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Bermuda Biodiversity Country Study - Iii – ______
Bermuda Biodiversity Country Study - iii – ___________________________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • The Island’s principal industries and trends are briefly described. This document provides an overview of the status of • Statistics addressing the socio-economic situation Bermuda’s biota, identifies the most critical issues including income, employment and issues of racial facing the conservation of the Island’s biodiversity and equity are provided along with a description of attempts to place these in the context of the social and Government policies to address these issues and the economic needs of our highly sophisticated and densely Island’s health services. populated island community. It is intended that this document provide the framework for discussion, A major portion of this document describes the current establish a baseline and identify issues requiring status of Bermuda’s biodiversity placing it in the bio- resolution in the creation of a Biodiversity Strategy and geographical context, and describing the Island’s Action Plan for Bermuda. diversity of habitats along with their current status and key threats. Particular focus is given to the Island’s As human use or intrusion into natural habitats drives endemic species. the primary issues relating to biodiversity conservation, societal factors are described to provide context for • The combined effects of Bermuda’s isolation, analysis. climate, geological evolution and proximity to the Gulf Stream on the development of a uniquely • The Island’s human population demographics, Bermudian biological assemblage are reviewed. cultural origin and system of governance are described highlighting the fact that, with 1,145 • The effect of sea level change in shaping the pre- people per km2, Bermuda is one of the most colonial biota of Bermuda along with the impact of densely populated islands in the world. -
New Observations on Rhabdopleura Kozlowskii (Pterobranchia) from the Bathonian of Poland
ACT A PAL A EON T 0 LOG IC A POLONICA Vol. XVI 1971 No. ( CYPRIAN KULICKI NEW OBSERVATIONS ON RHABDOPLEURA KOZLOWSKII (PTEROBRANCHIA) FROM THE BATHONIAN OF POLAND Abstract. - Specimens of Rh. kozlowskii Kulicki, 1969 have here been described from the Bathonian of southern Poland. A secondary layer, never observed before, has been found inside zooidal tubes. INTRODUCTION At present, the genus Rhabdopleura is represented by at least two species clearly different from each other, Le. Rh. normani Allman, 1869 and Rh. striata Schepotieff, 1909. All other Recent species display a con siderable similarity to Rh. normani and the necessity to distinguish them is called in question by many investigators (Schepotieff, 1906; Dawydoff 1948; Thomas & .Davis, 1949; Burdon-Jones, 1954 and others). The species Rh. compacta Hincks, 1880 has recently been restored by Stebbing (1970), who concludes that Rh. compacta differs from Rh. normani mostly in the form of colonies and lack of ring-shaped part of the stolon. The following three fossil species have hitherto been described: Rh. vistulae Kozlowski, 1956 from the Danian of Poland, Rh. eocenica Tho mas & Davis, 1949 from the Eocene of England, and Rh. kozlowskii Kulicki, 1969 from the Callovian of Poland. The specimens of Rh. kozlowskii, described in the present paper, were etched with hydrochloric acid fTom ca1careous-marlyconcretions which occur in black and dark-gray Bathonian clays, Morrisiceras morrisi Zone (R6zycki, 1953) of Blanowice near Zawiercie. The concretions, varying in shape, are mostly spherical or ellipsoidal and fluctuate in size between a few and some scores of centimetres. Many of the concretions collected contain a macrofauna of molluscs or pieces of wood. -
Regulatory Circuit Rewiring and Functional Divergence of the Duplicate Admp Genes in Dorsoventral Axial Patterning
Developmental Biology 410 (2016) 108–118 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Developmental Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/developmentalbiology Evolution of Developmental Control Mechanisms Regulatory circuit rewiring and functional divergence of the duplicate admp genes in dorsoventral axial patterning Yi-Cheng Chang a,b, Chih-Yu Pai a, Yi-Chih Chen a, Hsiu-Chi Ting a, Pedro Martinez c,d, Maximilian J. Telford e, Jr-Kai Yu a, Yi-Hsien Su a,b,n a Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan c Department de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain d Institució de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain e Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK article info abstract Article history: The spatially opposed expression of Antidorsalizing morphogenetic protein (Admp) and BMP signals Received 18 December 2015 controls dorsoventral (DV) polarity across Bilateria and hence represents an ancient regulatory circuit. Accepted 18 December 2015 Here, we show that in addition to the conserved admp1 that constitutes the ancient circuit, a second Available online 21 December 2015 admp gene (admp2) is present in Ambulacraria (EchinodermataþHemichordata) and two marine worms Keywords: belonging to Xenoturbellida and Acoelomorpha. The phylogenetic distribution implies that the two admp BMP genes were duplicated in the Bilaterian common ancestor and admp2 was subsequently lost in chordates Admp and protostomes. We show that the ambulacrarian admp1 and admp2 are under opposite transcriptional Sea urchin control by BMP signals and knockdown of Admps in sea urchins impaired their DV polarity. -
Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Brachiopod Terebratulina Retusa Places Brachiopoda Within the Protostomes
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12415870 Analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa places Brachiopoda within the protostomes Article in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · November 1999 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1999.0885 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 83 50 2 authors, including: Martin Schlegel University of Leipzig 151 PUBLICATIONS 2,931 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Rare for a reason? Scale-dependence of factors influencing rarity and diversity of xylobiont beetles View project Bat diversity and vertical niche activity in the fluvial flood forest Leipzig View project All content following this page was uploaded by Martin Schlegel on 22 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa places Brachiopoda within the protostomes Alexandra Stechmann* and Martin Schlegel UniversitÌt Leipzig, Institut fÏr Zoologie/Spezielle Zoologie,Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Brachiopod phylogeny is still a controversial subject. Analyses using nuclear 18SrRNA and mitochondrial 12SrDNA sequences place them within the protostomes but some recent interpretations of morphological data support a relationship with deuterostomes. In order to investigate brachiopod a¤nities within the metazoa further,we compared the gene arrangement on the brachiopod mitochondrial genome with several metazoan taxa. The complete (15 451bp) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of the articulate brachiopod Terebratulina retusa was determined from two overlapping long polymerase chain reaction products. All the genes are encoded on the same strand and gene order comparisons showed that only one major rearrangement is required to interconvert the T.retusa and Katharina tunicata (Mollusca: Polyplaco- phora) mitochondrial genomes. -
Hemichordate Phylogeny: a Molecular, and Genomic Approach By
Hemichordate Phylogeny: A molecular, and genomic approach by Johanna Taylor Cannon A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 4, 2014 Keywords: phylogeny, evolution, Hemichordata, bioinformatics, invertebrates Copyright 2014 by Johanna Taylor Cannon Approved by Kenneth M. Halanych, Chair, Professor of Biological Sciences Jason Bond, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Leslie Goertzen, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Scott Santos, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Abstract The phylogenetic relationships within Hemichordata are significant for understanding the evolution of the deuterostomes. Hemichordates possess several important morphological structures in common with chordates, and they have been fixtures in hypotheses on chordate origins for over 100 years. However, current evidence points to a sister relationship between echinoderms and hemichordates, indicating that these chordate-like features were likely present in the last common ancestor of these groups. Therefore, Hemichordata should be highly informative for studying deuterostome character evolution. Despite their importance for understanding the evolution of chordate-like morphological and developmental features, relationships within hemichordates have been poorly studied. At present, Hemichordata is divided into two classes, the solitary, free-living enteropneust worms, and the colonial, tube- dwelling Pterobranchia. The objective of this dissertation is to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of Hemichordata using multiple datasets. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to Hemichordata and outlines the objectives for the dissertation research. Chapter 2 presents a molecular phylogeny of hemichordates based on nuclear ribosomal 18S rDNA and two mitochondrial genes. In this chapter, we suggest that deep-sea family Saxipendiidae is nested within Harrimaniidae, and Torquaratoridae is affiliated with Ptychoderidae. -
Department of ZOOLOGY Museum Specimens
P.E. Society’s Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce Ganesh-Khind, Pune – 411 053 http://www.moderncollegegk.org Department of ZOOLOGY Museum Specimens 1 Phylum Porifera 2 SyconSycon n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Porifera n Class: Pharetronida n Order: Sycettida n Genus: Sycon n General Characteristics: Sycon is a genus of calcareous sponges. These sponges are small, growing up to 5 cm in total length, and are tube- shaped and often white to cream in colour. The surface is hairy and spiky tufts of stiff spicules surround the osculum. 3 SpongillaSpongilla n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Porifera n Class: Demospongiae n Order: Haplosclerida n Genus: Spongilla n General Characteristics: Spongilla dwells in lakes and slow streams. Spongilla attach themselves to rocks and logs and filter the water for various small aquatic organisms such as protozoa, bacteria, and other free-floating pond life. fresh-water sponges are exposed to far more adverse and variable environmental conditions, and therefore they have developed gemmules as a means of dormancy. When exposed to excessively cold or otherwise harsh situations, the sponges form these gemmules, which are highly resistant "buds" that can live dormantly after the mother sponge has died. When conditions improve, the gemmules will "germinate" and a new sponge is born. 4 Phylum Coelenterata 5 JellyJelly fishfish n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Coelentrata n Subphylum: Medusozoa n Class: Scyphozoa n Order: Semaeostomeae n Genus: Aurelia n General Characteristics: Jellyfish are free-swimming members. Jellyfish have several different morphologies that represent several different cnidarian Jellyfish are found in every ocean, from the surface to the deep sea. -
