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TITULO SECCIÓN I GS 1

SUMMARY GS3 The race · 3rd edition of the Barcelona World Race the adventure begins! 04 The educational race · excitement reaches the schools! 08 · Cooperative work in the classroom 13 Human being · the importance of a good night’s sleep 16 · The balanced diet of the sailors 19 · The pioneers 24 Main dossier · LOS PROTAGONISTAs de la Barcelona World Race 28 Sailing · The protagonists of the Barcelona World Race 38 · Green energy on board 40 · The strategy in a trip around the world 42 Planet Sea · Antarctica, natural reserve for peace and science 44 · Climate change in the South Pole 49 · an oceanographer beholding the mysteries of the sea 51 Practical guide · Sports without limits 54 · The sea teaches 56 · PROPOSALS RELATED TO THE SEA 58

EDITORIAL Commitment to education and science

The latest edition of the Barcelona World Race, organised humanistic and technologic Scientific Research (CSIC). The by the Barcelona Foundation for Ocean Sailing (FNOB), disciplines applied to and act of turning the IMOCA 60s into returns to the city. On this occasion, the event is developed during the Barcelona “scientific vessels” with sensors strengthening its commitment to the world of education, a World Race. that measure aspects such as the commitment most clearly evidenced through the school- Both initiatives serve to salinity, temperature and presence centred programme “Following the Barcelona World Race”. disseminate the scientific of microplastics in seawater Along these lines, in hopes of consolidating the race as a projects conducted by the race consolidates the Barcelona World tool to enhance education and help spread knowledge, in cooperation with specialised Race not only as a leading sporting we created the “Barcelona World Race Ocean Campus”. institutes like the Quirón Teknon event, but also as a race that is an Teachers and students will have access to a university Hospital and the Institute of impetus for scientific education, platform of open classes (MOOC) based on the scientific, Marine Sciences of the Council of training and research.

Guide to following the race no. 3 Collaborators: Edifici El Far Part of the educational program- Eric Villalon, Luis Valdés; Jordi Published by: c/ Escar, 6 08039 Barcelona me Following the Barcelona Griso; Victòria Pons, Eduard Barcelona Foundation for Ocean Tel. (+34) 93 221 74 57 World Race 2014-15 Estivill, Pitu Martínez, Anna Sailing (BFOS) Piñero Prat, Javier Vilallonga www.fnob.org www.barcelonaworldrace.org Coordination: President (BFOS): Ana Vico Cover photo: Maite Fandos With the support of: Pharmaton Kiddi Mireia Perelló Editorial staff: Design: General Director (BFOS): No. of copies: Legal : Deposit: Cristina Puig, Santi Serrat, Ana Vico Albert Casas Andor Serra © C.L.A. 180º 160º 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 4 GS I THE RACE The 3rd edition of the

60° Barcelona 60°

World Race ASIA EUROPA The 3rd edition of the Barcelona World Race is here! On BARCELONA 31 December 2014, the best oceanAMÉRICA sailing racers will be SALIDA/ LLEGADA competing once again, as will someDEL young NORTE racers seeing how 40° Strait 40° their dreams come true. Gibraltar

The teams are getting ready to circle the globe in tandem non-stop on board the fastest boats: the IMOCA 60s. Do you want to share this adventure with the sailors? Below is all the information you need to know to follow them closely. Trópico de Cáncer 20° 20° Upcoming departure ALISEOS 31/12/2014

Ecuador 0° Don’t miss… 0°

The departure The game CALMAS On 31/12/2014 at 1.00 pm from the beac- Make your own boat and compete in the AMÉRICA EQUATORIALES hes of Barceloneta. virtual race starting on 31/12/14. DEL SUR ÁFRICA

20° The exhibit The Barcelona World Race Interpretation 20° From 12 December to 12 January, come Centre OCEANÍA visit the tent of the race and the boats at Trópico de Capricornio Portal de la Pau. Do you want to know more about the Barcelona World Race? The website ALISEOS The Barcelona World Race Interpretation Everything you want to know about the Centre gives you the opportunity to visit its per- 40° race: news, sponsor emails, videos, manent exhibit and complement the visit with 40° photos, etc. specific workshops on weather, nutrition and technology. Come visit it. Moll de Llevant, s/n

cape Horn Double-handed The demands of a trip around the 60º world mean the crew must have 60° exceptional camaraderie. In addition to their knowledge of sailing, technology, weather, mechanics and electronics, they must be able to live together in a very small space, to work as a team and to endure extreme sailing conditions for a long period of time. It’s likely that the most united crew with the best rapport will have the best chances of winning. MERIDIANO DE GREENWICH ANTÁRTIDA

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60° 60°

From Barcelona to Barcelona The Barcelona World Race is a course of 25,000 nautical miles (46,300 km) along ASIA theEUROPA great circle, the shortest route on the face of the Earth. After setting sail from BARCELONA Barcelona, the boats pass through the SALIDA/ LLEGADA AMÉRICA Strait of Gibraltar to sail down the Atlantic DEL NORTE Ocean, leaving the capes of Good Hope, 40° 40° Leeuwin and Horn on port side and Antarctica on the starboard side. The boats then sail back up the Atlantic to the finish, the Port of Barcelona. The rules require participants to respect the safety gates, the virtual coordinates designated Trópico de Cáncer by the organisation to keep the boats 20° 20° ALISEOS from descending into dangerous areas due to the presence of floating ice.

Ecuador 0° 0° CALMAS AMÉRICA EQUATORIALES DEL SUR ÁFRICA

20° 20° OCEANÍA Trópico de Capricornio

ALISEOS cape of Good cape Leeuwin Hope 40° 40°

The Formula 1 of the seas The IMOCA 60 is one of the fastest 60º monohulls in the world. It is made out of 60° carbon fibre, which is a durable lightweight material allowing the boat to sail at high speeds and withstand nearly all ocean conditions. The vessel has a single mast, can carry 10 sails on board and has a sail area of up to 600 m2 when sailing downwind. The inside is very basic. The nerve centre of the cabin is the navigation station with all the navigation devices, but there is also a bed, a stove and a sink.

Apart from the area where food is stored, © ALBERT CASAS there’s nothing else! MERIDIANO DE GREENWICH ANTÁRTIDA

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THE RACE IN DEPTH DID YOU KNOW THAT… Well-prepared studied weather conditions along the course will help them better IMOCA plan the route. Poor planning may Stands for International Monohull Open Clas- delay them for many days on high ses Association, the organisation that creates seas. the rules for the class that bears its name and sets the international calendar

Following the Clipper Route The course follows the traditional route followed by the clipper ships in the 19th century which passes the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin and Horn. This is not a coincidence,

because marine surface currents, wind and © MIREIA PERELLÓ waves show that, in the sea, the shortest route is not always the one that covers the Many boaters agree that a race shortest distance, but the one in which condi- does not start when you cross the tions allow for the best sailing. starting line, but rather months beforehand when you have to © Yvan Zedda Line-crossing ceremony prepare and test everything: A baptism ritual is usually held when you the boat, the sails, onboard cross the Equator for the first time. It used technology... Moreover, the crews to be customary on all British navy ships for must practice, participate in Extreme conditions sailors who crossed the Equator for the first qualifying heats and take training In a round-the-world race like the time to undergo a baptism ceremony. This courses on different topics. In Barcelona World Race, racers sail consisted of covering the novices with tar, short, a race can be won largely over 10,000 miles in the area of throwing them in the air and making them before the departure. the Roaring Forties, where water walk the plank with their eyes covered until temperatures reach 4ºC and low- they fell into the sea. Some crews start a specific pressure systems follow upon one physical preparation programme another creating strong winds You can live the same day twice before the race begins in and huge waves. Even though The longest day of the race is when racers anticipation of exhausting situations the race takes place during the cross the Greenwich Meridian, when they live on board. Participants must also austral summer, it snows often and the same day twice. This is the longest day, consider psychological preparation the humidity inside the boat can because when they cross the meridian, they and how to manage rest. reach saturation, making the cold start the same day all over again. This has led very intense and the discomfort to interesting situations in other competitions, exhausting. like some racers celebrating Christmas Day twice.

The earrings of pirates and sailors Tradition has it that whoever passed Cape Horn could put an earring in his left ear, which is the side on which he passed the Cape from the west (port side). This was a symbol that imposed respect among other sailors. This respect was even greater if a sailor wore an earring on the right, because that meant he had crossed Cape Horn against the current. © JEAN MARIE LIOT

Choose the best © MIREIA PERELLÓ route based on the wind Safety on board Waves that slow you down, 50- Sailing the world‘s most extreme knot winds that endanger the oceans is not without risk. That vessel, absolute calm that won’t is why the crews and the boats let you move ahead… One of the have safety devices that can help key aspects to consider in order to save their lives in critical situations. ensure high speeds is having good The boats have passed a stability knowledge of what the weather test to verify that they will right conditions will be like. themselves on their own should they keel over. In addition, they all The organisation will provide sailors have collision bulkheads to ensure with up-to-date information on the that they don’t fill up with water or weather and, aided by specialised will take a long time to do so. And computer programmes, they have they are equipped with a series of

The team on the While sailing, the racers will be in ground, an essential contact with their team, who will Follow the component continually advise them and help them solve any problems. latest on the race

Barcelona World Race TV Barcelona World Race TV is the television platform created to produce and distribute images of the Barcelona World Race. With agreements established with the major television networks, it helps ensure that the race reaches the largest audience possible with © JESÚS RENEDO spectacular and stunning images.

Having a good team on the ground The departure ceremony on 31 December will that has verified all the details before be widely broadcast on the major television setting off is crucial for avoiding Safety gates channels (BTV, TV3, TVE, etc). It will also be problems after crossing the starting Coordinates created to keep boats broadcast on the website of the Barcelona line. For example, IMOCA 60s boats from descending into dangerous World Race and on many others which will are very sensitive to the weight they areas, whether due to the presence join in this celebration of ocean sailing. You carry; if a lack of time or verification of floating ice or because they are can follow every inch of the participating results in there being too much extra too far from the rescue services teams from the dock till they can no longer material on board to fix problems, the of countries in the southern be seen on the horizon, commencing their performance of the overloaded boat hemisphere. The limits of these round-the-world journey. Don’t miss out! will decrease. It is therefore advisable areas depend on the evolution of to check everything out beforehand the sea ice. Tracking and only carry the essentials. The tracking system on the website makes it possible to see the position of the boats in real time, the ranking, the route being followed by each boat and how far the boat has gone since the beginning of the race, weather conditions, and weather forecasts. Users can also view other information related to navigation, the environment where the race is taking place, and the relationship that humans have and have had with the sea.

The race on your mobile You can receive rankings and the latest news about the race on your mobile phone.

On social media The Barcelona World Race will be on all major social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc). You can follow the latest on the race, see the best photos and videos and participate with your own content.

Audio en podcasts You can download the podcast of the race with the audio content from the video conferences and from the connections with the boats.

The departure ceremony on 31 December will be widely broadcast on the major television channels (BTV, TV3, © MARÍA MUIÑA TVE, etc) 8 GS I THE EDUCATIONAL RACE excitement reaches the classrooms!

“This project is a great Many of the schools that followed the Barcelona World Race agree that teaching content through this event in real time opportunity enables teachers to make an impact on and motivate children to encourage in a different way. The Barcelona World Race is knowledge, learning and values, but it is also adventure, experience and personal emotions. The teachers explain their experiences in the growth and classroom. learning”

What began as a physical education project by following a sporting event (we would do interdisciplinary work, we would learn things about the aquatic environment, we would talk about the values of sport) ended up being, due to the students’ interest, the basis for many “ of the activities that took place throughout the year. We talked about advertising, we created a photo mosaic, we organised a tasting of freeze-dried food, and it was even the theme of a lip dub. We are looking forward to the next departure to see where this journey takes us… There is a sea of possibilities.

aida Siguero Bogatell School , Barcelona THE EDUCATIONAL RACE I GS 9

We chose seventh and ninth graders, who worked in groups and each followed a boat. We encouraged them to participate in all the activities available. They drew pictures for the Living Ocean Living Planet competition, they visited the exhibit, they had their pictures “ taken with the racers, and when the race started, in addition to the data sheets, they did crafts, they took part in a video conference, they attended the Radio 4 programme El millor de cada casa, they answered the question of the week, they made entries on the school’s blog…

Despite all the hard work, we ensured that the students had a good time and got involved in all the activities of the race. All of us -students and teachers- learned a lot both about the specific topics being taught and about the values being fostered by the race, and we became aware of our students’ capacity to work. We had such a good time that the students still remember it and therefore we are going to participate next time.

Maria Casadevall y MªJosé Ballesteros Sant Lluís School s, Begues

©ana vico

I was sure they’d be thrilled about it, so I didn’t hesitate. Following boats in the middle of the ocean drew the kids to the computer from the start: it was exciting to see how they would come to school every morning and the first thing they would do is see where the boat each group was “following was. They travelled to unfamiliar places, discovered new animals, learned the names of the winds... In the end, one of our students was even one of the winners of the drawing competition that was organised about endangered species in the sea with a drawing that was taken around the world accompanying the Mutua Madrileña crew.

In addition to following the course’s educational programme, we also set up parallel activities, like visits to exhibits related to the world of the sea. The Barcelona World Race was an educational experience and a lifetime experience that thrilled many boys and girls and allowed them to learn by delving into everything represented by this great adventure.

Angela Brillas Pau Vila School, Barcelona. 10 GS I THE EDUCATIONAL RACE

We participated with the tenth grade Open Classroom*, a group of 16 students who lacked motivation and had other problems impeding “ learning and personal development. We instantly saw that the way the Barcelona World Race project is designed helped us work along the lines we wanted. It allowed for interdisciplinarity among different areas (in our case, visual and arts education and natural sciences) and, above all, it made the students feel involved, since they were an important part in making decisions when it came to doing the activities and organising the class. The students decided to participate in the Living Ocean-Living Planet poster contest, they chose the boats they followed, and they did the Planet Sea sheets in the educational pack. These activities motivated the students and, an aspect to highlight, they allowed us to follow the work in real time.*The Open Classroom is a kind of organisation that allows teachers to work on different curriculum content through various perspectives with a small group of students.”.

