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The of Prince Edward Island: experts and citizen scientists collaborate for faunistics

JosEPh J. B owdEn 1, * , K ylE M. K nysh 2, G ErGIn A. B lAGoEv 3, r oBB BEnnETT 4, M ArK A. ArsEnAulT 5, CAlEB F. h ArdInG 2, r oBErT w. h ArdInG 6, and rosEMAry CurlEy 6

1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 960, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador A2H 6J3 Canada 2University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada 3Centre for Genomics, University of Guelph, 579 Gordon Street, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada 4Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9W2 Canada 5Prince Edward Island Department of Community, Lands and Environment, P.O. Box 2000, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 7N8 Canada 6Nature PEI, P.O. Box 2346, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 8C1 Canada *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Bowden, J.J., K.M. Knysh, G.A. Blagoev, R. Bennett, M.A. Arsenault, C.F. Harding, R.W. Harding, and R. Curley. 2018. The spiders of Prince Edward Island: experts and citizen scientists collaborate for faunistics. Canadian Field-Naturalist 132(4): 330 –349. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i4.2017

Abstract Although lists of have been compiled for all of Canada’s provinces and territories, the spider fauna of Prince Edward Island (PEI) is poorly known. Based on the efforts of citizen scientists, naturalists, and scientists on PEI and researchers at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, we present the first comprehensive list of spider species on the island, increasing the known number from 44 to 198. The Centre for Biodiversity Genomics conducted intensive collection in Prince Edward Island National Park; Nature PEI citizen scientists and naturalists contributed specimens from across the island from several different habitats. This provincial list is dominated by the araneoid families, , , and Araneidae, with 55, 27, and 22 species, respectively. Several non-native species, such as the theridiid Eurasian False Black Widow Spider ( bipunctata (L.)) and the araneid Red-sided Sector Spider ( atrica (C.L. Koch)), have been collected in several locations on the island, suggesting that they are well established. This work highlights the effectiveness of collaboration among citizen scientists, naturalists, and professional researchers to further our knowledge of species diversity and distributions. Key words: Maritime provinces; Araneae; Prince Edward Island; PEI; faunistics; citizen science; Arachnida Introduction alog 2018). Spider species lists and preliminary conser - Faunistic studies provide crucial biodiversity infor - vation status assessments have recently been compiled mation and help accumulate the species distribution, for all Canadian provinces and territories (CESCC habitat use, and relative abundance data necessary for 2016). Some provinces and one territory—British Co - conservation. Furthermore, faunistic studies record in - lumbia (Bennett et al. 2017), Yukon (Dondale et al. troduced species and their potential establishment as 1997), Manitoba (Aitchison-Benell and Dondale 1990), well as the movement of native species into new habi - Quebec (Paquin and Dupérré 2003), and Newfoundland tats or geographic areas over time. In several areas of and Labrador (Pickavance and Dondale 2005; Perry et the world, including Canada, the distribution of some al. 2014)—have produced peer-reviewed or otherwise species groups is poorly known. Obtaining a faunal expert-created lists (e.g., online resources). Less com - baseline for a region is important because it allows prehensive (but still useful) lists, resulting from habitat tracking of future changes in species composition. Such or area-specific ecological or faunistic studies, are avail - temporal data are valuable in determining changes in, able for Nova Scotia (Dondale 1956), Alberta (Buddle and relative abundances of, local species assemblages 2001; Holmberg and Buckle 2002), Ontario (Dondale including decline or even extirpations of native species 1971; Dondale and Redner 1994), Saskatchewan (Doane caused by, for example, climate change, the introduction and Dondale 1979), New Bruns wick (Boiteau 1983), and establishment of non-native species, or direct hu - Nunavut (Leech 1966; Pickavance 2006), and North - man alteration of landscapes and habitat (Shochat et al. west Territories (Working Group on General Status of 2004). NWT Species 2016). Spiders are a ubiquitous, diverse group, with about Before the work reported here, no dedicated spider 47 000 species described worldwide (World Spider Cat - faunistics or ecological studies had occurred on Prince

330 ©Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada 2019 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 331

Edward Island (PEI), and the spiders of the island ap - most recent wild species report from the Canadian peared to be the most poorly known of the Canadian En dangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC provinces and territories. To our knowledge, most of 2016). Building on that momentum, a project organized the 44 recorded species for PEI (Paquin et al . 2010; by Nature PEI involving numerous citizen scientists, CESCC 2016) are a result of casual collecting by visit - in combination with experts, confirmed the presence of ing entomologists/arachnologists or dedicated surveys many of the previously documented species and further focussed on documenting the distribution of a partic - increased the list of spider species. Here we present the ular species (e.g., Knysh and Giberson 2012). In com - most comprehensive list of the 198 species now known parison, despite Nunavut’s remoteness and small hu - to constitute the spider fauna of PEI. man population, it has at least 96 species of spiders (Pickavance 2006; CESCC 2016), and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the provinces bordering PEI, have Methods 446 and 390 known species, respectively (Paquin et Specimen collection and curation al. 2010; CESCC 2016). In 2015, Nature PEI naturalists recruited volunteer Citizen science, the engagement of citizens to aid in citizen scientists to collect spiders from across PEI (Fig - the collection and/or processing of scientific data (Sil - ure 1). Participants were given specific instructions via vertown 2009), allows scientists to leverage the data a training workshop and a field manual composed of acquisition power of the public (e.g., Prudic et al. a variety of papers and online resources (e.g., Martin 2017). This is particularly relevant in the context of 1977). The workshop described techniques for the faunistics because obtaining sufficient specimens to selection of survey areas, collection and preservation of provide good coverage for a particular province (or specimens, and recording and submission of field data over other broad spatial scales) could be a daunting on data cards. Specimen collection techniques consist - task without the help of numerous volunteers (Acorn ed of pitfall trapping, sweep netting, foliage beating, 2017). 2 aspiration, Berlese funnel extraction, and hand collect - PEI, which is approximately 5660 km in area and ing. In total, 29 collectors (20 of whom were previously lies on the east coast of Canada in the Gulf of St. Law - associated with Nature PEI) from across PEI contri- rence, is the smallest and most densely populated prov - buted specimens. ince (Statistics Canada 2016). Approximately 14 km of water separates PEI from the mainland (New Bruns - Adult spiders were identified to species level by wick and Nova Scotia), and the adjacent ocean heavily J.J.B., data-labelled, and stored in 80% ethanol in influences the temperate climate. PEI generally has screw-cap vials with polyseal caps. A database of all warmer winters and cooler summers than the nearby specimens examined was created using Excel (Mic - mainland, with average annual temperatures for January rosoft, Corp., Redmond, Washington, USA) and main - and July (1981–2010) of −7 ± 2.3°C (mean ± SD) and tained by Nature PEI. Additional older specimens (<50) 19 ± 1.2°C, respectively (ECCC 2017). In winter, PEI were supplied by the University of Prince Edward Is - is surrounded by sea-ice that contributes to long, cool land (UPEI) from beach collections and some sampling springs, while warming of the shallow Gulf of St. Law - of other habitats, and are included in the Nature PEI rence in summer results in lengthy, mild autumns. survey. Specimens, excluding the UPEI beach speci - About 75% of the land is under 45 m elevation (Loo mens, have been deposited in the New Brunswick Mu - and Ives 2003). The province is over 90% privately seum in Saint John, New Brunswick (accession num - owned (Statistics Canada 2016) and has a long history bers: NBM-010790 to NBM-011349). of land alteration and disturbance (Loo and Ives 2003; We compiled the list of species documented previ - Sobey and Glen 2004). Most of the original Acadian ously (i.e., Dondale and Redner 1978, 1982, 1990; Plat - Forest was cleared for agriculture by European settlers nick and Dondale 1992; Dondale et al. 2003; Paquin et beginning in 1723, and, by 1900, an estimated 70% of al. 2010) and, more recently by the CBG’s DNA bar - the island was cleared (Loo and Ives 2003). Regener - coding initiative (Blagoev et al. 2016) and CESCC ated forest on former agricultural land and remaining (2016). We also searched (directly or via personal com - fragments of original forest show a high degree of dis - munication) the Canadian National Collection of In - turbance (Loo and Ives 2003; Sobey and Glen 2004). Forests currently make up 44% of the total area, active sects, and Nematodes, New Brunswick Mu - agriculture 38%, abandoned farmland 4%, while wet - seum, Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, UPEI, lands (6%) and coastal sand dunes (1%) are relatively and Agriculture Canada collections in Charlottetown, rare habitats (Statistics Canada 2016). but these yielded no additional records. Recently, a DNA barcoding project conducted by the The CBG project used hand collecting, sieving, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (CBG) increased the sweep netting, and trapping (Malaise, pan, pitfall, sticky) number of spider species known from PEI to 82 (Bla - techniques at various sites along the trails of Prince Ed - goev et al. 2016). Most of the new records were pro - ward Island National Park, and one specimen was col - duced after the data compilation that resulted in the lected in Miscouche (Figure 1). 332 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

