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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Minderheitenrechte im Baltikum im Vergleich. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der russischsprachigen Bevölkerung“ Verfasserin Ula Marija Lazauskaite angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra (Mag.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 057 390 Studienrichtung lt. Zulassungsbescheid: Internationale Entwicklung Betreuer: Doz. MMag. Dr. Roger Reidinger Inhalsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 3 2. Nationale Minderheiten ................................................................................................ 5 2.1. Typologie der nationalen Minderheiten ..................................................... 9 2.2. Territoriale Bestrebungen nationaler oder ethnischer Minderheiten ...... 15 3. Historische Entwicklung ............................................................................................... 16 3.1 Die Entwicklung der baltischen Staaten bis zum Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts .............................................................................................. 16 3.1.1. Litauen ............................................................................................. 16 3.1.2. Lettland und Estland ........................................................................ 17 3.2. Minderheitenpolitik der baltischen Staaten in der Zwischenkriegszeit .... 20 3.2.1. Entwicklung der Minderheitenpolitik in Europa ............................. 20 3.2.2. Litauen ............................................................................................. 21 3.2.2.1. Jüdische Minderheit ........................................................... 23 3.2.3. Lettland ............................................................................................ 24 3.2.4. Estland ............................................................................................. 27 3.3. Historische Entwicklung in den baltischen Staaten ab dem zweiten Weltkrieg bis zur Unabhängigkeit ............................................................. 30 3.3.1. Der Verlust der Souveränität ........................................................... 30 3.3.2. Die Phasen der sowjetischen Besatzung ......................................... 31 3.3.3. Demographische und kulturelle Russifizierung ................................ 33 4. Nationale Minderheiten im Baltikum .......................................................................... 34 4.1. Demographische Zusammensetzung Litauens .......................................... 34 4.2. Demographische Zusammensetzung Lettlands ........................................ 36 4.3. Demographische Zusammensetzung Estlands .......................................... 39 5. Die rechtliche Lage der Minderheiten im Baltikum .................................................... 42 5.1. Die rechtliche Lage der Minderheiten in Litauen ...................................... 42 5.1.1.Die Staatsbürgerschaftsfrage ........................................................... 42 5.1.2. Strukturen des Minderheitenschutzes ............................................ 44 5.1.3. Schul- und Bildungswesen ............................................................... 45 5.1.4. Sprachgebrauch ............................................................................... 47 5.1.5. Politische Mitwirkung ...................................................................... 50 1 5.1.6. Situation am Arbeitsmarkt .............................................................. 51 5.1.7. Fazit ................................................................................................. 55 5.2. Die rechtliche Lage der Minderheiten in Lettland .................................... 55 5.2.1. Die Staatsbürgerschaftsfrage .......................................................... 55 5.2.2. Strukturen des Minderheitenschutzes ............................................ 57 5.2.3. Schul- und Bildungswesen ............................................................... 59 5.2.4. Sprachgebrauch ............................................................................... 61 5.2.5. Politische Mitwirkung ...................................................................... 64 5.2.6. Die Situation am Arbeitsmarkt ........................................................ 66 5.2.7. Fazit ................................................................................................. 69 5.3. Die rechtliche Lage der Minderheiten in Estland ...................................... 70 5.3.1. Die Staatsbürgerschaftsfrage .......................................................... 70 5.3.2. Strukturen des Minderheitenschutzes ............................................ 72 5.3.3. Schul- und Bildungswesen ............................................................... 74 5.3.4. Sprachgebrauch ............................................................................... 76 5.3.5. Politische Mitwirkung ...................................................................... 79 5.3.6. Situation am Arbeitsmarkt .............................................................. 82 5.3.7. Fazit ................................................................................................. 85 6. Minderheitenrechte im Baltikum im Vergleich ........................................................... 87 6.1. Staatsbürgerschaftsfrage.......................................................................... 87 6.2. Strukturen des Minderheitenschutzes ..................................................... 88 6.3. Schul- und Bildungswesen ........................................................................ 90 6.4. Sprachgebrauch ........................................................................................ 92 6.5. Politische Mitwirkung ............................................................................... 96 6.6. Situation am Arbeitsmarkt ....................................................................... 98 7. Schlussbetrachtung ................................................................................................... 100 8. Bibliographie .............................................................................................................. 103 9. Anhang ....................................................................................................................... 108 9.1. Exkurs: Minderheitenpolitik in Russland ................................................ 108 9.2. Zusammenfassung .................................................................................. 113 9.3. Abstract .................................................................................................. 115 9.4. Curriculum Vitae ..................................................................................... 117 2 1. Einleitung Die baltischen Staaten, insbesondere Lettland, wurden vor dem EU-Beitritt in Anbetracht der Minderheitenrechte kritisiert, das obwohl die Minderheitenpolitik und Rechtslage mit dem Übereinkommen des Europarates über Minderheiten- und Volksgruppenrechte weitgehend übereinstimmt. Die Kritik richtet sich hauptsächlich auf den Umgang mit der russischsprachigen Minderheit, da in Lettland noch 15,9 % und in Estland 8 % der Bevölkerung „Nicht-Bürger“1 der jeweiligen Länder sind, d. h. nicht im Besitz der lettischen bzw. estnischen Staatsbürgerschaft und somit von der Ausübung bestimmter politischer Rechte ausgeschlossen sind. Nach der Erlangung der Unabhängigkeit standen die baltischen Staaten vor der Frage über die Rechtsstellung der Zuwanderer aus der Sowjetzeit. Die Lösung gestaltete sich für die Länder unterschiedlich schwer. Litauen entschied sich für die „Null-Lösung“. D.h. nach der Erlangung der Unabhängigkeit bekamen alle Zuwanderer die Möglichkeit, sich innerhalb von zwei Jahren für die Staatsbürgerschaft zu bewerben. Davon haben fast alle Gebrauch gemacht. Da in Lettland und Estland aufgrund der Massenansiedlung russischsprachiger Bürger aus der Sowjetunion der Anteil der ethnischen Letten 1989 bei 52 % und in Estland der Anteil ethnischer Esten bei 61,2 % lag, kam für diese Länder eine Lösung nach dem Beispiel Litauens, wo 80 % der Gesamtbevölkerung ethnische Litauer ausgemacht haben, nicht in Betracht. Um den Konflikt um die Staatsbürgerschaftsfrage nachvollziehen zu können, ist es wichtig zu verstehen, dass die Zuwanderung der russischsprachigen Bevölkerung ins Baltikum während der Sowjetzeit illegal war, da der Beitritt zur Sowjetunion im August 1940 nicht freiwillig erfolgt ist. Daher besteht aus Sicht der baltischen Staaten für ehemalige Bürger der Sowjetunion kein Anspruch auf eine automatische Einbürgerung. Während der Sowjetzeit bestand im Baltikum eine Parallelgesellschaft der russischsprachigen und in Litauen auch der polnischsprachigen Minderheit. Diese 1 In Lettland und Estland werden diese Personen nicht als Staatenlose, sondern als Nicht-Bürger von Lettland bzw. Estland bezeichnet. Sie sind im Besitz eines Nicht-Bürgerpasses des jeweiligen Landes. 3 Parallelgesellschaft existiert heute noch mit eigenen Schulen, Geschäften, Wohnvierteln und Medien. Die zentrale Frage ist, ob mit den Jahren der Unabhängigkeit die Integration nationaler Minderheiten im Baltikum voranschreitet und ob rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen zu dieser Integration vorhanden sind. Litauen wird den anderen baltischen Staaten oft als das Musterland vorgehalten.
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