Eva Mateo y Olga Montaña Enric Borràs Institute , Badalona

“With the BWR… ... we experienced, without being at sea, what is meant by the effort, the perseverance, the positive competition, the risk, the suffering, the passion, the knowing how to wait, the non-immediacy, the decision making, the making of mistakes, the not being afraid of failure, the enjoying of every moment, the love of the sea, the co-existence...... we took part in an innovative, well-designed, interesting, organised, motivating, exciting, different project..

... we followed a race around the world in real time! And, above all, we experienced the excitement together.

Elisabeth Freixes y Elo Castaño Cavall Bernat Institute THE EDUCATIONAL RACE I GS 11

We followed the race with eighth grade students in an elective class fully devoted to the topic. The students were really excited to know that they were living the experience of real people with whom they could communicate. Every week, they anxiously awaited the time to “ read what the racers wrote. They were driven to send them emails and encourage them. Knowing that they were part of an activity with a life of its own was the main motivation.

It was very interesting for the children, because they became closer as a group, they reacted positively, and they worked on values like solidarity, camaraderie, friendship… which are sometimes difficult to instil in the normal routine of the classroom. Most of the activities were part of the eighth grade curriculum, but owing to the adventures of the participants, the students became interested in geography, history, the environment…

This project is a great opportunity to encourage personal growth and learning, because following the theme of the racers’ adventures, the students learn about a lot of things. As a teacher, it was very rewarding also, because it was a different way of working with students, of motivating them and of learning things I didn’t know.

Judit Lucas Serra de Noet Institute, Berga SCHOOLS SAIL WITH THE BARCELONA WORLD RACE

The Barcelona World Race Educational During the race… sailors during their round-the-world trip Programme hoists sails once again with the while also visiting the race’s Press Centre. 3rd edition of the round-the-world sailing Following the race in real time race. The grand adventure and the challen- Cornerstone activity of the Educational Talks on the Barcelona World Race ge of going around the world on a sailboat is Programme which seeks to encourage Activity that teaches about the experien- a good time to conduct project-based lear- following of the race in real time in the ces of the racers in the Barcelona World ning and thus achieve skills, goals and atti- classroom. During the three months that Race, about their knowledge and about tudes that are part of the school curriculum, the event lasts and with the help of lear- their emotions during the race. but in a very different way: through an event ning technologies, students develop a that takes place in real time and with the te- series of tests related to the area in which What is it like to sail the world’s most chnical support of the educational team at race participants are sailing. inhospitable seas and oceans? What is the El Far Consortium. • Planet Sea: Which seas and oceans life like on board the boat for more than are sailed? What are they like? What kind three months? How and what do the sai- For approximately 100 days, students of biodiversity do they have? And the lors eat? What is a normal day like? What gain knowledge and values associated weather? What pollution problems do does it feel like to sail around the world? with navigation and ocean sailing, are they run into? ... encouraged to use new technologies, are • Human being: What are the racers’ li- Joining the Educational Programme instilled with respectful attitudes toward ves like? How do they live together? Who Joining the Barcelona World Race Edu- the marine environment, and discover were the first ocean sailors? Which was cational Programme is a way for schools science projects related to the seas and the first round-the-world trip? and community organisations to endorse the oceans. The educational activities • Sailing: What is an IMOCA 60 like? the values promoted by the race. and material provided make it possible to How do they communicate with the out- work in the classroom and collaborate in side? Where do they get the energy they All schools that join the Educational Pro- a network with other schools. need? What technology do they have on gramme will automatically become part board? of the network of schools associated with You can participate in a series of educa- Barcelona World Race education. tional activities based on the race, lear- Live video conferences ning technologies, the sailors and their The students have the chance to be jour- experiences, and the sea. nalists and conduct live interviews of the More information 12 GS I THE EDUCATIONAL RACE

What the students say... “I “It’s feel like I a shame that it’s learned a lot. I think ending, because we’ve this way of learning is had a great time doing the really good, and I like it a lot work they’ve had us do every because it’s not so much theory, week, seeing our entries on the it was more practical. This way of classroom blog, and sharing it with learning is easier than memorising everyone”. theory”.. . Raül Laura M. (student at Cavall (student at Fray Pablo Bernat Institute, Terrassa) Colindres High School, Cantabria)

“This is ending! I loved living an experience like this one; I learned a lot.”. Georgina Vallet (student at Sant Lluís High School, Begues)

group “TheI was in I was really good. We had didn’t think I’d a really good time working do a project like this together and we split the work and even less so about well. We thought our boat would sports. I really liked that it come in first, but that didn’t happen! was about racers, about sailors. I thought we’d study like those ” in the class, but it wasn’t like that; Daniel Erbàs, Roger Fernàndez, it was a lot more fun. I for one learned a ton. “I liked it a lot, (studentsLucia at Barba Sant Lluís because participating High School, Begues) Joselyne in the Barcelona World (student at Cavall Bernat Race made me learn a lot Institute, Terrassa) of things. I had a really good time!” Lorena (student at Pau Vila School, Barcelona) THE EDUCATIONAL RACE I GS 13

Cooperative work in the classroom Pitu Martínez and Anna Piñero . Education Advisor in the Learning Technologies Area. Departament d’Ensenyament, Generalitat de Catalunya.

Changes occurring in the information society require us to profoundly reflect on the ways we teach and learn. The Barcelona World Race Educational Programme helps students gain communication skills (language and visual), methodological skills (processing of information and audiovisual competence), personal skills (independence and personal initiative), and social and community skills (learn to be and act independently, think and communicate, discover and have initiative, and learn to co-exist).

he Following the Barcelona World Race programme provides an excellent opportunity to implement a T work methodology in the classroom that enriches the task of teachers and increases the motivation of students.

Teachers face the challenge of organising the classroom and coming up with dynamics that facilitate interaction among students. Their role is essential for this change, as is incorporating learning technologies in teaching and learning activities. A new model of learning

“Cooperative work is the model of learning that is recommended for conducting project activities where small groups of students interact to complete a common task.” [1] The various participating groups work on common activities and share their contributions. This methodology fosters interactivity among group members and peer learning. This model is based on four principles:

• Positive interdependence: the actions of each member are essential to do the task. • Individual accountability: provide opportunities so that everyone can contribute and there is co-leadership. • Promotive interaction: an environment is created which encourages the exchange of cognitive and social skills. • Cooperation: essential for communicating, working with others in the group and managing conflicts.

Johnson, Johnson & Holubec [2] identify four types of communication skills developed through work done in cooperative groups.

Formation skills, which are essential for forming groups. The actions provided stimulate individual participation and enhance self-esteem and personal value.

Functional skills: once the group has been formed, dynamics must be created that allow for group work. These skills enable them to look for and follow procedures when they do specific activities and find strategies to follow up on activities and finish them.

Expression skills: groups that have been formed and have © Escuela la portalada established certain operational dynamics need skills to 14 GS I THE EDUCATIONAL RACE

reason and create knowledge. When they are presented with an activity, challenge or problem to solve, they must know how to identify the actions to be done, assign roles, Roles in the work group to improve skills distribute tasks and create a timeline. As these skills are gained, students will be able to better utilise time and make In general, we can identify four roles, but they can be adapted more accurate work plans that better meet their goals. to the different activities or projects. In a project, each member usually exercises a role that changes depending on each of his Comprehension skills: when students reason and create or her responsibilities. By rotating roles, students are given the knowledge, they need to conceptualise their knowledge. opportunity to take responsibility for the various kinds of activities To transform their knowledge into a concept, they must and we create an environment in which all students are able to be able to adopt different viewpoints, argue, and test the improve their skills. strength of what they have learned. They must acquire a critical spirit to ask themselves questions and demand There are four specific roles: justifications for their claims. And it is essential to search for alternative ideas to adapt to reality and extrapolate what Communicator they have learnt. In all activities, there are communication tasks, where the group’s representative needs to ask questions, explain the group’s situa- Organising cooperative work in the tion, ask for help from other communicators or orally present the classroom work done. In short, this person is the group’s spokesperson.

There are different ways to make group members go Facilitator beyond their individuality and start feeling like part of a co- In any activity where participants discuss ideas and need to operative group. To help them identify themselves as part create a work plan and reach agreements, there must be a figure of the group, it is useful for them to choose a name for the that facilitates these dynamics. This person leads discussions, work group with which they feel comfortable and identified. proposes action plans to be debated and encourages everyone to understand each other and get involved in the activity. It is recommended that they create a logo to help them recognise their work and that they share physical spaces Secretary (folder, bookcase…) and virtual spaces (cloud space, digital In every group activity, where there are different ways of express- file folders…) to be created based on the requirements of ing and understanding what is being discussed and what is being the tasks to be undertaken. proposed, it is essential to take notes (manually or digitally) and it is often necessary to write texts or present the information better, To enhance interdependence among group members, it whether in conceptual maps, images, texts, graphics, etc. The is a good idea for there to be roles, which will help them secretary is responsible for performing these activities, with the divide responsibilities. The different roles do not mean a understanding that all group members must participate in deci- hierarchy of duties. If they understand what cooperative sion making and in processes. work means, they will understand the importance of each action and responsibility for successfully completing the Materials manager work proposed. The activities use virtual or physical material shared by the group. The materials manager must make sure that this material Working in cooperative groups is a rather complex task is available to all group members, thus ensuring that material is that requires learning by both teachers and students and centralised in a single, common place so that all group members needs time to improve. In this process, students are given can access and follow all the activities. the chance to acquire strategies that they will be able to apply to any complex task presented to them throughout their lives as students or when they join the work force.

[1 ]Ministry of Education. Projectes educatius en Xarxa. Col·lecció TAC-4 [2] Johnson & Johnson & Holubec. Cooperation in the Classroom. Interaction Book Company

“Cooperative work is the model of learning that is recommended for conducting project activities where small groups of students interact to complete a common task” THE EDUCATIONAL RACE I GS 15

An integrated project of the water and the sea at La Por- talada School

The La Portalada d’Altafulla School (Tarrago- na) followed the past edition of the Barcelona World Race through an integrated collaborative project related to the water and the sea. The project involved all the teachers and students at the school on the occasion of the race. Watch this video to see what their experience was like.

Eduard Estivill European Specialist in Sleep Medicine Director of the Estivill Sleep Clinic, Hospital Quirón-Dexeus Barcelona and The General Hospital of Catalonia importance of a good night’s sleep

There is increasingly more scientific evidence that sleeping well affects our daytime performance. Sleep is a repair, restoration and memorisation workshop. Everything we use up during the day we refill while we sleep, so that we can once again use our energy during the day. Similarly, what we learn during the day we reinforce at night. That is how we build our memory.

ognitive performance, the The only scientific study on this topic ability to learn, mood, and in medical literature is based on Cmany other variables in our astronauts who sleep for only four day depend on the quality of our hours a day. It has been shown that A 5-year-old boy sleep and how long we sleep. after four days of sleeping for only four hours, there is an 80% loss in who uses up a lot How long we need to sleep depends cognitive skills. These findings have on our age. A 5-year-old boy who made NASA reconsider the need for of energy during uses up a lot of energy during the its astronauts to sleep at least six to day and learns many new things seven hours every day. the day and learns needs the workshop (his sleep) to last between 10 and 11 hours. A The purpose of our study is to many new things teenager needs nine hours and an research what sleeping schedule adult needs eight. we can recommend to the sailors needs the workshop to improve their performance while If we sleep fewer hours than what sailing. To do so, sailors underwent (his sleep) to last we need, we go into a state of sleep sleep studies on land and while deficit. We’ll notice it, because we’ll sailing (Figure 1). We determined if between 10 and 11 be more tired during the day and they were predominantly nocturnal have a decreased attention span, (they perform better the second half hours.A teenager increased anxiety and nervousness of the day) or predominantly diurnal and, most importantly, a reduced (they perform better the first half of needs nine hours ability to learn. the day). We also evaluated their cognitive performance after five days and an adult needs Thirty percent of children between of sailing sleeping for periods of two five and 14 sleep fewer hours than hours at a time. These data will help eight. they need. They go to bed late and us provide optimal recommendations do not meet their sleep needs. This about their sleep to be followed is more apparent in teenagers. They during the race. need nine hours of sleep to ensure good performance, and few sleep that long. This leads to difficulty in waking and poor performance during the day, both physical and mental.

Sleep during the Bar- celona World Race One of the most important research projects that we are currently conducting at our clinic is the study of sleep in extreme conditions. We are studying the sleep of the sailors in the Barcelona World Race, the round-the-world race organised by the Barcelona Foundation for Ocean Sailing (FNOB).

The boats participating in the race are under the control of two professional expert sailors who sleep in two-hour shifts. In other words, they must continually break up their sleep in order to meet the needs of sailing. The race lasts for three months without stopping, meaning that the sailors sleep in these precarious conditions for three consecutive months, which entails a significant cognitive deficit.

After several days of sailing, the physical and mental exhaustion caused by this broken up sleep evi- dently affects decision-making skills and can lead to serious mistakes © Renault z.e. sailing team that can even affect the sailors’ lives. 18 GS I HUMAN BEING

It has been shown that sleeping the necessary number of hours is direct- ly related to our physical and mental performance during the day.

Many people underestimate sleep. They think sleeping is a waste of time. And they don’t know that we couldn’t stay awake without sleep. We have increasingly more evidence of the importance of sleep, especially in the early years of life, when our intellectual and physical capacity is developing. While sleeping, we create new neurons that will be responsible for our IQ.

Sleep that lasts the right number of hours for our age ensures good intellectual performance, satisfac- tory learning and a balanced mood. In contrast, sleeping too little and poorly will result in a deficit in our memory skills, concentration and mood.

That’s why it’s so important to get a good night’s sleep.