FIGurE 1. Spider collection sites on Prince Edward Island, Canada, in association with the efforts by the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (CBG) and Nature PEI’s citizen scientist campaign (NPE).

Nomenclature, specimen identification, habitat and Results locality data Before the CBG and Nature PEI activities, our liter - Nomenclature follows the World Spider Catalog ature, online, and museum searches yielded six other (2017); species are listed by family in alphabetical species records bringing the total to 44 species (Bla - order. J.J.B. used various identification guides (e.g., goev et al. 2016). More recent efforts by the CBG Dondale and Redner 1978, 1990; Platnick and Dondale (G.A.B. unpubl. data) have added a further 69 new spe - 1992; Dondale et al . 2003; Paquin and Dupérré 2003) cies many of which overlapped with the citizen science and primary literature (e.g., Millidge 1983) to identify initiative reported here. The Nature PEI effort yielded species and their preferred habitats. Specimens collect - 130 species from 737 adult specimens (over 4300 ed by the CBG were identified by G.A.B. using DNA specimens collected in total). Barcode data recovered barcoding and comparative morphology. Specimen data 82 species from Prince Edward Island National Park, of and photographs of barcoded specimens are available which 46 were new records for PEI. The complete list at the Barcode of Life Data System website ( www.bold of spiders known to occur in PEI now comprises 198 systems.org ; Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007). species representing 20 families. 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 333

Some records, especially among the 44 known Habitat: Gardens, fields, and open forest, common before Blagoev et al. (2016), have not been confirmed around human dwellings through barcoding or Nature PEI’s initiative. These Data source: CBG, NPE include Starbellied Orbweaver ( acanthepeira stellata (Walckenaer)), Sickle Big-headed Money Spider ( Bary - montanus (Emerton, 1890) Nearctic phyma trifrons (O. Pickard-Cambridge)), Autumn Mon - Northern Spurred Woodland Spider ey Spider ( autumnalis Emerton), Maritime Pat - Prince: Augustine Cove terned Money Spider ( maritima Emerton), Habitat: Litter of mixed coniferous forest; under bark; Saxatile Thin-Legged ( saxatilis in crevices between rocks (Hentz)), Common Pirate Wolf Spider ( Pirata pirati - Data source: NPE cus (Clerck)), and Punctate False Black Widow Spider (Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer)). tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1758) Palearctic Nearly 10% (19 species) of the new records are non- Barn Funnelweaver (introduced) native species. In comparison, only about 5% of all spi - Prince: North Tryon; Queens: Charlottetown, der species recorded in Canada are introduced (Paquin St. Catherines; Kings: Summerville et al . 2010; R.B. unpubl. data). Some of PEI’s intro - Habitat: Cool, dark, humid areas such as basements duced species—e.g ., Cross Orbweaver ( dia - and sheds dematus Clerck), Zebra ( Salticus Data source: NPE scenicus (Clerck)) , Long-bodied Cellar Spider ( Phol - cus phalangioides (Fuesslin)), and Barn Funnelweaver (2 species) (tegenaria domestica (Clerck))—are cosmopolitan and bennetti (Blackwall, 1846) Nearctic synanthropic. None of the species recorded in this Eastern Laceweaver checklist is endemic to PEI. Kings: Greenwich Annotated list of species Habitat: Litter of mixed coniferous forest; under Species are organized alphabetically by family, gen - (shoreside) stones era, and species. Data sources for physical specimens Data source: CBG are indicated by NPE (Nature PEI), CBG (Centre for Biodviersity Genomics), or CNC (Canadian National Cybaeopsis euopla (Bishop & Crosby, 1935) Nearctic Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes), with Common Spined Laceweaver the NPE records solely due to NPE citizen scientist Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Launching effort; otherwise literature records are indicated by Habitat: Litter of mixed coniferous forest reference (e.g., Dondale et al. 2003). Counties are indi - Data source: CBG, NPE cated in bold followed by specific collection localities. Original 44 species (before NPE or CBG, i.e., 2015) are indicated as *. Probable records (R.B. pers. obs., can - ARANEIDAE (22 species) not locate record) are indicated as † but not included in *acanthepeira stellata (Walckenaer, 1805) totals. Common names are from CESCC (2016). If the Starbellied Orbweaver Nearctic species is introduced, the origin is indicated; if native, Unknown collection locality the global range is stated (World Spider Catelog 2018). Habitat: Deciduous trees and shrubs, in forage crops, and in tall grass and weeds Data source : Dondale et al. 2003 (4 species) agelenopsis potteri (Blackwall, 1846) Nearctic araneus corticarius (Emerton, 1884) Nearctic Common Grass Funnelweaver Humped Bog Orbweaver Prince: Augustine Cove, Central Kildare, St. Nicholas, Prince: Portage; Queens: Marshfield; Kings: Norway; Queens: Bonshaw, Cavendish; Charlotte - Launching town, Dalvay, Marshfield St. Catherines, Orwell Cove; Habitat: Bogs and swamps Kings: Abney, Brudenell, Cherry Island; Savage Har - Data source: NPE bour, Summerville Habitat: Gardens, fields, and open forest, common araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 Palearctic around human dwellings Cross Orbweaver (introduced) Data source: CBG, NPE Prince: North Tryon; Queens: Bonshaw, Cavendish, Charlottetown, St. Catherines, Donagh; Kings: George - agelenopsis utahana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933) town Royalty, Summerville, Launching, High Bank, Northern Grass Funnelweaver Nearctic Thomas Island, West St. Peters Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Brookvale, Habitat: Widespread, particularly common around Charlottetown, Dalvay, Donagh, Wood Islands; human-made structures and gardens Kings: Brudenell, Forest Hill, Launching Data source: CBG, NPE 334 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