Cortical Fibrils and Secondary Deposits in Periderm of the Hemichordate Rhabdopleura (Graptolithoidea)
Cortical fibrils and secondary deposits in periderm of the hemichordate Rhabdopleura (Graptolithoidea) PIOTR MIERZEJEWSKI and CYPRIAN KULICKI Mierzejewski, P. and Kulicki, C. 2003. Cortical fibrils and secondary deposits in periderm of the hemichordate Rhabdopleura (Graptolithoidea). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (1): 99–111. Coenecia of extant hemichordates Rhabdopleura compacta and Rh. normani were investigated using SEM techniques. Cortical fibrils were detected in their fusellar tissue for the first time. The densely packed cortical fibrils form a character− istic band−like construction in fusellar collars, similar to some Ordovician rhabdopleurids. No traces of external second− ary deposits are found in coenecia. Two types of internal secondary deposits in tubes are recognized: (1) membranous de− posits, composed of numerous, tightly packed sheets, similar to the crustoid paracortex and pseudocortex; and (2) fibrillar deposits, devoid(?) of sheets and made of cortical fibrils, arranged in parallel and interpreted as equivalent to graptolite endocortex. There is no significant difference in either the shape or the dimensions of cortical fibrils found in Rhabdopleura and graptolites. The cortical fabric of both rhabdopleuran species studied is composed of long, straight and more or less wavy, unbranched fibrils arranged in parallel; their diameters vary from 220 to 570 µm. The study shows that there is no significant difference between extinct and extant Graptolithoidea (= Pterobranchia) in the histological and ultrastructural pattern of their primary and secondary deposits of the periderm. The nonfusellar periderm of the prosicula is pitted by many depressions similar to pits in the cortical tissue of graptolites. Key words: Rhabdopleura, Pterobranchia, Hemichordata, periderm, sicula, ultrastructure, fibrils. Piotr Mierzejewski [[email protected]], Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, ul. -
Life from Information Processing Perspective
www.nikita-tirjatkin.de Life from information processing perspective Archive 2005-2010 www.nikita-tirjatkin.de 2005 Subcellular patterns of information processing 3 Supercellular patterns of information processing 18 Diversity of individual cell progression s in biosphere 27 2007 Diversity of asymmetric cell progressions in Mammalia 104 2008 Complete hierarchy of universal life patterns 105 Patterns of information processing in living world 125 2010 Understanding life, constructing life 137 2 www.nikita-tirjatkin.de Subcellular patterns of information processing Nikita Tirjatkin Structural and functional features of the cell are determined by information stored in DNA. This information is represented by a limited set of genes, a genome. Each gene can be expressed individually to be fully converted into corresponding element of the cell structure or function. During gene expression, the information processing typically involves DNA transcription, RNA translation, and catalysis. This sequence of chemical reactions can be called a gene expression network, abbreviated GEN. Within the cell, GEN is an universal pattern of information processing. It is essentially four-dimensional. From this perspective, the cell can be considered as a highly regular composition of interacting GENs, a GENome. The opportunity to recognize an universal pattern of information processing in the sequence of well-known reactions has been completely overlooked. Here, I draw attention to this pattern and show that its implication yields a powerful conceptual framework suited very well to strongly integrate known subcellular phenomena and reveal their novel emergent features. From the information processing perspective, all reactions within the cell fall into three categories: DNA transcription, RNA translation, and catalysis. -
Benthic Field Guide 5.5.Indb
Field Identifi cation Guide to Heard Island and McDonald Islands Benthic Invertebrates Invertebrates Benthic Moore Islands Kirrily and McDonald and Hibberd Ty Island Heard to Guide cation Identifi Field Field Identifi cation Guide to Heard Island and McDonald Islands Benthic Invertebrates A guide for scientifi c observers aboard fi shing vessels Little is known about the deep sea benthic invertebrate diversity in the territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI). In an initiative to help further our understanding, invertebrate surveys over the past seven years have now revealed more than 500 species, many of which are endemic. This is an essential reference guide to these species. Illustrated with hundreds of representative photographs, it includes brief narratives on the biology and ecology of the major taxonomic groups and characteristic features of common species. It is primarily aimed at scientifi c observers, and is intended to be used as both a training tool prior to deployment at-sea, and for use in making accurate identifi cations of invertebrate by catch when operating in the HIMI region. Many of the featured organisms are also found throughout the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, the guide therefore having national appeal. Ty Hibberd and Kirrily Moore Australian Antarctic Division Fisheries Research and Development Corporation covers2.indd 113 11/8/09 2:55:44 PM Author: Hibberd, Ty. Title: Field identification guide to Heard Island and McDonald Islands benthic invertebrates : a guide for scientific observers aboard fishing vessels / Ty Hibberd, Kirrily Moore. Edition: 1st ed. ISBN: 9781876934156 (pbk.) Notes: Bibliography. Subjects: Benthic animals—Heard Island (Heard and McDonald Islands)--Identification. -