The sleeping study

Gerard Marín is a sailor in the Bar- celona World Race. He made a 25- day journey between Barcelona and New York. In the photo, he is inside the cabin of the boat controlling the various sailing parameters during one of the periods he was awake. Behind him is the bed, a sort of bunk bed built into one side of the boat. On this trip, Gerard underwent sleep studies and tests to assess his cognitive aspects. These data were later used to provide recommendations to improve his night time sleep and thus enhance his performance when he was awake.

The balanced diet of the Victòria Pons Specialist in Physical Education and Sports Medicine. Director of Nutrition and Fisiology. sailors Centre d’Alt Rendiment, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona

Sailing offers a wide variety of specialities that determine the physical characteristics of the participants, the The calorie needs periods of activity and rest, the schedules, and the of the racers can nutritional strategies to ensure recovery. Here we are taking a look at ocean sailing, which entails long periods range between of sailing at high seas exposed to extremely variable 2,500 and 4,000 weather conditions that affect the intensity of the work and therefore the physical and nutritional requirements Kcal/day, but they of the sailors. must be specified for each individual case.

hen organising the diet for Given that rest periods while sailing a crossing, it is important to are short and are determined by wind Winclude all the food groups and sea conditions, and of course by in pursuit of the maximum variety pos- the number of crew members on the sible, which helps ensure a balanced boat and their technical characteris- intake. If at each meal we manage to tics, the eating schedule will have to offer carbohydrates, proteins and veg- be adapted and divided into five or six etables, we can adjust the amounts meals. to ensure a reasonable distribution that protects against too much or too The goal is to maintain a sufficient and little of any food and guarantees that stable supply of energy throughout the nutritional needs are met. journey, as well as adequate hydration. HUMAN BEING I GS 21

An adequate supply of hydration well cle compromise, we can use protein distributed throughout the day will be supplements for athletes in the form of essential to maintaining a proper level energy bars or shakes which will help Drinking water on of hydration to help tolerate the exer- us maintain muscle mass. cise imposed by sailing, to aid in tem- board perature regulation in environments Fats only act as an energy substrate with high temperatures and dry winds, in sedentary activities and in very low Despite the fact that sailors are surrounded and to maintain sufficient blood flow intensity activities lasting a long time. by water, they have water supply problems. in muscles, which undoubtedly helps They can also be useful for replen- prevent injuries. In extreme conditions, ishing calories used to maintain body Years ago, bottled water was carried on board it may be interesting to drink energy temperature in cold weather. It is and rainwater was collected. Nowadays, drinks to improve water absorption advisable to keep fats at around 30% the boats have drinking water tanks and a and ensure a supply of carbohydrates of daily calorie intake and to opt for desalination system powered by a generator. and minerals between meals. healthy fats found in fish oils, seeds, Seawater is filtered through reverse osmosis nuts and certain vegetables. Another to remove the salt it contains, thus leaving We can imagine that in the conditions interesting aspect relating to fats is a residual sodium chloride of approximately described, we cannot have the foods their role in controlling metabolism and 400 ppm. that usually make up a diet on land; inflammation. as a result, the teams must carefully The pH is then adjusted using calcium choose what they will take with them carbonate. The desalination system does to eat during the race. In the specific not purify water; therefore, it can only work case of the Barcelona World Race, with water at high seas free of pollutants and the sailors make no stops for 90 days never with stagnant water in a harbour. and they cannot receive supplies from outside. They need food that is One litre of water is obtained for every 10 lightweight, so that storing it does not litres pumped. Several bags of survival hinder the speed or manoeuvrability of water are usually taken on board, in case the the vessel, that lasts for a long time, system stops working. and that can be prepared quickly, as there is only a gas camping stove on board.

In short, nourishing oneself at high seas is a big challenge!

Eating for sailing

Even though a varied balanced diet with proper hydration is generally the foundation for meeting the nutritional needs of most athletes, we need to consider the specific energy needs for each situation. These needs depend on the age, sex, bodyweight and physical condition of the person and on the intensity and amount of daily exercise. The calorie needs of the racers can range between 2,500 and 4,000 Kcal/day, but they must be specified for each individual case.

Whenever the expected workload increases, we should include an extra supply of energy in the diet to prevent the fatigue that may occur when energy reserves decline.

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy and will be a part of every meal in the form of breakfast cereals, pasta, rice, potatoes, beans and fruit.

Proteins play an important role in the formation and recovery of muscle tissue and also work to regulate our metabolism. Protein intake should reach 1.5 g/kg/day combining different sources (animal and vegetable) to ensure a high availability of amino acids without including too much animal fat in the diet (poultry, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, dairy products and cereals). When training involves significant mus- © nacho delgado 22 GS I HUMAN BEING

Fresh products on bars, sandwich bread, lean cold board meats, canned meats and fish, va- A bit of information cuum-packed beans, vacuum-pac- To round out and add variety to ked cured cheeses in single serving about food the diet and ensure that enough portions, dried fruit (dates, raisins, vitamins and fibre are consumed, dried apricots, figs), nuts (almonds, supplements it is interesting to also have some hazelnuts, walnuts, pine nuts…) and semi-fresh foods that are easily pre- chocolate. The market is currently booming with served. Biscuits, cereal bars, energy respect to the supply of nutritional Comida Iofilizada. supplements. It sometimes seems impossible to survive by simply eating well, but we need to be able to do some research, be aware of the composition of products and choose what can really help us. As a first option, proper nutritional guidance and distribution may be the best way to ensure physical performance, although in certain situations and depending on the demands at any given time, it may be necessary to take oral nutritional supplements. Any supplement should be prescribed according to strict guidelines in terms of dosage, schedule and duration. And we shouldn’t forget that general formulas are not valid for everyone. Each individual has different goals and resources. We are living in a time when sciences applied to sport are very advanced and there are many highly- trained professionals to provide good individualised advice. To offset a deficit in supply or an increase in requirements Multivitamins and minerals

Supplements designed to promote synthesis and recovery of muscle tissue Proteins, peptides and amino acids (occasionally associated with B6, vitamin D, etc.)

Carbohydrates before, during and while recovering from exercise Polysaccharides and monosaccharides (shakes, gels, bars, drinks)

Hydration guidelines adapted to the © carol sanarau activity and the environmental conditions Hydrating or recovery drinks Freeze-dried or dehy- supplying energy from an electro- drated? magnetic source, and freeze-dry- To reduce oxidative stress caused by ing or cryopreservation. This last training, injury, surgery or convalescence On board, sailors traditionally ate technique entails freezing the water Antioxidants canned and preserved foods which in food using a vacuum technique would often go bad. As a result, and then using any low-temper- In case of injury or overload and in order to add diversity, nowa- ature heating mechanism while Chondroprotective agents and tendon days most sailors include freeze- maintaining the vacuum. In this protectors dried or dehydrated products in way, the ice sublimates and leaves their diet. the food intact and dehydrated. In the prevention and convalescence of Dehydration in this way is slow certain diseases To dehydrate foods means to and the cost of the equipment and Nucleotides, echinacea, probiotics, larch remove the water they contain in a procedure is high. It is used in the arabinogalactan, glutamine controlled manner through evapo- food industry to preserve food and ration, while freeze-drying involves for medicines. removing water through sublima- tion, thus resulting in a product Freeze-dried foods have been with a 1 to 3% water content. dehydrated using a cold procedure that doesn’t harm their biological There are different methods of matter. They maintain the organo- dehydration, including dehydration leptic properties (smell and flavour) with hot air, dehydration by direct and nutritional properties of the contact with a hot surface, dehy- original products, can be con- dration by supplying energy from served for a long period of time, a radiant source, dehydration by are lightweight and are reconstitut- HUMAN BEING I GS 23

ed quickly when rehydrated with Bibliography cold or hot water. 1 . Cambero MI, Fernández L, García Food for a day on Dehydrated products are not ster- ML, García de Fernando G, De la Hoz ile; these processes only inhibit the L, Selgas MD. Tecnologia dels aliments. board growth of micro-organisms, and Volum I. Components dels aliments i sometimes a previous pasteurisa- processos. 1a ed. Ordóñez JA, editor. This could be the nutritional plan for a day tion or sterilisation process is re- Madrid: Síntesi; 2003. on board, which could be complemented by quired. The final version preserves some of the foods to be consumed in small the size and shape of the original 2. Burke L., Deakin V. amounts. food, and its porous structure Clinical sports Nutrition Daily Menu facilitates subsequent rehydration. Mc Graw Hill, 2007 They are fragile and susceptible to oxidation, so they require oxy- 3. Journal of the International Society of 07:00H 125 g cereal with gen-impermeable opaque packag- Sports Nutrition 2010, 7:7 Breakfast powdered milk ing vacuum packed or packed in Research and recommendations an inert atmosphere. Coffee/tea 4 . Palacios N., Franco L., Manonelles P., Freeze-dried products include: Manuz B. Villegas JA instant coffee, shellfish, meat, fish, Consens sobre begudes per a l’espor- Between meals herbs, fruits and vegetables or tista. Composició i pautes de reposició Energy bar mushrooms, as well as portions of de líquids. Document de consens de cooked recipes for immediate use la federació espanyola de medicina de on expeditions, trips or activities l’esport . Arxius de Medicina de l’ esport 13:00H 1 serving requiring this option. Sever- 126 ( 245-258) 2008 (freeze-dried al companies offer a variety of Lunch food) meat-, egg-, fish-, rice-, pasta- and 5. Wilmore J. H. Costil D. L. freeze-dried couscous-based dishes as well as Physiology of sports and Exercise desert yoghurts, puddings and mousses, Human Kinetics, 2008. thus enabling us to have freeze- Barra enerE Ham or cold Snack dried foods on the daily menu. meats

Nuts 20:00H Dinner 1 serving (freeze-dried food)

24:00H Energy bar On watch Coffee and cookies

Supplements

Isotonic Vitamin Carbohydrate drinks complex supplement and caffeine

La comida se organiza por semanas y por persona.

The Spray of Joshua Slocum.

Santi Serrat Editorial Director Fundación Navegación The sport Oceánica Barcelona The (FNOB) of sailing began with pioneers King Charles II of England when, in the 17th century, he began sailing for The exploration of new lands prompted the oldest sailors to sail the pleasure. world’s oceans. Rediscover and simply sail the oceans was the goal of other sailors, the ocean adventurers. But who were the first to cross the globe? Who was the adventurer who decided to do the first round-the-world trip alone? How long did he take? When did the first round-the-world race take place? On what kinds of boats? HUMAN BEING I GS 25

Éric Tabarly

The birth of sailing as a sport

The sport of sailing began with King Charles II of England when, in the 17th century, he began sailing for pleasure on a Dutch jaghte: the Mary, a 52-foot boat built in Rotterdam which became the first royal yacht. From there, the English began calling the boat a yacht. In this setting, English nobles began building yachts similar to the King’s and the first known race in history was held along the River Thames.

The first yacht club in history was founded in Cork, Ireland in 1720, the Cork Water Club, where a group of 39-foot boats would meet to sail and eventually race. The first major competition started in 1820 from the rivalry between this club and the New York Yacht Club, which was created in 1844 and gave rise to the America’s Cup, the oldest race in the world that is still held today.

lliure de drets

n the late 19th century, many advent of steam and retired to land, A few years later, the third true solo sailor to have made professional sailors had crossed in 1895 Slocum decided to fix up an history entered into action. It was the Argentine Vito I the globe, showing beyond a old 37-foot fishing boat, the Spray, to Dumas, who, with is sailboat Lehg II, sailed 22,000 miles shadow of a doubt that the world sail around the world in three years. around the world in 272 days. was not round, but no one had done The story he wrote describing his it alone. The first solo sailors came trip is a classic book for all sailors. Owing to World War II, solo journeys stopped making from New England, on the north- From the book, we also know that the news until the sixties. It was then that, in 1966, the eastern coast of the USA, and made he didn’t know how to swim and he Englishman Sir Francis Chichester made a trip around Atlantic crossings from west to east, didn’t like wearing a safety belt. the world with a stopover in Sydney in only 226 days, i.e., towards Europe. surprising everyone. The fame of this sailor prompted In 1930, Frenchman Alain Gerbault the Sunday Times to organise the Golden Globe Race. In 1876, Alfred Johnson was the first did another round-the-world journey However, 10 years before, between 1954 and 1959, the sailor to cross the Atlantic in a small in six years and was the first to cross Englishman John Guzzwell had done a solo trip around boat called a dory, a very popular the Atlantic alone following a higher the world in Trekka, a boat which was only 21 feet long. boat in those days. Later, in the latitude route, farther north than the summer of 1899, Howard Blackburn Spray, with the Firecrest (39 feet) From adventure to sport took 61 days to sail from Gloucester from Gibraltar to New York Slocum (United States) to Gloucester had done the journey following the But the first sailor to truly sail around the world alone (England), and he did it again in Equator, from Gibraltar to Brazil, a without stopping was Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, who 1901, this time arriving to Lisbon. His country he knew well won the first Golden Globe Race after 313 days at sea feat was even more commendable, and 30,123 nautical miles at an average speed of 3.6 as he had lost the fingers on one At the same time, on 12 July 1930, the knots. One month before, to everyone’s surprise, the hand due to frostbite. Catalan Enric Blanco, a Spanish teacher Frenchmen Bernard Moitessier left the race when sailing in the United States, set sail from Boston up the Atlantic on his way back to England, deciding to In those years, however, the most on the small sailboat Evalu together with continue the route another time toward the east, once famous solo sailor was Joshua his wife and seven-year-old daughter. He again passing Good Hope bound for the Indian Ocean. Slocum, who sailed 46,000 miles didn’t know how to sail and barely had Moitissier made a trip and a half around the world without in a three year journey around the any instruments on board. Nonetheless, stopovers until reaching Tahiti. La Longue Route is the world. He was from Canada and had he crossed the Atlantic in 85 days until story of the adventures of a Moitessier who loved the sea been a clipper-ship captain. With the reaching Barcelona. and open spaces. 26 GS I HUMAN

Thus, the sixties marked the beginning to the solo second after 94 days and four hours © Laura Carrau transoceanic races where the great heroes of the sea solo sailing around the world on were people like Francis Chichester, winner of the solo board Kingfisher, thus becoming the transatlantic race in 1960 with his Gipsy Moth, and Eric quickest and youngest woman to Tabarly, who did it in 1968 with his Penduick III. Tabarly take part in this race. In 2004, Ellen also won the first transpacific in 1969. broke the record when she sailed around the world in only 71 days The first Spaniard on the list of solo sailors to sail around and 14 hours on board a trimaran. the world was Julio Villar, who set off in 1968 and sailed for four years on his petite Mistral, a seven meter boat Today, the Catalan Anna Corbella without a motor. Villar learned how to sail as he went; he has become a top Spanish female was not an expert like the others, and his trip was quite sailor with her participation in different, seeming more like a process of inner search. several ocean races, including the Barcelona World Race. And women?