araneus groenlandicola (Strand, 1906) Nearctic Prince: Central Kildare, North Cape, Norway, Northern Bog Orbweaver St. Nicholas; Queens: Blooming Point, Cavendish, Queens: Blooming Point Charlottetown, Donagh, Grandview; Kings: Habitat: Bogs, low shrubs, stunted trees Summerville, West St. Peters Data source: NPE Habitat: Open areas e.g., gardens, meadows, old fields, shrubs, tall grasses *araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1758 Holarctic Data source: CBG, NPE Marbled Orbweaver Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772) Holarctic Prince: Central Kildare, Freeland, North Tryon; Common Trashline Orbweaver Queens: Donagh, Glenfinnan, Marshfield; Kings: Launching Prince: Augustine Cove; Queens: Cavendish, Habitat: Tall grasses/shrubs in marshes, sometimes Dalvay moist open forest areas Habitat: Shrubs and trees, mixed coniferous forest Data source: Dondale et al . 2003, NPE Data source: CBG, NPE araneus nordmanni (Thorell, 1870) Holarctic eustala cepina (Walckenaer, 1841) Nearctic Normann’s Orbweaver Riparian Duncecap Orbweaver Queens: Bonshaw, Cavendish, Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich Kings: Brudenell, Summerville Habitat: Grassland, marshes, dune plants, roadside Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest; trees and tall shrubs weeds, and garden crops near forest Data source: CBG Data source: CBG, NPE eustala emertoni (Banks, 1904) Nearctic *araneus saevus (L. Koch, 1872) Holarctic no common name Common Orbweaver Queens: Dalvay Queens: Bonshaw Habitat: Fields, open forests, and marshes Habitat: Trunks and lower branches of trees, Data source: CBG mixed coniferous forest Data source: Dondale et al . 2003, NPE eustala rosae Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 Nearctic no common name araneus trifolium (Hentz, 1847) Nearctic Queens: Dalvay Shamrock Orbweaver Habitat: Fields, open forests, and marshes Queens: Blooming Point, Dalvay, Donagh; Data source: CBG Kings: Greenwich, High Bank, Launching, Summerville, West St. Peters * pygmaea (Sundevall, 1831) Holarctic Habitat: Tall shrubs and herbs Common Dark-eyed Orbweaver Data source: CBG, NPE Queens: Blooming Point, Covehead; Kings: Green - wich *araniella displicata (Hentz, 1847) Holarctic Habitat: Wet meadows, shrubs and herbs of forest Six-spotted Yellow Orbweaver edges and roadsides Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich, Data source: Dondale et al. 2003, CBG, NPE New Perth, Summerville Habitat: Shrubs and herbs, deciduous trees, sometimes Hypsosinga rubens (Hentz, 1847) Nearctic in conifers Forest Dark-eyed Orbweaver Data source: Dondale et al . 2003, CBG, NPE Kings: Head of Cardigan Habitat: Shrubs and herbs in forests, leaf litter and *argiope aurantia Lucas, 1833 Nearctic loose bark Yellow Garden Orbweaver Data source: NPE Queens: Cavendish, Charlottetown, Donagh, Orwell Cove; Kings: St. Catherines, Summerville *larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1758) Holarctic Habitat: Open areas e.g., gardens, meadows, old fields, Furrow Orbweaver shrubs, tall grasses Prince: North Tryon, Coleman, Norway; Queens: Data source: CBG, NPE Bonshaw, Brookvale, Cavendish, Covehead, Dalvay, Donagh, Kellys Cross; Kings: Forest Hill, Head of *argiope trifasciata (Forsskål, 1775) Nearctic Cardigan, Milltown Cross, Savage Harbour, Sum - Banded Garden Orbweaver merville 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 335

Habitat: Common on human-made structures (e.g., Habitat: Litter from meadows, forest edges, litter fences, buildings), hedges, and shrubs from spruce-fir forests, herbaceous vegetation in Data source: CBG, NPE bogs/swamps Data source: CBG, NPE larinioides patagiatus (Clerck, 1758) Holarctic Ornamental Orbweaver * canadensis Emerton, 1890 Nearctic Queens: Dalvay Canada Harpoon Habitat: Common on human-made structures (e.g., Prince: Norway; Queens: Bonshaw, Brackley fences, buildings), hedges, and shrubs, particularly Beach, Cavendish, Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich, Sav - near coniferous forest age Harbour, Woodville Mills Data source: CBG Habitat: Trees and shrubs, under loose bark, under stones, in leaf litter and moss Mangora placida (Hentz, 1847) Nearctic Data source: Dondale and Redner 1982, CBG, NPE Tuft-legged Orbweaver Queens: Brackley Beach, Cavendish, Kings: Head Clubiona johnsoni Gertsch, 1941 Nearctic of Cardigan Johnson’s Sac Spider Habitat: Undergrowth of deciduous forests, but may Queens: Brackley Beach, Covehead also be found in tall grass Habitat: On the ground of meadows, bogs, and Data source: CBG, NPE forests, and from shrubs and beach litter Data source: CBG *Neoscona arabesca (Walckenaer, 1841) Nearctic Arabesque Orbweaver Gertsch, 1941 Nearctic Prince: Augustine Cove, Central Kildare; Queens: Kaston’s Sac Spider Blooming Point, Bonshaw, Covehead, Dalvay, Glen - Queens: Covehead finnan, Lake Verde, Marshfield, Mount Albion, Habitat: Forest litter, on beaches and sand dunes, or South Melville, Wood Islands; Kings: Abney, Cor - on bogs raville, Forest Hill, Greenwich, High Bank, Launch - Data source: CBG ing, Little Sands, New Perth, Savage Harbour, St. Peters Harbour, Summerville Habitat: Tall weeds and grasses Clubiona kiowa Gertsch, 1941 Nearctic Data source: Dondale et al. 2003, CBG, NPE Kiowa Sac Spider Queens: Covehead *Zygiella atrica (C.L. Koch, 1845) Palearctic Habitat: Plant litter in marshes Red-sided Sector Spider (introduced) Data source: CBG Prince: Norway, North Tryon; Queens: Cavendish, Charlottetown, Covehead, Bonshaw, Donagh; Banks, 1896 Holarctic Kings: Brudenell, Greenwich, Head of Cardigan, Mournful Sac Spider Launching, Savage Harbour, St. Catherines, Sum - Queens: Dalvay merville Habitat: Branches of trees, under loose bark, in hay - Habitat: Heath plants and boulders along coastlines, fields also on human-made structures (e.g., fences, barns, Data source: CBG windows) Data source : Dondale et al. 2003, CBG, NPE Strand, 1900 Holarctic Norway Harpoon Sac Spider CLUBIONIDAE (13 species) Prince: Norway; Queens: Covehead Koch, 1866 Nearctic Habitat: In sphagnum bogs, beach grasses, and salt Abbot’s Sac Spider marshes, on buildings, rocky lake shores, at the mar - Queens: Brackley Beach, Covehead, Dalvay; gins of prairie sloughs, occasionally in foliage Kings: Summerville Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: Litter of forests and meadows, under stones, in bogs/wetlands Hentz, 1847 Nearctic Data source: CBG, NPE Trilobed Sac Spider Queens: Cavendish Clubiona bryantae Gertsch, 1941 Nearctic Habitat: Low-growing shrubs in deciduous forests, Bryant’s Sac Spider on trunks, and in tall grasses Queens: Covehead; Kings: Corraville Data source: CBG 336 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

