gaul. The Gauls began by faithfully reproducing these foreign models, but by the end of the 2nd century each tribe or people - Gaul was home to around sixty of them - had its own local interpretation of the original Greek design. Engravers reinterpreted the original design by adding elements of their own culture, including animals and strange symbols, until Philip II’s features became increasingly abstract and unrecognisable. This stylised decorative approach was rediscovered and championed by various 20th-century artistic movements, including Cubism. Other, less valuable coins were also in circulation in the 2nd century BC: potins. These bronze coins were cast in chains. These coins are an example of fiat money, meaning that their worth as currency is determined by the value attributed to them, and not the value of the 23 - F. Bourdin (19th Century), Foundation of Paris by the Celtic tribe known as the Parisii. metal they contain. © Musée Carnavalet / Roger-Viollet By the time of the Roman conquest, the Parisii had developed new, stamped bronze coins bearing images of horses and boars. 4 The Exhibition Gold of Power, from Julius Caesar to Marianne The Romans, from Augustus to Julian the Apostate These examples of the first Roman coins are displayed Roman coins from the 4th century on the site of Paris’ first fortifications, a defensive In Roman Gaul, official coins were always produced wall constructed from 308 AD onwards and whose in the imperial mints. One of the most important mints foundations can still be seen in the Archaeological Crypt. was based in Lyon, then capital of Gaul. In the second half of the 3rd century, coins were minted bearing the image of an emperor with a spiked crown. There were various imitations in circulation, however, minted in local The first Roman coins workshops. These coins reflected a shortage of official While the Greeks first began stamping coins in the coinage, and were used for small transactions: they 5th century BC, it took another two centuries before were objects born out of necessity. The size of these the Romans established their own monetary system. coins decreased (they were sometimes referred to as Previously, this predominantly agricultural society minimi), as did their quality. Large bronze coins began had relied on bartering livestock and produce, or else to disappear. exchanging gold ingots. In the 4th century, Constantine introduced a new gold In imitation of the great Macedonian kings, Julius Caesar coin known as the solidus, intended to finance his army. (100-44 BC) was the first to put his own face on a coin. Solidi were produced in the imperial mints, and their In celebration of his military conquests he minted a gold weight was precisely measured (never varying by more coin bearing his image, a symbol of absolute power than 1/10 of a gram). The titles adopted by the emperor which made some citizens uneasy. At this time Rome also changed over time. Echoes of the republican past was still a republic. gradually disappeared and the emperor was no longer presented as a public servant, but as a ruler appointed by divine right, and eventually as a Christian monarch. On the obverse face of Roman coins from this era, the most common form of inscription reads: “Dominus noster n. pius felix augustus” (Our Lord n – for the emperor’s name – pious and happy Augustus). The reverse celebrated the GLORIA ROMANORVM (the «glory of the Romans»), the VIRTVS EXERCITVS (the «valour of the army») and the REPARATIO FELICIVM TEMPORVM (the «return of happy times»), as if to ward off the growing threat posed by the marauding barbarian tribes. 4 - Aureus issued by Antoninus Pius. Gold, 145 and 161AD © Carole Rabourdin / Musée Carnavalet / Roger-Viollet Between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD, the Ile de la Cité was the seat of power in the region, home to a monumental palace complex which included a military base, a civil basilica and public baths. The city once known as Lutetia 3 - Gold coin issued by Julius Caesar, c. 43BC gradually came to be called Paris. Musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris, Petit Palais. © Philippe Joffre / Petit Palais / Roger-Viollet 5 The Exhibition Gold of Power, from Julius Caesar to Marianne The Emperor Augustus The Emperor Julian The Archaeological Crypt recreates the port of Lutetia, The emperor known as Julian the Apostate is an an important hub of commercial activity during the reign emblematic figure of 4th-century Lutetia/Paris, as he of Augustus. wrote a famous text celebrating the city’s charms. He first discovered Paris in the winter of 357-358, basing After his victory over Mark Antony at Actium in 31BC, his army there during a military campaign against the Octavian became master of the Roman Empire. Germanic tribes. Lutetia briefly became capital of the He assumed absolute power: power over the armies, Gallic provinces.
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