The first woman to cross the Atlantic was Ane Davidson in 1952. She sailed from England to New York with a stopover on the Canary Islands. More recently, at the age of 28, the New Zealander Naomi James was the first woman to sail around the world alone on a trip that lasted 272 days with stopovers. Soon after, in 1988, the Australian Kay Cotee beat this time when she did a nonstop round-the-world trip in 189 days aboard First Lady.

Notable French female sailors include Florence Arthaud, while English female sailors include Ellen MacArthur, who participated in the 2000 Vendée Globe and came in Anna Corbella.

1895 1942 1960

Joshua Slocum Vito Dumas Francis Chichester (February 1844 – approximately (1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina - (1901, Barnstaple, RU - 1972, after 14 November 1909). 1965, Buenos Aires, Argentina) Plymouth, United Kingdom)

At 51, he was the first sailor to sail Between 1942 and 1943, he was An aviator before a sailor, he is around the world alone in the late the first person to make a solo considered one of the fathers of 19th century. He set off from Boston trip around the world crossing the modern solo sailing. In 1960, at the aboard Spray, a rebuilt 37-foot Roaring Forties and passing the age of 58 and after being diagnosed fishing boat equipped like a yacht, three capes on port side, a route with lung cancer, he won the first solo and reached Newport after sailing which until then had been considered race across the Atlantic, the OSTAR. more than 46,000 miles over three “impossible” on board a sailboat. Six years later, between 1966 and years, two months and two days. He Vito Dumas sailed 20,100 miles in 1967, Chichester sailed around the stopped in 16 ports. four stages in Lehg II, a small 31- world alone aboard Gipsy Moth IV, foot ketch, and suffered all kinds of a 54-foot ketch, along the route of hardships. He achieved another great the three capes in two stages: from feat in 1955, sailing between Buenos Plymouth to Sydney (107 days) and Aires and New York making only one from Sydney to Plymouth (119 days). stop. HUMAN BEING I GS 27

The start of ocean sailing In terms of ocean racing, between 1850 months and two days. This old captain and 1900, there were more than 45 races set sail for the last time bound for Orino- crossing the Atlantic, although they were co. Both he and his boat disappeared, tests with commercial interests involving leaving no trace. professionals at sailing boats with two or more masts. Sailing became an Olympic sport in 1900 at the Olympic Games in Paris. After- The first race with schooners was held in wards, there were an increasing number 1866 from the United States to Europe. of races across the North Atlantic. There Unlike other models of fast boats at the have been many more races since then, time, schooners had fore-and-aft rigs especially after the 1960s. Transatlan- with sails that enabled upwind sailing tic and round-the-world races with a and allowed the boat to be sailed in all crew or alone are the races which have directions. In this regard, pleasure voy- attracted the most attention from the ages and expeditions around the world general public. multiplied, mainly by English, French and American sailors. These competitions have been done on a variety of boats, but in the end two The first to sail around the world alone groups have been formed: multihulls was Joshua Slocum on board the Spray, (catamarans and trimarans) and mono- a rebuilt 37-foot fishing boat. Slocum hulls. set sail from Boston in April 1895 and reached Newport in June 1898 after sailing over 46,000 miles in three years, two

1964 1968 1969

Robin Knox-Johnston Bernard Moitessier Éric Tabarly (1939, Putney, United Kingdom) (1925, Hanoi, Vietnam - 1994, (1931, Nantes, France - 1998, Irish Vanves, Francia) Sea).

He was the first sailor to sail around the world in a nonstop race during He was a tireless sailor and, with his ). Sailor with solid training in all 313 days, thus becoming the winner books, one of the great popularisers scientific and technical disciplines. of the Sunday Times Golden Globe of ocean sailing. He became a legend He was one of the great innovators Race (1969) on board Suhaili, a when, sailing in first place in the in ocean sailing and, for most sailors, 32-foot ketch. In 1994, he earned Sunday Times Golden Globe Race the father of modern single- and the record for a round-the-world trip (1968 - 1969) on board the Joshua, double-handled sailing. Éric Tabarly without stops with a crew (74 days a 39-foot ketch, he abandoned the rose to fame after winning the OSTAR and 22 hours) on board Peter Blake’s competition in the South Atlantic and (Observer Single-handed Trans- catamaran Enza New Zealand and returned toward the Indian Ocean Atlantic Race) in 1964 and beating became the first sailor to hold two and sailed to Tahiti (Polynesia). Francis Chichester’s record by over records for round-the-world sailing. Moitessier thus became the only 13 days, for which he was awarded sailor to make a trip and a half around the Legion of Honour in France. He the world on a sailboat alone without earned a lot of wins in transoceanic stopping. races and died in the Irish Sea in 1998 after falling overboard from his old style boat, the Pen Duick. 28 GS I MAIN DOSSIER

THE PROTAGONISTS

Ilustrations: Juan González

The participants of the Barcelona World Race are extremely well-prepared sailors, have experience in other trips around the world as skippers or crew, and many of them began sailing in childhood. Therefore, they are well aware of what’s in store for them; but what kind of person exposes him or herself to a competition like this one? Why do they do it? Who are they? These are often the questions we ask ourselves when we hear about sailors who hurl themselves into sailing in extreme conditions.

Jean Le Cam Compitiendo en la regata The profile of those participating in the “The sea gives me Barcelona World Race is broad, but they are all people who are highly prepared and very self-aware. They are generally people that are a feeling of freedom ” both physically and mentally prepared and very resilient in the face of problems. They are passionate about the sea and sailing and tend to be people who seek challenges.

Today, most ocean racers are professionals trained in sailing, and they often talk about self-improvement and meeting extreme goals. They all know that when they cross the starting line there’s no turning back, and Name: Jean Le Cam they test themselves to the limit in risk and Age: 55 live by the sea. If I were from Puy- emotions until the finish. This is addictive; and Level of study: Secondary School de-Dôme, I definitely wouldn’t have even though a lot of them say that they never Diploma (Science) become a skipper. I got into it be- want to experience anything like it again, they Profession: Skipper cause my father sailed and I enjoyed often go back or yearn for the thrills. They are competing and the building of ships. people with a strong personality that enables them to endure the extreme situations they will ean Le Cam and Bernard You have won some important experience. They are not afraid, but they hold Stamm have joined forces for races during your career; is that great respect for the sea and the boat they will J the Barcelona World Race. why they call you King Jean? sail. Their IMOCA 60 will sport the colours of Cheminées Poujoulat, I don’t know. That nickname has In terms of dedication, there are professionals which since 2003 has been a loyal been around for a good while but who have spent years dedicated solely to sponsor of Stamm, who decided I don’t know why. I don’t know if it ocean sailing, and there are young sailors who to share this latest adventure with goes back to “Formula 40”, when I hurl themselves into conquering the sea. In one of the most renowned French was the king of Lake Garda (Italy). general, they are very competitive people who ocean sailors. The two will form one have done several round-the-world trips. And of the most experienced tandems Is it true that you sailed with Eric there are others who have won world champi- in the race. “Between the two of us, Tabarly? onships, but this will be their first time around we’ve racked up a large number the world… While some have no doubt that of miles. Participating together will Yes. We sailed together on various their goal is to win, others believe that having be en enriching experience. Things occasions, in 1981 during a round- the opportunity to participate in a race like this worked out this way almost by the-world team race but it didn’t really is already winning! accident, but it’s perfect” says Jean work out. Then we did a Two Handed Le Cam. Transatlantic race from Lorient to Some of the protagonists of this edition talk to St. Barthélemy and back to Lorient. us about their beginnings and about how they How did you get into sailing? How But that was even less successful see their participation in this new adventure did you begin competing? because we capsized. Despite that, ahead of them. sailing with Eric was always a beauti- I got into sailing because I am from ful and great experience. Finistère, in Brittany, France and I MAIN DOSSIER I GS 29

Ilustrations: Juan González

So we can say you are the Messi Do you think age is an impor- of ocean racing in France? tant factor in a sport like ocean racing? I don’t know about Messi, but if I am “Sailing is a very to be compared to a footballer I think Thankfully it’s not or I wouldn’t be Cantona is more appropriate. I’m here anymore. Sailing is a very complex occupa- often referred to as the Eric Cantona complex profession which requires of sailing and it’s probably due to my striking the right balance between tion that requires personality. age and experience.

It is the second time that you are What values can this type of a lot of experien- on the starting line of the Barce- ocean race transmit to younger lona World Race. How would you generations? ce, which is what describe your last experience? There are many values: persever- gives it a balance The start of the race with Bruno ance, finding your own limits… The Garcia went well, but unfortunately sea gives me a feeling of freedom... between experien- the ship dismasted off the coast of In fact, often when I’m sailing I recall Cape Verde. the verse by Charles Baudelaire “Free man, you will always cherish the sea”. ce and youth. ” You have clearly experienced some extreme situations in this What is your objective in this new sport. Why are you still looking for edition of the race? new challenges? My first aim is to finish the race and Despite my long career, I have never the second is to tease Alex Thomson. done a two handed round-the-world race! I think it’s a really inspiring experience and I love taking on new challenges.

MAIN DOSSIER I GS 31

Anna Corbella “The sea and animals… my passions”

Nombre: Anna Corbella Animals have been my passion since You’ve often expressed your concern over the state Age: 37 I was little. In fact, I’ve always thought of the sea… Education: Bachelor of Veterinary that it would be my profession. In our Science country, it’s virtually impossible to live Yes, when sailing I see plastic, bottles, boxes, buoys… Profession: Sailor professionally from sailing, so it never They were like tides coming and going that formed an ex- As a person you are… difficult to crossed my mind, until the opportu- cessive amount of rubbish floating on the water. In the last define one’s self… nity arose. I put it on the scales and edition we saw a grotesque sight: the birds and the plastic. As a sailor you are… meticulous and saw that the train of being a profes- The truth is that it gives you a lot to think about it, and it a perfectionist sional sailor would only pass by me makes me sad to see that all that floating on the water A part of the world where you would once, so I took it. However, I don’t was caused by man. It doesn’t seem fair to the planet or stay with your boat: NEW ZEALAND rule out devoting myself to the world to future generations. I wonder what state our planet is in of veterinary medicine in the future. if in the middle of the ocean we see so much rubbish and to what extent certain species can co-exist with all this nna Corbella, a 37-year-old How did you get into ocean pollution. I just want us to become aware of the importance native of Barcelona, is the first sailing? of caring for our environment. ASpanish woman to sail around the world nonstop. She came in sixth Very naturally. I learned about the Mini What do you expect from your partner, Gerard, for the place in the second edition of the 6.50 class and I was so amazed that next trip around the world? Barcelona World Race after complet- I told myself that one day I had to ing the more than 46,000-kilometre do it… and since I’m very stubborn, I don’t expect anything. I know him well enough to know course with the Englishwoman Dee I did it. I crossed the Atlantic alone, what he brings to our team and I know he’ll give 100%. We Caffari in 102 days, 19 hours and 17 and after that, the rest was about complement each other well. We know one another and minutes. She is currently preparing following the steps, working hard, but we know how we have to do things. We’ve sailed together her second round-the-world trip on following the natural steps of a career a lot, and we’re sure that we make a good team. board the Gaes with her friend and in ocean sailing. racer Gerard Marín. Her passions, the sea and animals. When did you realise that you would do the Barcelona World How did you get started in the Race? How did you experience world of sailing? And in compet- this opportunity? Your feelings, “I wonder what sta- ing? thoughts were…? te our planet is in m the daughter of sailors! I started First, enormous joy at knowing that sailing the Mediterranean at four I had this opportunity; after, a bit of if in the middle of aboard my parents’ Dufour 31… fear, since I had never sailed so many days in a row or in such extreme con- the ocean we see How would you define yourself as ditions. But above all, I felt fortunate. a sailor? so much rubbish Now you’re a professional racer. I would define myself as meticulous Have you put aside your other and to what extent and a perfectionist. I like to control passion? everything I can, because in the certain species can middle of the ocean, there are a lot A little, yes; I don’t have time for of things that get out of control. So anything else, even though I try to co-exist with all this the more things under control from take some classes to refresh my the start, the better. I like to compete knowledge and because I like to. pollution” with sailing, but I also enjoy many moments that I think are unique, Does the fact that you’re a which are surely the ones that have woman and young make you feel me hooked on this sport. different from the others? What is your relationship with them like? But you’re a veterinarian by profession. Did you initially want I feel the same as the others; for- to devote yourself to this career? tunately, I don’t feel and they don’t What role does this profession make me feel different. play in your life now? 32 GS I MAIN DOSSIER

Dídac Costa A fire fighter in the middle of the ocean

Name: Dídac Costa varied. It has a certain degree of and I wouldn’t want to leave it, but I would also like to keep Age: 33 uncertainty and you work as a team sailing. Education: High school with your fellow fire fighters. It’s also Profession: Fire fighter a job of skills: you need to check What values does competition bring? As a person you are… nice, although the material to make sure it works, I’m quite shy you train in the park, and you are Competition adds to sailing the fact that you always have As a sailor you are… I’m competitive; constantly preparing to know what to strive to keep trying to go as fast as possible and to take I like challenges to do in blocked lifts or with people the most correct decisions. A part of the world where you would who don’t respond, what to do in stay with your boat: Madagascar the event of traffic accidents, to put What values do you think the Barcelona World Race out burning dumpsters, to proceed contributes? in flooded boats, what to do when someone gets lost in the forest or It is a very special competition, because it’s very long and ídac is a sailor with an atypi- there are fires… you sail with very thorough boats with a lot of mechanisms cal career. In his case, an ap- you need to understand. You need to know how to manage Dpetite for adventure precedes And now, what do you think all this, to do it as well as possible and to learn constantly. the desire to compete. Having about the challenge of sailing bypassed dinghy sailing (where most and going around the world? Who will your partner be? How would you describe sailors take their first steps), it was your relationship? during summer sailing on the family I think it’s really exciting, because boat where he quickly felt attracted there are a lot of new situations and My partner is Aleix Gelabert. Our relationship is good. It’s to solo sailing. experiences, even though I am a little the first trip around the world for both of us, even though afraid to be in situations I’m unfamiliar we’ve already sailed together for quite a few days. Sharing One year later, he participated in with. I’ve had the idea of going goals and motivation is very important for keeping a good one of the great challenges of this around the world since I was little. relationship and handling problems and difficulties. discipline: the 2011 edition of the Mini Transat, a solo journey across How did you get into ocean What is it like to sail on board a boat that has few the Atlantic in a small 6.5 metre boat. sailing? chances of winning? It was there he discovered his ap- petite for competing and improving First with my father, and then sailing You always think about going fast. Nevertheless, we have every day on a sailboat… He hasn’t with Mini Transat. to take care of the boat and the material and be aware that stopped progressing since then, the goal is to finish the race. It’s a new experience, and constantly learning in all disciplines And how did you arrive at the the sailing itself will be about not making mistakes in the comprising ocean sailing. Barcelona World Race? situations we will encounter.