Clubiona pallidula (Clerck, 1757) Palearctic volucripes Keyserling, 1881 Nearctic European Sac Spider (introduced) Truncated Thread Meshweaver Queens: Cavendish Prince: North Cape, Norway; Queens: Brackley Habitat: On shrubs, herbs, under bark Beach Data source: CBG Habitat: Shrubs and vegetation in open fields, poten - tially forest clearings Clubiona quebecana Dondale & Redner, 1976 Data source: CBG, NPE Quebec Sac Spider Nearctic Queens: Dalvay emblyna annulipes (Blackwall, 1846) Holarctic Habitat: Trunks and larger branches of deciduous Common Ribbon Meshweaver trees such as oaks Prince: West Point; Queens: Dalvay Data source: CBG Habitat: Mixed forest litter, on low vegetation and trees Data source: CBG, NPE * L. Koch, 1866 Holarctic Riparian Sac Spider emblyna manitoba (Ivie, 1947) Nearctic Prince: Coleman; Queens: Blooming Point, Char - Manitoba Ribbon Meshweaver lottetown; Kings: St. Catherines, Summerville Queens: Covehead Habitat: In tall grass in marshes and near sloughs Habitat: Mixed forest, low vegetation and lakes, mixed forest on the ground Data source: CBG Data source: Dondale and Redner 1982, NPE emblyna phylax (Gertsch & Ivie, 1936) Nearctic C.L. Koch, 1843 Holarctic Grooved Ribbon Meshweaver Conifer Sac Spider Queens: Bonshaw; Kings: Greenwich Queens: Marshfield; Kings: Launching, Savage Habitat: Mixed forest, litter, and low vegetation Harbour, St. Catherines, Thomas Island Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: Spruce, fir, and pine foliage, sphagnum bogs, low deciduous shrubs, and loose bark, stones, emblyna sublata (Hentz, 1850) Nearctic and leaf litter in mixed forests Wide Ribbon Meshweaver Data source: NPE Kings: Summerville, Head of Cardigan Habitat: Vegetation in fields, shrubs, apple orchards (9 species) on trees *argenna obesa Emerton, 1911 Nearctic Data source: NPE Short-eared Meshweaver Queens: Covehead, Cavendish GNAPHOSIDAE (4 species) Habitat: Wetland, river banks, moist forest clearings *Gnaphosa parvula Banks, 1896 Nearctic Data source: CBG Slender Kings: Corraville Cicurina brevis (Emerton, 1890) Nearctic Habitat: Under stones, boards, and beach debris, in Small-eared Meshweaver meadows and bogs Queens: Brackley Beach; Kings: Launching, Green - Data source: Platnick and Dondale 1992 , NPE wich Habitat: Mostly in forest, but also fields under rocks *Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz, 1832 Nearctic and in rotten logs, in litter Parson Ground Spider Data source: CBG, NPE Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Summerville Habitat: In buildings and under logs and stones, but Dictyna bostoniensis Emerton, 1888 Nearctic also associated with deciduous trees, pine, and pitch - Boston Thread Meshweaver er plants Queens: Covehead Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: Mixed forest; shrubs and herbs Data source: CBG Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) Holarctic Iridescent Antmimic Ground Spider Dictyna brevitarsa Emerton, 1915 Nearctic Queens: Donagh Short-heeled Thread Meshweaver Habitat: Fields, meadows, deciduous and mixed Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich forests, bogs, and fens; on beaches and salt marshes; Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest; shrubs and herbs and in buildings Data source: CBG Data source: NPE 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 337

*Zelotes fratris Chamberlin, 1920 Holarctic *Baryphyma trifrons (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1863) Common Preening Ground Spider Sickle Big-headed Money Spider Holarctic Queens: Covehead, Dalvay, Marshfield, Savage Har - Locality unavailable bour Habitat: Low shrubs and litter, damp habitats Habitat: In litter of deciduous and coniferous forest, Data source: Unavailable orchards, meadows, and in salt- and freshwater marshes Bathyphantes canadensis (Emerton, 1882) Data source: Platnick and Dondale 1992, CBG, NPE Canada Shield Sheetweaver Holarctic Prince: Central Kildare HAHNIIDAE (4 species) Habitat: Mixed forest litter antistea brunnea (Emerton, 1909) Nearctic Data source: NPE Brown Comb-tailed Spider Centromerus denticulatus (Emerton, 1909) Nearctic Kings: Launching, New Zealand Toothy Spurred Sheetweaver Habitat: Wet areas in mixed forest Data source: NPE Queens: Dalvay Habitat: Mixed forest litter Cryphoeca montana Emerton, 1909 Nearctic Data source: CBG Mountain Comb-tailed Spider Centromerus persolutus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) Queens: Dalvay Thin-faced Spurred Sheetweaver Nearctic Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest; under bark; shrubs Data source: CBG Queens: Dalvay Habitat: Mixed forest litter Neoantistea gosiuta Gertsch, 1934 Nearctic Data source: CBG Goshute Comb-tailed Spider Centromerus sylvaticus (Blackwall, 1841) Holarctic Queens: Dalvay Common Spurred Sheetweaver Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Data source: CBG Kings: Greenwich Habitat: Mixed forest litter Neoantistea magna (Keyserling, 1887) Nearctic Data source: CBG Thick-hooked Comb-tailed Spider bulbosus (Emerton, 1882) Holarctic Queens: Bonshaw, Dalvay; Kings: New Zealand Hump-eyed Armoured Money Spider Habitat: Mixed coniferous woods; back of beaches; bogs. Queens: Bonshaw Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: Mixed forest, grass, and litter Data source: NPE