Early Vertebrates
Early Vertebrates Readings in Chapter 2, 3, and 7. Using the Tree of Life Web Project • www. tolweb. org – A project to put the entire tree of life, a phylogeny of all life, on the web. – Biologists world-wide contribute phylogenies to the project, thus building the tree and making the information accessible to everyone. • Animal Diversity Web; httppy://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata By Phil Myers Members of this Phylum • Chordates are defined as organisms that possess a structure called a notochord, at least during some part of their development. The notochord is a rod that extends most of the length of the body when it is fully developed. Lying dorsal to the gut but ventral to the central nervous system, it stiffens the body and acts as support during locomotion. • Other characteristics shared by chordates include the following (from Hickman and Roberts, 1994): – Notochord; – single, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, usually with an enlarged anterior end (brain); – pharyngeal pouches present at some stage of development; – tail ppjrojectin g be yond (posterior to ) the anus at some sta ge of development; – bilateral symmetry; – segmented body, including segmented muscles; MYOMERES – three germ layers and a well-developed coelom; – ventral heart, with dorsal and ventral blood vessels and a closed blood system – complete digestive system – bony or cartilaginous endoskeleton usually present. • Contributors Phil Myers (author), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 2007/08/12 03:08:08.028 GMT-4 To cite this page: Myers, P. 2001. "Chordata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed September 06, 2007 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chordata.html. -
Biodiversity
Founded in 1888 as the Marine Biological Laboratory Catalyst SPRING 2012 VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1 IN THIS ISSUE 4 All Species, Great and Small 8 Microbial Diversity, Leaf by Leaf 10 Life, Literature, and the Pursuit of Global Access BIODIVERSITY: Exploring Life on Earth Page 2 F R OM THE D ir ECTO R MBL Catalyst Dear Friends, SPRING 2012 VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1 In February, a group of MBL trustees, overseers, and friends took a memorable MBL Catalyst is published twice yearly by the Office of “eco-expedition” by safari through East Africa. For most of us, the most exciting Communications at the Marine Biological Laboratory aspect was seeing the megafauna – giraffes, zebras, lions, warthogs, wildebeests, (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The MBL is rhinoceroses—roaming wild in a pristine landscape. Except in tropical Asia, these dedicated to scientific discovery and improving the human condition through research and education large, charismatic animals aren’t found anywhere else on the planet—not in the in biology, biomedicine, and environmental science. Americas, Europe, Australia, or New Zealand. Founded in 1888, the MBL is an independent, nonprofit corporation. Why did they disappear? The reasons are debated, but there is good evidence Senior Advisors that overkill by prehistoric humans caused major losses. Unfortunately, the near- President and Director: Gary Borisy Chief Academic and extinction of these species 10,000 to 50,000 years ago is not the end of the story. Scientific Officer: Joshua Hamilton It is generally agreed that the Earth is facing another biodiversity crisis in this Director of External Relations: Pamela Clapp Hinkle century, with extinctions largely driven by destruction of habitat. -
The Fox/Forkhead Transcription Factor Family of the Hemichordate Saccoglossus Kowalevskii
The Fox/Forkhead transcription factor family of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Fritzenwanker, Jens H, John Gerhart, Robert M Freeman, and Christopher J Lowe. 2014. “The Fox/Forkhead transcription factor family of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii.” EvoDevo 5 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-5-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-5-17. Published Version doi:10.1186/2041-9139-5-17 Accessed February 16, 2015 3:46:47 PM EST Citable Link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12717458 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University's DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms- of-use#LAA (Article begins on next page) The Fox/Forkhead transcription factor family of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii Fritzenwanker et al. Fritzenwanker et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:17 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/17 Fritzenwanker et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:17 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/17 RESEARCH Open Access The Fox/Forkhead transcription factor family of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii Jens H Fritzenwanker1*, John Gerhart2, Robert M Freeman Jr3 and Christopher J Lowe1 Abstract Background: The Fox gene family is a large family of transcription factors that arose early in organismal evolution dating back to at least the common ancestor of metazoans and fungi. They are key components of many gene regulatory networks essential for embryonic development.