They offered me the chance to partic- How did you get started in the ipate in it after doing the 2011 Mini world of sailing? And in compet- Transat. The truth is I didn’t think ing? about it too much and quickly said yes. “I want to keep I started sailing when I was little, with my father’s boat. We sailed the Med- How are you experiencing this sailing whether iterranean in summers. In competing, opportunity? when I bought a Mini Transat, about or not I work as four or five years ago. Eagerly and excitedly, although I don’t think long term. I concentrate a fire fighter. I’m But you’re a fire fighter by pro- on the present, on the day to day fession. Do you combine it with events, in order to do things in the still tied to work; sailing? What role does each best way. activity have in your life? I’m on leave” Will you leave your career to Yes, I combine it with my career. So devote yourself fully to ocean far, any time I haven’t been working sailing? as a fire fighter, I would devote to sailing. I want to keep sailing whether or not I work as a fire fighter. I’m still Why did you decide to be a fire tied to work; I’m on leave. Right fighter? now I’m not considering anything in particular; we’ll see how it all goes. I like the job, because it’s quite Working as a fire fighter is a job I like

34 GS I DOSIER CENTRAL MAIN DOSSIER I GS 35

José Muñoz The success of perseverance and effort

Name: José Manuel Muñoz and in Mumm 36 and J-105 boats, It’s not a very popular sport in Chile, but there is a Nickname: “Negro” before embarking on my first trip longstanding tradition and we have very good athletes. Age: 42 around the world in a Class 40. Moreover, in recent times it has gotten easier for children Education: Studies in automotive with fewer resources to practice this sport. technology So have you always worked in Profession: Sailor this world or have you had other What do you value about ocean sailing? As a person you are… calm, professions? good-humoured, responsible and I love the challenge that every day holds something modest No, only in sailing, which has been different. As a sailor you are… self-demanding, my profession and my life. disciplined, try to teach and learn And how did you arrive at the Barcelona World Race? with the team And have you always wanted to A part of the world where you would be a racer? I think it was because I’m one of the few Chileans who stay with your boat: Southern Chile have done ocean sailing and for having experience in an As I child I wanted to be a footballer. ocean as inhospitable as the Pacific Ocean. I’ve always liked competing. s a child he was a shellfish- What is this opportunity like for you and what are erman, a fisherman and a For you the sea is… your expectations? Ayacht caretaker. Even though he started in the world of sailing by My great passion. It’s my refuge and As a Chilean, I’m proud to represent my country in the taking care of and repairing other my place of freedom at the same Barcelona World Race; it’s the ultimate for me. I’m living it people’s boats, today he is one of time, where I feel I can develop the with a lot of joy. I try to give my best, to learn more every the most respected Chilean sailors: best of myself. day and, hopefully, to win the race. Winning is always a dream come true. He is not afraid the goal. I always say, half jokingly and half seriously, that and he likes big challenges. In fact, How did you get into ocean “winning is not the important thing, it’s the only thing”. he is an experienced sailor who has sailing? never been frightened by strong storms or strange noises on the sea From a good friend who wanted to at night. He has only been afraid live a dream and I helped him do once: when a whale thought they it: Felipe Cubillos. I accompanied would attack her young and nearly him on the Portimão Global Ocean “In sailing, you flipped over their boat when sailing Race. I crossed Cape Horn at his in Argentina. side, but sadly, he died in a plane have to know accident shortly thereafter. I prom- For José Muñoz, the Barcelona ised to bring him a gift if I crossed and learn a lot World Race is a great competition Cape Horn again, which was one where there are many variables to of his favourite places in the world. of things; they be dealt with giving it one’s all. The I’ll bring him a can of Pepsi and a goal: win the competition! Snickers bar, which he relished. can even end up In terms of knowledge, what How did you get started in the would you emphasise as essen- saving your life world of sailing? And in compet- tial for your work? ing? or that of your In sailing, you have to know and I started because of my father, who learn a lot of things; they can even companions” works in maintaining and repairing end up saving your life or that of boats and in sailing at a yacht club your companions. For example, at the Algarrobo resort in central mechanics, electronics, survival, first Chile. When I was at school, just af- aid, repair of different materials, etc. ter class, I would run to the club to I’m really interested in these topics help him. I would also go shellfishing too. and fishing. At 10, I was already going ocean sailing with my dad, and Is the sport of sailing very popular at 18, I became a professional sailor in your country? Do young people in J/24. I shortly did several journeys have the opportunity to practice across Pacific Ocean. I also com- this sport? peted in the IOR and IMS formulas 36 GS I MAIN DOSSIER

Alex Thomson “I’m ready for any challenge”

Nombre: Alex Thomson man who led London’s bid to host Edad: 40 años the 2012 Olympic Games. With the Profesión: Navegante support of Mills, I was able to get into Como regatista eres... ambicioso, muy the professional circuit of solo sailing, competitivo and I thus turned my dream into a En qué parte del mundo te quedarías reality, to the point that now I’m the con tu barco: Hay tantos sitios… one who helps young sailors.

An expert French sailor once ritish native Alex Thomson called you a “young mad dog”… is participating in this new Bedition of the Barcelona Yes… I admit that I’m very compet- World Race with the determination itive; I like speed and I give it my all to win it. He is a very experienced to win. If I’m solo sailing, I don’t hold sailor who earned the recognition anything back, and if I’m sailing on a of being the youngest sailor to win crew, I try to transmit this goal to my a round-the-world race and he still companions. In the last New York— holds it. In 2003, Thomson made a Barcelona, Pepe and Ryan did it with spectacular debut in the world of solo Hugo Boss! My daughter had just sailing, beating the 24-hour speed been born and I couldn’t be there. distance world record and gaining the sponsorship of HUGO BOSS. And how are you confronting the Since then, HUGO BOSS has given next Barcelona World Race? him unconditional support in his work as a top sailor. We came in second in the first Bar- celona World Race, and I was third Your beginnings in the world of in the Vendeé Globe 2012-13. Both sailing were… my partner Pepe Ribes and I have no doubts that, this time, we’ll fight hard “I was able to From an early age I’ve been a preco- to come in first. We know that we’re cious boy in water: I started waterski- competing against very experienced get into the ing at age five and windsurfing at 11. sailors like Guillermo Altadill and I’ve been sailing since I was 15. José Muñoz, but both Pepe and I professional circuit have been preparing for this race for And in the world of ocean sailing? months. of solo sailing, I participated in a crossing between What is the key to winning a race and I thus turned the United Kingdom and Mallorca in like the Barcelona World Race? 1991 when I was 17, and I discov- my dream into a ered that there were a lot of things It’s clear that you need experience to experience other than working as and courage to really sail fast with an reality, to the point a waiter in London or as a packer in IMOCA 60. In our case, much of our a plastics factory. When we reached success will depend on how well we that now I’m the Palma, the captain gave me a book prepare the boat so that the Hugo so I could record the best nautical Boss withstands the demanding one who helps miles I would do after that. “Why?” I pace of competition we’ll have to thought, “I’ll never do this again!” But have. young sailors” it’s been my profession ever since.

And you became the youngest skipper to win a trip around the world…

Yes, it was in 1999 in the Clipper Round the World Race. There I met Sir Keith Mills, a British business- DOSIER CENTRAL I GS 37 38 GS I NAVIGATION

The IMOCA 60: extreme speed Javier Vilallonga Director/Manager Sailing Teams Fundació Navegació Oceànica Barcelona machines Il·lustrations: Xavier Piñas

The IMOCA 60 is a highly evolved boat designed for solo or double-handed sailing. As an open class with few restrictions in terms of design, any innovation anyplace on the boat means better performance and manoeuvring. It is essential to reduce weight, achieve greater power and enhance the efficiency of the design. The materials used for building it, its design and the sails it has make it a boat capable of withstanding the most extreme sailing conditions.

Technical details IMOCA 60 boats are specially designed for solo or double- Length: 18,29 m / 60 feet handed ocean sailing. Beam: 5,5 m /19,19 feet Draught: 4,5m/ 14,76 feet Sail area upwind: between 240 y 330 m2 Sail area downwind: Giant surfboards between 460 y 620 m2 The low shell shape, the open deck glides over the large waves it finds Mast height: and the very wide stern make it an in its path around the world. IMOCA extremely flat boat. The fact that it 60 can sail around the world at an 29 m is built out of carbon fibre make it average speed of 12 knots and reach Displacement: a very solid, lightweight vessel that peaks of over 30 knots. 8 tonnes m 29

18 m NAVIGATION I GS 39

Wind-powered machines The sails carrying the sailors participating in the Barcelona World Race are cutting-edge components, as they incorporate the latest in terms of material and design. The boats are allowed to carry up to 10 sails on board, and the crew must decide which ones to bring in order to achieve the best combination in each sailing situation. The sails are the most worn down mechanical element in a round-the- world race. The mainsail, which is hardly ever lowered, works nonstop 2,400 hours (100 days). During this time, it must withstand harsh wind conditions, extreme changes in temperature, UV radiation and high levels of salinity. That’s why at the end of the competition, these sails can no longer be used for their initial use.

State-of-the-art materials

All IMOCA 60 boats in the Barcelona World Race are made out of carbon fibre. Carbon fibre is a black, very lightweight, very durable, synthetic material which is combined with a Nomex® core (a material that can minimise impacts and structural deformations), thus resulting in a very light and Very basic interiors sturdy composite product that can endure sailing in the most hostile oceans with minimum weight. Weight is crucial in these boats, for cooking and nothing else. The so anything heavy is left out. rest of the space is occupied by All the rigging on the boats are made of synthetic fibres The interiors of these boats are large bags filled with sails, clothes derived from petroleum and carbon. These elements are black, the colour of the carbon and food. Every time the crew more resistant than steel, highly elastic, do not rot and age fibre, because paint adds weight. has to tack, the bags need to be little, although they do have some disadvantages: they are The sailors have the increasingly carted from one side of the boat more slippery and some become weaker with heat, friction smaller navigation station (from to the other. This is a burdensome and ultraviolet rays. Nonetheless, these materials allow where all the boat’s devices are manoeuvre, mainly due to the sailors to embark on the round-the-world race with the controlled), a bunk bed, a cooker discomfort of the space. greatest assurance. 40 GS I NAVIGATION

Safety as a priority Difficult to overturn captain inside. In this position, the captain must show that he or she The design of the boats must meet a number of safety IMOCA 60 boats are very stable, can get out of the boat through the requirements, which can be divided into two main groups: primarily due to the keel, which is an stern hatch and go back inside, appendix located on the submerged something that can be done easily if rules relating to structural design, which require that part of the boat that keeps it from the stern doesn’t sink, which is what boats have watertight compartments, safety hatches, overturning. must be shown. Lastly, the captain etc.; and stability requirements, which are a series of must turn the boat back to its normal requirements and tests performed on each boat to ensure For the IMOCA 60s to participate in position (right it) without any outside stability and self-righting in the event of capsize. the race, the boat and its crew must intervention. To do so, he or she can undergo the capsize test, which use any of the means which can be involves turning the boat completely accessed from the interior of the boat: upside down in the water with the tilt the keel, fill the ballast tanks, etc.

During the race, a crucial factor is energy, since the IMOCA Green energy on 60s carry a lot of electronic equipment on board that allows board the sailors to control their position and that of other teams, to communicate with the outside, to operate the computer, etc. The more technology they have, the more electricity is used, so they need efficient systems with batteries that can be charged whenever needed.

Map of solar energy in the world in he wind, the sun and the and obtain the water necessary to W/m2 (watts per square metre). speed of the boat are the drink and eat. The sailors need Tprimary sources of energy to receive weather forecasts and and will allow the boat to be communications from the control completely autonomous. The only centre, but they must also be able thing to consider is which system to send messages, videos and is the most efficient based on photos to the organisers so they the place you are sailing and the know what is currently happening current weather conditions. in the race. The movement of the canting keel, the system to fill the Energy use on board ballast tanks, and a long list of essential elements on an IMOCA An IMOCA 60 cannot sail around the 60 use electrical power to operate. world if it cannot produce power. The sailors need power to operate the The more technology used on board, autopilot, without which they would the more electricity they will need, have to be at the helm 24 hours a and in a race like the Barcelona day and the fatigue caused by sailing World Race, running out of electricity Solar radiation is not the same across the globe. would be much higher. They also is a luxury the sailors cannot afford if need power to operate the purifier they want to stand on the podium. NAVIGATION I GS 41

The boats in the 2014-15 Barcelona Zero-emission sailing is World Race must have at least one possible renewable energy system to charge The IMOCA 60 Acciona 100% EcoPowered batteries. which took part in the last edition of the Vendée Globe 2012 was the first 100% CO2 emission free boat to sail around the world.