LINYPHIIDAE (55 species) Ceraticelus emertoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) agyneta fabra (Keyserling, 1886) Nearctic Emerton’s Armoured Money Spider Nearctic Double-knobbed Short-legged Sheetweaver Kings: St. Catherines Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay Habitat: Crop fields, coastal grasslands Habitat: Mixed forest litter Data source: NPE Data source: CBG Ceraticelus fissiceps (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) agyneta unimaculata (Banks, 1892) Nearctic Bicolored Armoured Money Spider Nearctic One-spotted Short-legged Sheetweaver Prince: Augustine Cove, Central Kildare; Queens: Queens: Brackley Beach Bonshaw, Charlottetown; Kings: Forest Hill, Kings - Habitat: Mixed forest litter boro, Launching, Lorne Valley Data source: CBG Habitat: Mixed forest litter and low shrubs Data source: NPE allomengea dentisetis (Grube, 1861) Holarctic Toothed Tuft-horned Sheetweaver (Banks, 1892) Nearctic Prince/Queens: Malpeque Bay Broad Armoured Money Spider Habitat: Coastal barrens and near ponds on Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay ground/low vegetation Habitat: Mixed forest litter and low shrubs Data source: CNC Data source: CBG 338 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

Ceratinella brunnea Emerton, 1882 Nearctic *erigone autumnalis Emerton, 1882 Holarctic Brown Waxed Money Spider Autumn Money Spider Queens: Bonshaw, Cavendish, Dalvay, Kellys Locality unavailable Cross; Kings: Greenwich, New Zealand Habitat: Fields Habitat: Mixed forest and adjacent grasslands, low Data source: Unavailable shrubs Data source: CBG, NPE erigone blaesa Crosby & Bishop, 1928 Nearctic Faltering Money Spider nigriceps Emerton, 1882 Nearctic Queens: Cavendish; Kings: Cherry Island Stump-armed Arboreal Money Spider Habitat: Litter near fresh and saltwater Queens: Kellys Cross; Kings: Cardigan, Kingsboro, beaches/shores, sand dunes Launching, Summerville Data source: NPE Habitat: Mixed forest Data source: NPE *erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) Palearctic Toothed-palped Money Spider (introduced) Collinsia plumosa (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic Kings: Head of Cardigan, Summerville Feathered Money Spider Habitat: Coastal barrens, mixed forest, gardens Data source: NPE Queens: Dalvay; Kings: East Lake, Greenwich Habitat: Mixed forest, low bushes and ground *Grammonota angusta Dondale, 1959 Nearctic Data source: CBG, NPE Slender Patterned Money Spider Diplocephalus subrostratus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, Prince: Augustine Cove, Miscouche, Norway; 1873) Queens: Bonshaw, Cavendish, Charlottetown, Dal - Common Muppet Money Spider Holarctic vay, Kellys Cross; Kings: Kingsboro, Launching, New Perth, Summerville, Thomas Island Queens: Brackley Beach, Cavendish Habitat: Mixed forest, low vegetation, gardens Habitat: Mixed forest, meadows Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG Grammonota gentilis Banks, 1898 Nearctic *Diplostyla concolor (Wider, 1834) Holarctic Kinsman Patterned Money Spider Long-spined Sheetweaver Prince: Miscouche; Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay; Queens: Brackley Beach, Cavendish, Orwell; Kings: Summerville Kings: Greenwich, Launching, Savage Harbour Habitat: Mixed forest Habitat: Mixed forest, low shrubs and bushes, Data source: CBG, NPE beaches, gardens, cultivated lands Data source: CBG, NPE *Grammonota maritima Emerton, 1925 Nearctic Maritime Patterned Money Spider Drapetisca alteranda Chamberlin, 1909 Nearctic Locality unavailable Northern Long-toothed Sheetweaver Habitat: Coastal barrens Queens: Bonshaw, Dalvay Data source: Unavailable/specimen record unverifi - Habitat: Mixed forest able Data source: CBG, NPE Grammonota pictilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) erigone aletris Crosby & Bishop, 1928 Holarctic Painted Patterned Money Spider Nearctic Common Money Spider Queens: Brackley Beach, Cavendish, Dalvay Prince: North Tryon; Queens: Cavendish, Charlot - Habitat: Coniferous foliage tetown; Kings: Greenwich, Kingsboro Data source: CBG Habitat: Mixed forest, bogs, litter, stones and low herbs near beaches Grammonota vittata Barrows, 1919 Nearctic Data source: CBG, NPE Banded Patterned Money Spider Queens: Glenfinnan erigone arctica (White, 1852) Holarctic Habitat: Low vegetation, especially near bogs Circumpolar Money Spider Data source: NPE Prince: Miscouche Habitat: Moist open habitats e.g., heathlands Hypomma marxi (Keyserling, 1886) Nearctic Data source: CBG Marx’s Under-eyed Money Spider 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 339

Kings: Lorne Valley Queens: Donagh; Kings: Savage Harbour, Sum - Habitat: Bogs/marshes merville Data source: NPE Habitat: Low vegetation in heathlands, dunes, salt - marshes Hypselistes florens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) Data source: NPE Splendid Money Spider Nearctic Prince: Portage; Queens: Covehead, Dalvay, Microneta viaria (Blackwall, 1841) Holarctic Marshfield, Mount Albion; Kings: Greenwich, Head Roadside Sheetweaver of Cardigan, Launching, New Perth Queens: Dalvay Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Habitat: Mixed forest Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG

†Improphantes complicatus (Emerton, 1882) Holarctic Neriene clathrata (Sundevall, 1830) Holarctic Folded Sheetweaver Latticed Dome Sheetweaver Common in surrounding provinces Queens: Brackley Beach; Kings: Summerville Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, coastal barrens Habitat: Mixed forest, meadows, shrubs Data source: Unavailable Data source: CBG, NPE

Kaestneria pullata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1863) Neriene montana (Clerck, 1757) Palearctic Dark Sheetweaver Holarctic Old World Dome Sheetweaver (introduced) Prince: Portage; Queens: Dalvay Queens: Cavendish Habitat: Shrubs and herbs in and near mixed forest Habitat: Low vegetation and shrubs in mixed forest Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG lepthyphantes alpinus (Emerton, 1882) Holarctic Neriene radiata (Walckenaer, 1841) Holarctic Alpine Fine Sheetweaver Filmy Dome Sheetweaver Queens: Dalvay Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Forest Hill Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Habitat: Shrubs and tree foliage in mixed forest Data source: CBG Data source: CBG, NPE lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert, 1865) Palearctic Oreonetides rotundus (Emerton, 1913) Nearctic Household Fine Sheetweaver (introduced) Rounded Sheetweaver Queens: St. Catherines Queens: Kellys Cross Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, buildings Habitat: Bogs and similar moist habitats Data source: NPE Data source: NPE lepthyphantes turbatrix (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877) Phlattothrata flagellata (Emerton, 1911) Nearctic Disruptive Fine Sheetweaver Nearctic Whipped Blahblah Money Spider Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay, Kellys Cross Habitat: Mixed forest, stones near beaches Habitat: Low foliage and litter of mixed forest Data source: CBG Data source: CBG, NPE

Mermessus trilobatus (Emerton, 1882) Holarctic Pityohyphantes costatus (Hentz, 1850) Nearctic Common Harvester Money Spider Common Hammock Sheetweaver Queens: Covehead, Donagh Kings: Launching Habitat: Mixed forest, coastal barrens Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: NPE

Mermessus undulatus (Emerton, 1914) Nearctic Pocadicnemis americana Millidge, 1976 Nearctic Undulating Harvester Money Spider American Hairy-legged Money Spider Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Corraville Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich Habitat: Mixed forest, coastal barrens Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest litter Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG

Microlinyphia pusilla (Sundevall, 1830) Holarctic Poeciloneta calcaratus (Emerton, 1909) Nearctic Lesser Platform Sheetweaver Spurred Variegated Sheetweaver 340 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

Prince: Augustine Cove; Queens: Bonshaw, Dal - Queens: Charlottetown, Dalvay, Kellys Cross; vay; Kings: Launching Kings: Launching Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest litter, beach and Habitat: Mixed forest or shrub litter shrub litter Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG, NPE pinocchio (Kaston, 1945) Nearctic Porrhomma terrestre (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic Pinocchio Erudite Money Spider Terrestrial Wide-eyed Sheetweaver Queens: Dalvay Queens: Covehead Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Data source: CBG Data source: CBG (1 species) Sciastes truncatus (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic agroeca ornata Banks, 1892 Nearctic Short-armed Money Spider Ornated Spiny-legged Spider Queens: Dalvay Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Dalvay; Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, understorey, and Kings: Greenwich, Launching litter Habitat: Ground litter or decaying logs in mixed Data source: CBG forests, and on the ground in pastures, meadows, marshes, sphagnum bogs, mosses, and lichens (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic Data source: CBG, NPE Blemish Money Spider Queens: Dalvay LYCOSIDAE (12 species) Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, especially on alopecosa aculeata Charitonov 1931 Holarctic ground in mosses Pointed Wolf Spider Data source: CBG Prince: North Tryon; Queens: Marshfield Soulgas corticarius (Emerton, 1909) Nearctic Habitat: Sunlit forest glades and shrubby meadows Coathook Money Spider Data source: NPE Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Covehead, Dalvay *arctosa littoralis (Hentz, 1844) Nearctic Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest litter and coastal Shoreline Wolf Spider areas Data source: CBG, NPE Kings: Greenwich, Launching Habitat: Sandy beaches of both fresh- and salt-water Wabasso quaestio (Chamberlin, 1949) Nearctic Data source: Dondale and Redner 1990, NPE Short-tongued Money Spider gulosa (Walckenaer, 1837) Nearctic Kings: Kingsboro Drumming Sword Wolf Spider Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, moist open areas, coastal barrens Kings: Summerville Data source: NPE Habitat: Open deciduous forest Data source: NPE Walckenaeria communis (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic Common Erudite Money Spider Pardosa fuscula (Thorell, 1875) Nearctic Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Corraville, Launching Brown Thin-legged Wolf Spider Habitat: In moss and moist litter in mixed coniferous Kings: Abney, Corraville forest, bogs, pond and lake shores Habitat: Moist habitats, mainly fresh and salt marsh - Data source: CBG, NPE es, bogs, and meadows, occasionally coniferous for - est Walckenaeria exigua Millidge, 1983 Nearctic Data source: NPE Small Horned Erudite Money Spider Queens: Dalvay *Pardosa moesta Banks, 1892 Nearctic Habitat: In moss and moist litter in mixed coniferous Shiny Thin-legged Wolf Spider forest, bogs, shrub areas Queens: Covehead, Brackley Beach; Kings: Abney, Data source: CBG Corraville, Launching, Greenwich Habitat: Meadows, hayfields, marshes, bogs, open Walckenaeria lepida (Kulczyński, 1885) Holarctic forest, and urban lawns Pleasant Erudite Money Spider Data source: Dondale and Redner 1990, CBG, NPE 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 341

*Pardosa saxatilis (Hentz, 1844) Nearctic Philodromus histrio (Latreille, 1819) Holarctic Saxatile Thin-legged Wolf Spider Attractive Running Crab Spider Collection locality not listed in source Kings: Greenwich Habitat: Grassy fields and meadows, but also found Habitat: On sagebrush in the west and on heath in marshes, bogs, deciduous woods, and sandy beaches plants, weeds, and tall grasses Data source: Dondale and Redner 1990 Data source: CBG