State-of-the-art materials were used to build the boat, and the design was a focal point to improve the boat’s hydrodynamic shape and its efficiency.

It was a revolutionary prototype in the world Photovoltaic panels of sailing. Using resources provided by the Hydro-generator sun, the wind and the water, the Acciona Photovoltaic panels capture sunlight 100% EcoPowered is able to produce fully and transform it into electricity to be Another device that the boats in the renewable energy to meet all the electricity used to charge batteries and thus Barcelona World Race can carry on needs of the sailing, communication and provide electricity when needed. board is a hydro-generator. These hydraulic systems and the motors of a boat of The state-of-the-art photovoltaic devices charge the boat’s batteries these characteristics. panels on the IMOCA 60s are made by using the rotation of a propeller of radiation-resistant materials and powered by the water flowing under The boat has two power generation systems: thin, semi-flexible panels able to the boat. The most modern ones adapt to the different forms of the are attached to the stern and are a) A primary system that transforms solar, boat and withstand heat and which retractable. They provide the most wind and hydrodynamic power into accumu- will not break if crushed. Their output output the faster the boat sails, i.e., lated electricity in high-density batteries for depends on the intensity and angle the normal operation of the boat. of the radiation, providing the most output near the Equator and the b) A second system for emergencies based least in the cloudy conditions of the on hydrogen power converted into electricity Southern Ocean. by fuel cells. To meet the rules, this battery must have a minimum autonomy of five hours of sailing at a speed of 5 knots.

© nico martínez downwind. Diesel motor © nico martínez The most common way to charge Wind turbine batteries on a boat is using alternators coupled to a motor. The Another device used to charge regulator is what works to send batteries on board the IMOCA 60s electricity to the battery. In this is the wind turbine. These turbines case, the motor must be on for the use wind to generate electricity. The battery to be charged, which means varied intensity of the wind means that fossil fuels like diesel are used. that they are not always efficient. This system for charging requires They provide the most output when the consumption of fossil fuels and sailing upwind, when the boat sails at the resulting release of CO2 in the a closed angle to the wind and there atmosphere and the constant noise is the most apparent wind. of the running motor.

The strategy in a trip Jordi Griso Sports coordinator around the world Fundació Navegació Oceànica Barcelona

Sailors depend on the wind. The sails are It is a complex and meticulous Unfortunately, despite significant the engine that moves IMOCA boats, and task, bearing in mind the number of advances, weather is still an inexact weather zones the course crosses science, where theory and practice the wind, their fuel. Harnessing the force of through, each with its own particular do not always go hand in hand. the wind and its variations in the best way features. For example, the different possible is the key to sailing faster and weather phenomena and, hence, To validate onsite these theoretic the wind do not act in the same way patterns and the forecasts they finishing the course before your rivals do. near land as at high sea; therefore, regularly receive on board, sailors the meteorology in the Mediterranean rely on a combination of experience differs significantly from, for instance, and intuition developed over years by that in the Indian Ocean. patiently observing the sea and the sky while sailing. This preliminary work will allow sailors (despite not having previously sailed In the sky, clouds reveal the various in many of these places, some of air masses: a sky scattered with uring the three months that the Barcelona World which are very remote) to embark on cirrus clouds, for example, signals the Race lasts, the wind will become the sailors’ the round-the-world trip familiar with arrival of a warm front. Dobsession. Every day, except for the time they the weather phenomena awaiting spend eating and sleeping, everything will revolve around them. In the sea, a secondary wave almost this invisible, changing force. imperceptibly rocking the boat warns Among other things, they will us and prepares us for a likely change Discovering its secrets is the yearning of every good have learnt how to deal with the in the wind.Only an expert eye is able sailor. To do so, in the months prior to departure, the anticyclones of the Azores and to recognise and take advantage of sailors spend may hours analysing isobar maps, satellite of St Helena, how to cross the these subtle signs. photos and simulations, attempting to find a pattern or a Doldrums without getting trapped certain logic in the movement of storms and anticyclones, there, and what the best position is The barometer continues to be phenomena that make air masses move from one place to in the storms that form in the South sailors’ essential ally on board another causing wind. Seas. modern Imocas to ultimately confirm NAVIGATION I GS 43

their forecasts. Hence, what makes Navigation software (waypoint).These four parameters have many variables. The the sailor a master of strategy is Sailors use navigation software called software analyses and provides the best course to follow. the combination of (patient and “ADRENA” that helps them take meticulous) theoretical analysis of strategic decisions. These are theoretical parameters. The sailor must then in- the various weather zones, correctly terpret reliability, enter any particularities, etc. and take the interpreting information available The software combines various final decision.The rules prohibit routing outside the Barcelo- during the round-the-world trip parameters:theoretical speeds of na World Race. This means that sailors cannot be advised (forecasts and barometer) and the boat in courses and conditions by a meteorologist.They must decide the best strategy intuition. (polar curves), sail charts, weather to follow based on the various tools available on board: files with wind maps (GRIB files), GPS weather forecasts, navigation software, GPS plotter, etc.

1 2 3 The Mediterranean, a In search of the St Helena Sailing among icebergs capricious sea anticyclone One of the dangers faced by the skippers Some people think that the Mediterranean The strategy to be followed by the crews once when sailing the Indian Ocean and the is a calm sea where sailing is they’ve reached the Canary Islands will be to seek South Pacific are icebergs –large blocks uncomplicated. Not at all. This is a sea out the Doldrums from the west, because that is of ice sailing adrift in 50º-60ºS–. The fact with sudden changes in the wind and where this area is the narrowest. After crossing the that sailors pass through this area during with short continuous waves that can also Equator, the racers will head toward the island of the austral summer means that they will reach heights of 6 metres or higher. St Helen, well-known for being the place where likely find these large chunks of ice that After setting off, the boats sail south, Napoleon was imprisoned and where he died. have broken off the Antarctic continent passing the Balearic Islands and heading The island also gives name to the anticyclone due to the summer temperatures. toward the Strait of Gibraltar, where they dominating this area of the Atlantic. Anticyclones However, what are much more dangerous will cross the first natural gate. Until they rotate anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere, yet are growlers, which are submerged arrive, they may experience highly variable which is why racers keep their distance from the ice blocks that cannot be detected by winds and possibly thunderstorms. The African coast and make their way closer to the radar. To avoid problems with ice, the Mediterranean at this time of year can be Brazilian coast to leave the centre of the anticyclone race organisers have set up so-called ice unpredictable, and undoubtedly the crews on the port side and head up to the Antarctic gates along the course which prevent will seek out open water to find stable Circumpolar Ocean. participants from coming too close to winds away from the coast. dangerous ice blocks that may be on the water.dangereux icebergs.

1 2 3

5 5 6 6

5 4 Doldrums Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties Having passed Cape Horn, the boats will head up the 6 A busy stretch and Screaming Sixties eastern coast of South America and, like during the The natural passage through the Strait In the stretch between 40º and 60º latitude second leg, they’ll have to cross the Doldrums. The south, the winds become very intense due of Gibraltar is one of the areas where it Doldrums is a meteorological phenomenon located is estimated that over a thousand ships to low-pressure systems circulating around between 2ºN and the Equator during the months of sail every day. In fact, this is one of the the Antarctic. Hence, the winds blowing at December and January and further north in the summer. passages most used by commercial 40ºS are called the Roaring Forties, those Since the Doldrums are located in a low-pressure area vessels and one of the world’s busiest blowing at 50ºS, the Furious Fifties, and those with high solar radiation, large storm clouds are created maritime highways, with approximately blowing at 60ºS, the Screaming Sixties. These that produce heavy showers and lightning. Sailors must 10% of world traffic. names come from the noise made by the be aware of the weather forecast in order to avoid these It is dangerous that the course of our wind blowing through the boat’s rigging and strong depressions and to ensure they don’t get caught race to the Mediterranean coincides with tackles. Cables and ropes howl in different in the Doldrums, which can trap boats for hours, leaving maritime trade routes. The possibility of grades depending on how tight they are. The them virtually immobile. colliding with a merchant vessel or with the crew can hardly hear each other, even when cargo that a vessel may have lost is not to screaming in one another’s ear. Tensions rise be belittled. As a result, sailors must keep with so much noise for so many days. all their senses on high alert to avoid any incidents or colliding while sailing. 44 GS I PLANETA MAR

ANTARCTICA, NATURAL RESERVE FOR PEACE AND SCIENCE Jorge Luis Valdés Director of Ocean Sciences of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)

In Antarctica, everything is superlative. In an area measuring 14 million km2, which is equivalent to 28 times Spain, there is an accumulated layer of ice that is 2,000 m thick, which represents 90% of the world’s ice and 75% of its freshwater. Antarctica has been this way for 60 million years, and the ice that has continued to cover it over the years provides information about its past climate and about the composition of the atmosphere on Earth in ancient times.

nderneath the ice, the species of marine birds, such as the continent itself has an Antarctic petrel and the brown gulls The harshness of Uapproximately circular shape of the South Pole. There are also with a 4,500 km diameter, and its six species of seal: the Ross seal topography is diverse, consisting of (Ommatophoca rossii), the Weddell the climate and two large plateaus, a large peninsula, seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the islands, mountains, rivers and lakes. crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinoph- the fact that the In 1957, 1,300 km from the ocean, agus, the most numerous, with an the Russians discovered a 300x50 estimated population of approximate- Antarctic conti- km liquid water lake (Lake Vostok) ly 15 million seals), the leopard seal covered by 3,700 km of ice, from (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Antarctic nent is surround- which they extracted ice cores in fur seal (Arctophoca gazella) and the 1998 that were 420,000 years old, a elephant seal (Mirounga leonine). The ed by deep, diffi- true time capsule. vast majority of these species does not run away in the presence of hu- cult-to-sail seas For years, the international scientific mans, making it possible to observe community managed to stop Russian and study them up close and exam- have conserved drilling in Lake Vostok from reach- ine their behaviour and reactions. ing the surface of liquid water until Antarctica and adequate methods were available to There are a large number of whales in prevent contamination with microor- the Antarctic Ocean during the austral kept it from hu- ganisms from the surface. However, summer coming from mid-latitudes about one and a half years ago, in where they have spent the winter. man beings until January 2013, the Russian drilling There are also over 200 species team was able to collect water sam- of fish and the famous krill, a small just 400 years ago. ples from the lake, which in theory crustacean which, because there are has been confined and isolated for so many, sometimes make the ocean over 20 million years. Analysis of look red. The long days of polar these samples will be essential for summer promote high productivity obtaining information about possible of phytoplankton and zooplankton types of life living on this unusual (including krill), which are the food planet. source of fish, whales and some marine birds.

Life in Antarctica The harshness of the climate and the fact that the Antarctic continent is Pending analysis of what the water surrounded by deep, difficult-to-sail samples from Lake Vostok show seas have conserved Antarctica and us, the climate further inland on the kept it from human beings until just Antarctic continent has not allowed 400 years ago. Nevertheless, man vegetable or animal life to settle. has had a huge impact on Antarctic Only on the coastal strip are there life in the 19th and part of the 20th primitive forms of vegetable life like century. Nearly 43,000 whales were algae, fungi, lichens and mosses, hunted in the whaling campaign in some 350 species in total. Of these, 1930-31, and some species have the lichens are the species that has been on the verge of extinction. It is best adapted to the harshness of the currently forbidden to hunt whales, climate. There have also been reports and whale populations are gradu- of two species of flowering plants on ally recovering. For example, it is the Antarctic Peninsula. In the sea estimated that there are nearly 2,000 surrounding the Antarctic, there are blue whales, but we are still very far more than 140 species of seaweed, from the 250,000 existing in the past. 60% of which are red seaweeds, Less known is the overexploitation followed in abundance by brown and of the Antarctic fur seal (hunted for green seaweeds. Nearly 40% of them its fur), a species that became nearly are endemic. extinct in 1820. It is now protected by the Antarctic Treaty, and the Antarctic There is abundant animal life on the fur seal population has increased to coast and in the ocean. Due to the approximately four million animals. absence of terrestrial predators, the coasts of Antarctica are a paradise for birds. Five species of penguins only nest here, in addition to 40

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It is currently forbidden to on Antarctic Research, the SCAR, they are inhabited permanently or was created to coordinate scientific temporarily. They are used exclusive- hunt whales, and whale activities performed during the inter- ly for scientific research, and there national campaign. are bases specialising in environ- populations are gradually mental, biological, weather, geolog- recovering. The SCAR handles a wide vari- ical, marine and even space-related ety of multidisciplinary research studies. topics, including geology, physics, biology, glaciology, geodesy and A total of 27 countries currently have cartography, meteorology, logis- bases in Antarctica. There are 70 Research in Antarctica tics, oceanography, physics of bases, 43 of which operate all year the upper atmosphere, solid earth long, while the others are only in geophysics, and human biology use during the austral summer. Any Science is a leading activity in Antarctica, which resem- and medicine. The SCAR promotes country can set up a base anywhere bles a huge science lab. The beginnings of scientific science projects and programmes on the continent it considers appro- research in Antarctica date back to the First International (like the International Polar Year), priate, provided that it is approved Polar Year in 1882, during which scientists made obser- provides scientific advice to the by the consultative members of vations regarding meteorology and magnetism. The first Antarctic Treaty and attempts to the Antarctic Treaty. Spain has two international science expedition was conducted in 1897. solve the scientific problems that the bases: Juan Carlos I on Livingston It was led by Belgian Adrian de Guerlache and explored signatories of the Treaty commission Island (1987) and Gabriel de Castella the strait which now bears his name. This first expedition it with at advisory meetings. Spanish on Deception Island (1989). It also was followed by others in the early 20th century which geologist Dr Jerónimo López-Martín- has the Las Palmas tug (1987) and sought to conduct topographical, geological, biological, ez currently chairs this important the oceanographic research vessel meteorological, glaciological and oceanographic studies. international committee. Hespérides (1990), which supports Names like Scott, Shackelton, Drygalski, Bruce, Charcot the bases and conducts specific and Nordenskjöld have been forever linked to scientific In order to conduct research in research in the Antarctic Ocean dur- research in Antarctica. Antarctica, special facilities (bases) ing the austral summer. The oldest are need on land and oceanography base on the continent is the base The Second International Polar Year was held in 1932. vessels are needed at sea. A base Orcadas, which belongs to Argentina And in 1958, during the time of the International Geo- in Antarctica is a construction on the and has been operating continuously physical Year, Antarctica was declared a special area for Antarctic continent that has labora- since 1904. research, and 50 geophysical stations were set up to tories and inhabitable residences for conduct meteorological, geodetic and oceanographic humans, allowing them to live and observations. That same year, the Scientific Committee work there. Depending on their use,