Pardosa xerampelina (Keyserling, 1877) Nearctic Philodromus oneida Levi, 1951 Nearctic Ubiquitous Thin-legged Wolf Spider Oneida Running Crab Spider Prince: Central Kildare Queens: Dalvay Habitat: Short grass, among herbs along streams, in Habitat: Foliage of various trees dry stony river beds and lakeshores, in cultivated Data source: CBG fields, along roadsides, in open forests Data source: NPE Philodromus peninsulanus Gertsch, 1934 Nearctic Peninsular Running Crab Spider *Pirata piraticus (Clerck, 1757) Holarctic Queens: Dalvay Common Pirate Wolf Spider Habitat: Openings in mixed coniferous forest Collection locality not listed in source Data source: CBG Habitat: Marshes (fresh and salt), swamps, bogs, and shores of lakes and streams *Philodromus placidus Banks, 1892 Nearctic Data source: Dondale and Redner 1990 Conifer Running Crab Spider Piratula cantralli (Wallace & Exline, 1978) Nearctic Kings: Launching Cantrall’s Pirate Wolf Spider Habitat: Foliage of conifers Data source: Dondale and Redner 1978, NPE Queens: Glenfinnan, Dalvay; Kings: Corraville Habitat: Marshes Philodromus praelustris Keyserling, 1880 Nearctic Data source: CBG, NPE Resplendant Running Crab Spider Piratula minuta (Emerton, 1885) Nearctic Queens: Brackley Beach, Dalvay; Kings: Head of Small Pirate Wolf Spider Cardigan Queens: Dalvay Habitat: Tree trunks and branches, and on wooden Habitat: Meadows, hayfields, marshes, swamps, fences and buildings and bogs Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG Philodromus rufus Dondale, 1964 Nearctic trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778) Holarctic White-striped Running Crab Spider Eurasian Litter Wolf Spider (introduced) Prince: Augustine Cove, Central Kildare, Norway; Queens: Cavendish, Covehead, Dalvay, Harrington; Queens: Brackley Beach, Cavendish, Covehead, Kings: Savage Harbour, Summerville Dalvay, Marshfield; Kings: Cardigan, Launching, Habitat: Forest, scrub, grasslands, lawns New Perth, Summerville Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: Foliage of coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs *trochosa terricola Thorell, 1856 Holarctic Data source: CBG, NPE Common Litter Wolf Spider Prince: Cap Egmont; Queens: Harrington, Dalvay, thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757) Holarctic Charlottetown Ant Running Crab Spider Habitat: Forest, grasslands, heathlands, under stones Kings: West St. Peters and logs Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, under stones, and Data source: Dondale and Redner 1990, CBG, NPE in grasses and low shrubs in meadows or orchards Data source: NPE (11 species) *Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802) thanatus striatus C.L. Koch, 1845 Holarctic Common Running Crab Spider Holarctic Hairy Running Crab Spider Queens: Covehead, Dalvay, Donagh Queens: Brackley Beach Habitat: On grasses, shrubs, and trees Habitat: Grassland litter and low vegetation Data source: Dondale and Redner 1978, CBG, NPE Data source: CBG 342 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

tibellus maritimus (Menge, 1875) Holarctic shaw, Blooming Point, Dalvay, Charlottetown, Cov - Grooved Running Crab Spider ehead, Marshfield; Kings: Abney, Brudenell, Green - Queens: Brackley Point; Kings: Greenwich wich, Head of Cardigan, Forest Hill, Launching, Habitat: Tall grass Milltown Cross, Savage Harbour, Summerville, West Data source: CBG St. Peters Habitat: On foliage of grasses, herbs, orchards, tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer, 1802) Holarctic deciduous trees, shrubs Slender Running Crab Spider Data source: CBG, NPE Prince: North Cape; Queens: Blooming Point, evarcha hoyi (Peckham & Peckham, 1883) Nearctic Grandview, South Melville; Kings: Head of Cardi - Hoy’s Knobbed Jumping Spider gan, Summerville Habitat: Tall grass Kings: Launching, Forest Hill Data source: NPE Habitat: Shrubs, herbs, grasses, and other low vege - tation Data source: NPE (1 species) Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) Palearctic Neon nelli Peckham & Peckham, 1888 Nearctic Long-bodied Cellar Spider (introduced) Nell’s Tiny Jumping Spider Prince: North Tryon; Queens: Donagh; Kings: Bru - Queens: Cavendish, Brackley Beach, Dalvay denell, Head of Cardigan, Summerville Habitat: Mixed hardwood leaf litter Habitat: In houses and other buildings Data source: CBG Data source: NPE * flavipes (Peckham & Peckham, 1888) (2 species) Big-headed White-cheeked Jumping Spider Nearctic borealis (Emerton, 1911) Nearctic Prince: Norway; Queens: Bonshaw, Charlottetown, Greater Antmimic Corinne Spider Donagh; Kings: Forest Hill, Kingsboro, Launching, Queens: Brackley Beach, Cavendish; Kings: Green - Savage Harbour, Summerville, Thomas Island, wich Woodville Mills Habitat: Leaf litter of coniferous or deciduous forest, Habitat: Mixed coniferous foliage and bark, tall prairies, bogs, swamps, and meadows, on rocky hill - grasses in marshlands and fields sides, and under stones and beach debris Data source: NPE Data source: CBG Pelegrina proterva (Walckenaer, 1837) Nearctic minnetonka (Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1930) Common White-cheeked Jumping Spider Midwestern Antmimic Corinne Spider Nearctic Prince: Central Kildare, Norway; Queens: Kings: Greenwich Cavendish, Bonshaw, Brackley Beach, Dalvay, Don - Habitat: On ground in pastures, meadows, swamps, agh, Kelly’s Cross, Marshfield; Kings: Cape Bear, deciduous forests, under stones Forest Hill, Lorne Valley, Launching, Savage Har - Data source: CBG bour, Summerville Habitat: Woodland understorey Data source: CBG, NPE PISAURIDAE (1 species) *Dolomedes triton (Walckenaer, 1837) Nearctic Phidippus princeps (Peckham & Peckham, 1883) Six-spotted Fishing Spider Sinuous Tufted Jumping Spider Nearctic Queens: Dalvay; Prince: Huntley, Gordon’s Pond, Kings: Summerville MacNeill’s Mills; Queens: Brackley Beach, Habitat: Old fields, goldenrod Cavendish; Kings: Head of Cardigan, Forest Hill Data source: NPE, previous record unverifiable Habitat: At the margins of ponds, lakes, and the qui - (immature Phidippus specimen) et parts of rivers and streams Data source: Knysh and Giberson 2012, CBG, NPE Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757) Palearctic Zebra Jumping Spider (introduced) SALTICIDAE (10 species) Prince: North Tryon; Queens: Brackley Beach, eris militaris (Hentz, 1845) Nearctic Donagh, Winsloe; Kings: Summerville Bronze Jumping Spider Habitat: On and in houses and other buildings, on Prince: Central Kildare, Portage, St. Nicholas, Nor - fences, meadows, and fields way, Coleman; Queens: Avondale, Cavendish, Bon - Data source: CBG, NPE 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 343