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A place for peace: the Antarctic Treaty

Any activity conducted on the white of the 26 voting members and seven continent (whether on a base or of the 14 non-voting members. anyplace else) is regulated by the This text definitively prohibits mining Antarctic Treaty developed and activity and ensures the protection signed in 1959 by the governments of the Antarctic for at least 50 years, of 12 countries: Argentina, Australia, until 2041. Belgium, Chile, France, Great Britain, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, South There are seven countries that Africa, the former Soviet Union and maintain a territorial claim on eight the United States. Spain joined as a territories in Antarctica. These coun- full member in 1982 and has been a tries tend to locate their observation consultative member since 1988. facilities and scientific study within

the territory they claim. Article IV of © carlos mir The Antarctic Treaty establishes a the Antarctic Treaty, which refers to political framework for peaceful coex- the issue of territorial claims, does istence in Antarctica. It recognises not suspend or freeze territorial sov- LIBRE DE DERECHOS that, in the interest of all humanity, ereignty claims, but rather maintains Antarctica will always be used the status quo existing at the time exclusively for peaceful purposes the Treaty was signed, preserving and will not be the subject or setting the positions of all parties. Claimant of international disputes. The Treaty states may continue negotiating also guarantees freedom of research, their territorial differences among and there is an effective exchange of themselves, but they cannot extend scientific information among signato- or accept a new claim from another ries for the benefit of humanity. country. In any case, with the signing of the Treaty, territorial sovereignty Talks began in the late 1980s to re- disputes in Antarctica have lost any negotiate the conditions of the Treaty, potential danger of leading to inci- as it provides that any party can call dents or armed conflicts. for a review conference after the expiration of 30 years. These talks Paradoxically, we can be happy that were reflected in a new text, the Ma- the most hostile continent for man drid Protocol, which was signed on is the one that has done the most in 4 October 1991 in El Escorial by 23 favour of peace.

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The Hespérides in Antarctica. 48 GS I PLANETA MAR

Climate change in the South Pole Jorge Luis Valdés Director of Ocean Sciences of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)

Twenty degrees below zero! This is the average winter temperature on the coast of Antarctic. Further inland on the continent, winter minimums are around 80 degrees below zero (-80 ºC). The lowest temperature ever recorded at Russia’s Vostok Station in Antarctica was on 21 July 1983, when the ther- mometer hit -89.3 °C, and at the Japanese base Domo Fuji, located 3,786 metres above sea level, the temperature hit -91.2 °C in 2013.

he lowest temperature ever Observations are currently focused recorded on Earth of -93.0 °C on the West Antarctica ice sheet Twas recorded on 31 July 2013 (next to the Antarctic Peninsula), at a short distance from Domo Fuji. as this is the ice mass causing the The freezing point of carbon dioxide greatest concern. If this sheet melts, is -78.45 °C, so in some parts of the sea level could rise four or five Antarctica, even the carbon dioxide metres. in the air could eventually freeze. The constant extremely low temperatures in inland Antarctica mean that The Southern water is only found in a solid state. So, will Antarctica be affected by the Ocean is fact that the temperature on Earth may rise by two or four degrees this connected to other century? major oceans on

The Southern Ocean is connected Earth, something to other major oceans on Earth, which is crucial something which is crucial for global ocean circulation and which has an for global ocean effect on the Earth’s climate, since the Antarctic is an essential part of circulation and the redistribution of heat between which has an effect the Equator and the Poles. on the Earth’s Winds from the Southern Ocean are stronger now than at any other time climate. over the past thousand years (infor- © patricia lacera mation obtained from Antarctic ice cores). As these strong winds blow Effects of global across the Drake Passage (between warming South America and Antarctica), the ice melts more quickly in summer Antarctica may see and the glaciers in Antarctica retreat. The primary effect of global warming There has been a 3 ºC increase in in Antarctica will be a gradual its temperature temperature in this area between retreating of the ice sheet on the 1950 and 2010, which explains the Antarctic Peninsula toward the rise another three presence of rain and snow and the south, thus providing new habitats considerable melting near the coast, for the colonisation of flora and degrees before with a continued loss of marginal ice fauna. However, the direct impacts zones, although this melting is not of climate change on life are difficult the end of the 21st indicative of changes on the rest of to predict, since these ecosystems the continent. are subject to multiple stress factors. century . For example, there may be an Antarctica may see its temperature increase in damage from ultraviolet rise another three degrees before the sun exposure due to ozone levels end of the 21st century; however, the and a growing threat of invasion temperatures are so low there that this by exotic species caused by the increase in temperature would not be elimination of climatic barriers and enough to start melting the continental the increase in human activity in the ice sheet. In summary, little change to region (like tourism). This invasion the continental ice sheets in Antarctica of new species (such as mice and is expected in the next 50 years. cats) has already occurred on many 50 GS I PLANET SEA

sub-Antarctic islands, with harmful consequences for are in line with predictions from appearance of icebergs and growl- native species. numerical models, and researchers ers (smaller floating ice that is even have identified significant reduc- more dangerous because it is more During the 20th century, there were significant changes in tions in the summer sea ice cover difficult to detect) has been reported air temperatures, sea temperatures and the temperature in the Bellingshausen Sea and the in waters north of 45°S. This threat- of the sea ice around the Antarctic Peninsula and the Admundsen Sea that are consistent ens the safety of boats sailing in the Scotia Sea. The increase in the supply of freshwater from with a warmer climate to the west region, and, in the case of sporting melting glaciers has contributed to the seasonal change of the Antarctic Peninsula. Warmer events, it has made it necessary to of the diversity of species of phytoplankton and zooplank- ocean waters may also accelerate designate a security area (ice gates) ton and has had a negative effect on Antarctic krill. The fragmentation and melting. to prevent the boats from getting too loss of krill will likely have an impact on top predators close to Antarctica. (albatrosses, penguins, seals and whales). Around 14,000 km2 of ice have been lost from 10 floating ice shelves Global warming is also having an impact on circumpo- that have been fragmented, and the lar navigation. Observed variations in sea ice thickness

Climate change and the Barcelona World Race

Climate change is a fact confirmed by scientific evidence and it is and will be the core problem of our century. We must undertake further research to fully understand and accurately access the impacts of climate change in the oceans. In this regard, there is a lack of climate data in the polar seas, particularly the Southern Ocean.

During the Barcelona World Race, the IMOCA boats will carry autonomous ARGO buoys to be released in the area of convergence between the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean, a remote and sparsely sampled area. These buoys will measure the properties of the water, and the collected data will be used to feed and improve weather and meteorological models that will benefit maritime traffic in the region. This collaboration represents an unprecedented alliance between scientific and sailing communities, an attempt to boost efforts in the field of ocean research and raise awareness of issues related to ocean sustainability.

An ceanographer beholding the mysteries of the sea Santi Serrat Editorial Director Barcelona World Race

Mike Roman spends 100 days a year on board a ship researching the oceans with the primary aim of preserving biodiversity. His work is based on an ongoing quest for new data to better understand the element of the Earth that most helps us live and protects us from the many mistakes we’ve made. That is why he believes it is so important to collaborate with the Barcelona World Race and for the racers to become scientific agents in the most unknown spots of the oceans.

e defines himself as “not necessarily a pessimist”. what they see, they will be the eyes Mike Roman confirms the evidence of climate of the schoolchildren, and what they Hchange, but wonders: “Why must this change be experience will also influence the The skip- synonymous with catastrophe?” For this oceanographer, decisions of politicians who have a lot man’s adaptability to changes, the extraordinary progress to do to combat climate change.” pers of the of current technology and scientific research will make the obvious negative effects of global warming not as bad as The ocean still holds many mysteries. Barcelona we may initially imagine. It is supposedly where life on our planet was born, and all the life forms World Race Mike Roman works in Maryland, a U.S. state which it houses remain unknown, as does includes much of the famous Chesapeake Bay, one of its potential to benefit humanity. “The will be sci- the world’s premier places for sailing and one of the areas biodiversity of the oceans holds the with the most scientific research on the planet. This is the solution to many of our current and entists out location of the headquarters of The Oceanographic Society future problems”, asserts Roman. (TOS), of which Mike Roman is former president. “There are seaweeds, animals and there, not mixed species containing substances In November 2014, the oceanographer will chair the that cure diseases and provide food only sail- Scientific Committee of the 2nd International Conference unknown until now. There is also still on Ocean Research, the second-largest event for the past a lot of ocean to discover. We classify ors, and 10 years for scientists who study the sea. The conference a new species every week!” will take place six weeks before the start of the Barcelona they will World Race, and, among other things, it will foster the “I was born on a farm in the middle of race’s close relationship with scientific research and raise the U.S., but Cousteau made me an awareness of the major problems facing the oceans. oceanographer.” gather in-

Mike Roman warns that we cannot continue to deteriorate “I love sailing, that’s why I collaborate formation our great friend and we must act effectively using all the with the Barcelona World Race.” resources of science and technology. Now science knows that will for certain that the oceans are the great protectors of the Mike Roman is the chairman of the air we breathe, since they absorb a large amount of the Scientific Committee of the 2nd help a lot

CO2 that human activity releases into the atmosphere. International Conference on Ocean But we know little about this regulatory capacity of the Research and former president of of people. ocean, and it seems obvious that it won’t last forever. “The The Oceanographic Society (TOS). ocean absorbs and accumulates CO2 and this prevents the greenhouse effect from skyrocketing, but this causes seawater to acidify and many species cannot cope with it”, asserts Roman. “We also have evidence that the world’s oceans have become warmer over the last 50 years. The sea is getting weary, it’s a reality”.

That is why it is important to have data about the ocean, especially in the most remote areas of the planet, like those on the course of the Barcelona World Race in the Southern Ocean. Mike Roman highly values the programme to gather data on the sea’s salinity and temperature conducted by the boats of the Barcelona World Race throughout their journey around the world, since it is very important for better understanding the current condition of the oceans: “The race’s measurement programme is very important. Just like satellites are used to predict storms, the sensors on board the boats can see what is going on under the water and measure the temperature and currents. Their work will not only serve to enhance our understanding of the world’s oceans, but it will give it greater relevance. The skippers of the Barcelona World Race will be scientists out there, not only sailors, and they will gather information that will help a lot of people.”

The round-the-world sailors will also encounter the realities of climate change. According to the oceanographer of the TOS, “the climate change makes us have more intense storms in certain areas, and this is something the racers may encounter. These brave sailors who sail around the world will truly see some of the effects of what is happening and didn’t happen before. By communicating to us PLANET SEA I GS 53

Jordi Salat del ICM-CSIC durante la explicación del estudio de Scientific projects for the salinidad que se llevó a cabo durante la 2ª edición de la regata. Barcelona World Race 2014-15

ll data gathered in any of transmitted by satellite before the of the Spanish Higher Council for Scientific Research the projects will contribute float submerges itself once more (CSIC) – FNOB Ato global scientific efforts coor- to repeat its cycle. Each float can dinated by IOC-UNESCO and will repeat the cycle for approximately Evaluation of the quality of surface constitute a fundamental part of the ten days, some 150 times. This seawater for the Citclops project educational aspect of the Barcelona project has been launched thanks World Race. to the direct collaboration between The Citclops (Citizen’s Observatory for Coast and Ocean the FNOB and the UNESCO IOC. Optical Monitoring) project was set up to retrieve and Deployment of an Applies to: all IMOCA 60 partici- use data on seawater color, transparency and fluores- Argo beacon pating in the Barcelona World Race cence to determine its quality and above all the effect 2014-15 on plankton. Cameras on board One Planet One Ocean The boats taking part in the regatta will also send data for areas where data has so far been will release Argo floats at different Collaborating entities: JCOM- scarce. The project is headed up by engineer and biolo- locations in the Southern Indian MOPS/IOC/UNESCO - FNOB gist Jaume Piera from the ICM, the Fundació Barcelona Ocean, between the Cape of Good Digital Centre Tecnològic (FBCT) and the Citclops / Hope and the Kerguelen Islands. Salinity and tempera- European Commission 7th Framework Program. Applies The float is 1.70 m high and weighs ture measurements of to IMOCA 60 One Planet One Ocean participating in the 22 kg and will be used to collect the sea surface water Barcelona World Race 2014-15. highly accurate temperature and salinity data from depths of 2,000 along the route of the Collaborating entities: Barcelona based Marine Science m up to the sea’s surface. This race Institute (ICM) of the Spanish Higher Council for Scientif- data is crucial for oceanographers The project for this edition of the ic Research (CSIC) – FNOB studying the behavior of vast areas regatta to measure salinity levels of seawater, which is key in the bid and seawater temperature started Measurements of microplastic con- to understand the evolution of the during the previous edition of the centration in seawater planet’s climate. Argo floats are race with the boat Fòrum Marítim battery-powered autonomous floats Català and is headed up by Jordi The boat will be equipped with a device to detect the level which spend most of their lives Salat, Oceanographer with the of microplastics in the seawater. These harmful particles drifting in the ocean. When they are Sea Sciences Institute (ICM) affect the biological cycles of many species that launched into the water they behave in Barcelona and the Spanish ingest them and require specialist detectors in order to be akin to minisubmarines and spend National Research Council (CSIC). located. The devices are made up of a system of filters some ten hours floating until they The mission of the project is to and test tubes that collect and measure the particles and automatically submerge to depth collect invaluable data on salinity later send out the data via satellite. Headed up by chem- of 1,000 m where they remain for and temperature levels for surface ical engineer Salvador orros from the Sarrià chemistry some 8-10 days, pulled along by seawater in areas at a distance institute (IQS) in Spain, this project will also be very impor- sea currents. They then descend from common shipping routes and tant in raising environmental awareness, a major objective to a depth of 2,000 m before com- for which data is scarce.Applies in the educational program of the Barcelona World Race. mencing their progressive ascent to: IMOCA 60 One Planet One Applies to IMOCA 60 One Planet One Ocean back up to the sea surface. The Ocean participating in the Barcelo- float’s ascent takes some six na World Race 2014-15. Collaborating entities: Institut Quimic Sarria (IQS – Sar- hours, during which its sensors ria Chemical Sciences Institute)/ICM (Barcelona based collect salinity and temperature Collaborating entities: Barcelona Marine Science Institute (MSI) of the Spanish Higher data. When it emerges, that data is based Marine Science Institute (ICM) Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) –FNOB 54 GS I GUÍA PRÁCTICA

Sports without Eric Villalón limits Paralympic athlete

We painted the inside of the boat white, which gives it plenty of light. For me, it was an essential adaptation to be able to quickly detect the different parts of the interior of the IMOCA. PRATICAL GUIDE I GS 55

The alarm clock goes off. It’s two in the morning and it’s our turn for the second shift at the helm. I’ve rested for two hours on our beloved bunk bed, a rectangular, two metre long, 70 centimetre wide, carbon fibre structure fitted with a tightly sewn canvas that has a high-density mattress on top with a plastic fabric so it doesn’t absorb the moisture inside the boat.

t’s been three days since we’ve The surprise comes when a wave face complex decisions with the magnificent challenge of been sailing on the Imoca 60, and breaks over the bow and the water being able to choose the way and being responsible for it. Iwe’ve adapted to the schedule reaches the cockpit: you’ve got to To be ambitious. In the case of people with disabilities, with set by our shifts at the helm. The only close your eyes and let your face get no matter what kind of functional diversity, we often have thing that’s hard for me is controlling wet; it’s one of the most uncomfort- to be. In my case, in case you haven’t noticed, it’s a severe the dizziness. This requires a level able parts of training. And I entertain visual impairment, with 5% remaining vision. of self-awareness that I’ve yet to myself thinking about all the mobility achieve. You may think that the crew around us: waves that never stop, Only shadows, colours, contrasts, and a lot of practical never gets dizzy, but that’s not true. marine currents, huge spaces. I and theoretical experience. I was lucky enough to have a Getting dizzy and sailing are quite can’t stop remembering past days totally inclusive family that loved sports, where the children compatible, if you’re willing to listen in Antarctica in 2009, the contrast practiced the sports the parents did, and they never over- to yourself and work in your favour. with so much solitude, silence and protected me. They were insistent on my limitations, so By doing so, you can detect when stillness. Along would come another that I would know them, and they gave me the respon- you start to feel that sensation of war- wave soaking our face. And a gust of sibility of new learning challenges. When the new school iness, and instead of getting anxious, wind that would make the boat heel a year started, I choose the extracurricular sport to do. you learn to relax your body, to work little more. The canting keel was fully The condition was that I couldn’t change sports halfway so that it doesn’t get any worse, what swung windward and the windward through the year, and this affected the decision making to eat and see if weather and marine ballast tank was full. This allowed us and the fact that I had to ensure that I could do it, despite forecasts worsen. to control the heeling of the boat and my visual limitations. make better use of the effectiveness We painted the inside of the boat of the sail area. Extensive training to meet chal- white, which gives it plenty of light. lenges For me, it was an essential adapta- Overcome every day tion to be able to quickly detect the different parts of the interior of the A lot of people still think that my participation in projects Imoca, such as the navigation seat, In January 2009, and after two years like the Barcelona World Race 2010 and an expedition in controls, kitchen, bunk beds, ballast of preparation, we left for Punta Antarctica to reach the South Pole (No Limit South Pole) tanks and the doors to access the Arenas to complete an expedition and the entire experience lived during 12 years on the sail area at the bow or stern, which to the South Pole with the name No Paralympic Alpine Skiing Team are craziness not suitable is where we store all the food. The Limits. No limits, because we wanted for everyone and less so for someone with a severe visual interior was initially unpainted black to show that people with disabilities impairment like mine. But I think that everything I do is carbon fibre. could do things just like everyone the result of exhaustive preparation and training, in search else. We wanted to shatter the of new areas, in search of greater independence and Once we put our feet on the excuse of limitation and emphasise freedom. ground, we have to put on water- the fact that preparation and learning proof clothing. Pants, jacket and push the boundaries further than In fact, no one capable of facing challenges of this mag- wellies, since the thermal clothing we thought, and we learn to use nitude, with the preparation involved in embracing actions served as a pyjama and we’re tools that give us independence and in the most inhospitable places, the determination, the already wearing it. Now, in early wealth for our everyday lives. Ant- sacrifices, the overcoming of one’s limits and fears, the spring, it’s cold on deck and the arctica, because it’s an inhospitable adaptations necessary to carry out the activity, and the clothes we wear are not so different place considered impossible. Great required courage, forgets that the ultimate challenge is only from the clothes I wear when metaphor for the difficulties that we a consequence of having chosen something as complex I’m working in the snow with the may run into every day, since we all and at the same time as simple as wanting to do some- children from the Play and Train As- have a South Pole to face. Or an thing and starting from the beginning and taking it step sociation at the Centre for Adapted ocean to cross. by step, showing the skills gained thanks to teachers and Sports in La Molina. And we go people who teach us every day, while also playing down outside to take over from the mates the limitations we impose on ourselves that don’t let us try who have finished their shift, with Sailing is one of what we could end up doing. all the up-to-date information on what’s around us and what they’ve those inclusive Sailing is one of those inclusive sports that give those who done on the previous shift. do it magnificent feelings of freedom and control, after sports that give having learned the technique step by step at one of the We’re sailing at 14 knots and the those who do it many schools along our coast. Sport is an infinite space to night is pitch black. For me it’s better, grow as a person with a multitude of values like teamwork, since I can see any light more easily magnificent fee- perseverance, acceptance of differences, diversity, equality, in conjunction with the AIS system lings of freedom decision making and responsibility for decisions. Without that identifies the course and location my family, sports and the surroundings, I probably wouldn’t of the vessels around us. The deck and control. be the same, and I have to say thank you. of the Imoca is white, and there’s an orange line outlining the entire surface My shift at the helm continues as usual in the dark night, of the boat. As for movement, the It all means overcoming fears but soon we’ll have to change course. The Open 60 sails Imoca’s hull is durable, and, over time daily, starting with the first step, like safely and securely. The wind in my face gives the infor- and with necessary preparation, you deciding to do it. This is the most mation I need to know where it’s coming from. That’s how get used to reading the direction of powerful engine; it is the start to a I learned it and that’s how they taught it to me. I can thus the wind, the waves, the currents and path of learning, of achievements, of do it without looking at the electronics on deck. It’s time the drift of the boat itself. mistakes that are essential for gaining to change tack, and we start preparing the manoeuvre. experience. Actions that lead us to Change in 3, 2, 1. 56 GS I PRATICAL GUIDE

THE SEA TEACHES

The EL FAR Consortium works to promote and raise awareness about the values associated with the sea and coast of Barcelona. For this reason it created the programme of educational activities Sea Environment, a programme addressed at schools which allows students to learn more about commercial maritime activity in Barcelona, the history of the Port of Barcelona, the world of sailing and the knowledge and condition of the sea surrounding us.

ristina Rafecas, a teacher at the Menéndez i Pelayo Institute of Barcelona, remarks that “the Cactivities offered by the El Far Consortium in its programme Sea Environment enable us to develop the synthesis credit required of second-year secondary students in order to study Barcelona and the sea. Learning about maritime aspects related to the sea helps us understand what a metropolis like ours is like and how it works, as well as the importance that the Port of Barcelona has nationwide, Europe-wide and even worldwide, like now with the influx of cruise ships...”

“We also want the students to learn about the landscapes of the Mediterranean and become aware of the need to preserve them. The analysis we conduct of the condition of the water in the port is a good indicator.”

This is one example of the hundreds of schools that come to the El Far Consortium to see up close how one of our country’s most important ports works and how fishing activity remains important in the Barceloneta neighbourhood.

Year after year, schools in Catalonia, especially Barcelona, and from around Europe come to the organisation’s facilities to take part in the 13 activities included in this programme with the aim of complementing the contents taught in the school curriculum.

“Learning about maritime aspects related to the sea helps us understand what a metropolis like ours”

Educational activities The Sea Resources on board hundred- Centre year-old vessels

“Learning about traditional sailing”, The teachers also have the support says Cristina Rafecas, “is also of the El Far Consortium educational quite interesting for students. It is a team if they want to expand upon different way of teaching history and the sea activities in the classroom. technology at the same time… and, Along these lines, the teachers have moreover, there are also trips in the Sea Educational Resources old boats like a schooner from the Centre at their disposal, which 19th century. To have the chance offers advice, documentation and to enjoy this heritage hands-on is a educational resources to facilitate luxury, a one-of-a-kind experience.” teaching activity in this regard.

Nearly all the proposals are carried The educational packs Let’s out on one of the boats that are Research Plankton and The part of the living heritage used by Inhabitants of the Sea are also the El Far Consortium: from the essential resources that can help option of getting to know the Port study the marine environment in the of Barcelona on board a Balearic classroom. lateen-rigged skiff –restored at the El Far Consortium Shipyard School–, to the possibility of having a sailing baptism aboard the 19th century schooner Far Barcelona and experience what sailing was like before, while also learning about issues related to the sea and the coast. © CONSORCI EL FAR 58 GS I PRATICAL GUIDE

Recommendations related to the sea Sports

Wind, waves, action!!! LIBRE DE DERECHOS

The sea is a great source of renewable energy Surfing that we can use to enjoy and do sports. There is Surfing entails gliding in front of the waves standing on top of a the energy from the wind, the strength of marine board that is steered by moving your own weight. It is a sport that can be risky because of the physical exertion and accidents, if nec- currents, the movement of the waves... Below is essary precautions are not taken. It is difficult to keep your balance an array of proposals to experience the sea in in the beginning, so it is possible to learn with special boards like another way, using clean energy and with maxi- bodyboards designed to be used while lying flat. If you can balance, surfing is your sport! mum thrills! What’s yours? Equipment needed: board with fins and technical clothing. Access: http://www.fesurf.net/

LIBRE DE DERECHOS LIBRE DE DERECHOS

Sea kayaking Sailing If you like exploring parts of the coast that can’t be reached with any Besides being a sport, sailing is a way to be part of another en- other boat, sea kayaking is for you. It is a type of canoe measuring vironment where the perspective and feelings we have are totally between four and seven metres built to be used on open sea. It is a different. Boarding a sailboat is always a time to disconnect and an good idea to learn at a recognised school. adventure where you can experience the force of the wind and the waves and natural speed without noise. You need to try it! Equipment needed: : kayak, paddle or oar, technical clothing, lifejacket and, optionally, a helmet. Equipment needed: boat, lifejacket, technical clothing and a good More information: http://www.fcpiraguisme.com/ weather forecast. More information: http://www.fcv.cat/

Windsurfing Traditional sailing Windsurfing has the advantages of sailing plus simplicity and In the era of new technology, traditional sailing offers the opportu- independence. Moving over the sea while gliding over waves can be nity to experience sailing on board a traditional sailboat like it was hypnotic. It all begins when you manage to stay standing for the first centuries ago. You will be part of the crew, spend time on watch, 10 metres without falling in the water; then you’re hooked. help with manoeuvres, participate in life on board… You’ll feel like a genuine sea dog. Equipment needed: board with a daggerboard and/or fins and footstraps. Sail, mast and boom. Technical clothing, harness, lifejac- Equipment needed: technical clothing and equipment to spend ket and caution. days in different weather conditions. More information: http://www.fcv.cat/ More information: http://www.consorcielfar.org/ PRATICAL GUIDE I GS 59

Films Books

Beyond 360º Turning Tide El reto de lo incierto: De dos en dos La aventura de la alrededor del mundo Director: Luis Goyanes Director: Christophe Offenstein Barcelona World Race Country: Spain Country: France Francesc Cusí Year: 2011 Year: 2013 Santi Serrat Publishing: Juventud Genre: Drama (based on a true Genre: Drama (based on a true Publishing: Plataforma Editorial, story) story) S.L A story about the experiences Duration: 127 minutes –and adventures– of men and What do you need to make a On 31 December 2010, 14 women who gave it their all to dream come true? This is the Yann realises his dream of par- boats set sail on the Barcelona make their dream come true. adventure of two women and ticipating in the Vendée Globe: a World Race to cover the more Overcoming adversity, sharing a boat: three months together, round-the-world, non-stop, solo than 25,000 miles in the only magical moments, helping alone, around the world. In a sailing race. Several days into double-handed round-the-world fellow sufferers and, above all, challenge where they depend the race in one of the leading race. It is the true story of an never giving in to difficulties on one other, where both have positions, Yann discovers a adventure whose values are are some of the lessons these their future on the line, but for young stowaway on board. trust in your partner, respect for sailors teach. totally different reasons. To avoid being disqualified, he the forces of nature and the abil- decides to hide the boy. ity to overcome fear, exhaustion and uncertainty. S L A OC I S S IV E T A INIC I , A CÀR I ión I s e mp r I

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