*Sittiflor floricola palustris (Peckham & Peckham, Queens: Covehead; Kings: Head of Cardigan, Mill - 1883) town Cross, St. Peters Harbour, Summerville Flower Patterned Jumping Spider Nearctic Habitat: Widespread on shrubs and trees in meadows Prince: West Point, Central Kildare; Queens: Cov - Data source: Dondale et al. 2003, CBG, NPE ehead, Mount Albion, Wheatley River Habitat: Bogs, marshes, fens, and meadows guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, Data source: CBG, NPE 1889 Guatemala Long-jawed Spider Nearctic Synageles venator (Lucas, 1836) Palaearctic Queens: Covehead, Dalvay Palaearctic Antmimic Jumping Spider (introduced) Habitat: Streamside or lakeside shrubs and tall herbs Queens: Charlottetown Data source: CBG Habitat: Sand dunes on the coast, tussocky or scrub *tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz, 1850 Nearctic vegetation close to wet areas Silver Long-jawed Spider Data source: NPE Prince: Kelvin, Miscouche, North Tryon; Queens: *tutelina similis (Banks, 1895) Nearctic Blooming Point, Cavendish, Covehead, Glenfinnan; Thick-spined Jumping Spider Kings: Corraville, Greenwich, St. Peters Harbour, Summerville Kings: Launching Habitat: Fields, roadsides, and crops, near or away Habitat: Grasslands, meadows, and other areas of from water, but also bogs, meadows, and marshes low vegetation Data source: Dondale et al. 2003, CBG, NPE Data source: NPE tetragnatha shoshone Levi, 1981 Holarctic TETRAGNATHIDAE (10 species) Shoshone Long-jawed Spider *Pachygnatha brevis Keyserling, 1884 Nearctic Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich Northeastern Thick Long-jawed Spider Habitat: Tall plants near lakes Queens: Bonshaw, Marshfield; Kings: Forest Hill, Data source: CBG Lorne Valley Habitat: Swamps and salt marshes or plant debris tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841 Nearctic near water Common Long-jawed Spider Data source: Dondale et al. 2003, NPE Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay Habitat: Trees and shrubs near water, but also mixed *tetragnatha caudata Emerton, 1884 Nearctic conifer forest Tailed Long-jawed Spider Data source: CBG Prince: Portage Habitat: Bogs, marshes, and swamps among reeds tetragnatha viridis Walckenaer, 1841 Nearctic and tall grasses Green Long-jawed Spider Data source: Dondale et al. 2003, NPE Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich, St. Peters Har - bour *tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873 Holarctic Habitat: On coniferous trees, namely pine and balsam Uncommon Long-jawed Spider fir Queens: Dalvay Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: On trees and understorey shrubs in mixed coniferous forests, and swamp grasses THERIDIIDAE (27 species) Data source: Dondale et al. 2003, CBG *Canalidion montanum (Emerton, 1882) Holarctic Montane Cobweaver tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841 Nearctic Queens: Dalvay Elongated Long-jawed Spider Habitat: Shrubs and trees in mixed coniferous forest Queens: Blooming Point , Culloden, Dalvay, Glen - Data source: CBG finnan Avondale, South Melville; Kings: Launching Habitat: On branches that overhang streams, espe - Crustulina sticta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1861) cially near forest Common Dimpled Widow Spider Holarctic Data source: CBG, NPE Queens: Covehead Habitat: Among stones and among herbs and litter *tetragnatha extensa (L., 1758) Holarctic near beaches Northern Long-jawed Spider Data source: CBG 344 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

Dipoena nigra (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic Habitat: In houses, sheds, other buildings, some - Common Highbrowed Cobweaver times gardens Kings: Corraville Data source: NPE Habitat: Mixed forest and shrubs Data source: NPE Parasteatoda tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841) Common House Cobweaver South America enoplognatha latimana Hippa & Oksala, 1982 (introduced) Cavernous Long-jawed Cobweaver Palearctic Queens: Charlottetown (introduced) Habitat: In houses, sheds, other buildings, some - times gardens Prince: West Point; Queens: Donagh, Grandview; Data source: NPE Kings: St. Peters Harbour, Summerville Habitat: Fields and field margins; open, dry habitats, Phoroncidia americana (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic low vegetation, and shrubs Hump-backed Cobweaver Data source: NPE Kings: Launching *enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757) Palearctic Habitat: Coniferous tree foliage (e.g., cedar, pine) Polymorphic Long-jawed Cobweaver (introduced) near farms and adjacent fields, sometimes litter Data source: NPE Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Blooming Point, Cavendish, Charlottetown, Dalvay, Donagh, South (Walckenaer, 1802) Palearctic Melville; Kings: Little Sands, Summerville Conifer Cobweaver (introduced) Habitat: Fields and field margins, open habitats, low Queens: Cavendish, Marshfield; Kings: Savage vegetation and shrubs, gardens Harbour Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: Shrubs and tree foliage, gardens, parks, roadsides argentea Emerton, 1882 Holarctic Data source: CBG, NPE Black-headed Triangular Cobweaver Queens: Covehead Robertus riparius (Keyserling, 1886) Nearctic Habitat: Mixed forest litter Bent Immaculate Cobweaver Data source: CBG Kings: Launching, New Zealand Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest litter euryopis funebris (Hentz, 1850) Nearctic Data source: NPE Eastern Triangular Cobweaver Queens: Covehead Rugathodes sexpunctatus (Emerton, 1882) Holarctic Habitat: Mixed forest litter Six-spotted Cobweaver Data source: CBG Queens: Cavendish Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, shrubs, gardens, Neospintharus trigonum (Hentz, 1850) Nearctic parks Horned Parasitic Cobweaver Data source: CBG Queens: Cavendish, Dalvay Habitat: Mixed forest *Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) Holarctic Data source: CBG Punctate False Black Widow Spider Locality unavailable Neottiura bimaculata (L., 1767) Palearctic Habitat: Sandy areas, sparsely vegetated areas, Bimaculated Cobweaver (introduced) rocky ground Queens: Covehead; Kings: Greenwich Data source: Unavailable /specimen record unverifi - Habitat: Low vegetation and bushes, sometimes low able branches of trees, broad habitats Data source: CBG Steatoda bipunctata (L., 1758) Palearctic Eurasian False Black Widow Spider (introduced) Parasteatoda tabulata (Levi, 1980) Palearctic Prince: Traveller’s Rest, North Tryon, Central Kil - Wandering House Cobweaver (introduced) dare; Queens: Charlottetown, Marshfield; Prince: Central Kildare, North Tryon; Queens: Kings: Head of Cardigan, Summerville Charlottetown, Donagh; Kings: Brudenell, Elliot - Habitat: Near human-made structures, e.g., fences, vale, Savage Harbour, Summerville, buildings, houses, sheds West St. Peters Data source: NPE 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 345

differens Emerton, 1882 Nearctic lyrica (Walckenaer, 1841) Holarctic Common Long-legged Cobweaver Lyric Cobweaver Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Brackley Beach, Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Launching Covehead, Marshfield Habitat: Most common in dry, pine-dominated areas, Habitat: Low vegetation in mixed coniferous forest, but also in other coniferous trees and grasslands wetland areas Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG, NPE theridion frondeum Hentz, 1850 Nearctic THERIDIOSOMATIDAE (1 species) Eastern Long-legged Cobweaver gemmosum (L. Koch, 1877) Holarctic Prince: Portage; Queens: Blooming Point, Dalvay, Common Eastern South Melville, Wood Islands; Kings: Summerville Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Greenwich Habitat: Deciduous forest, shrubs and herbs Habitat: Damp areas (e.g., swamps), or wet cliff Data source: CBG, NPE faces and overhanging stream banks, grassy fields with rose bushes, mossy ground in white spruce *theridion glaucescens Becker, 1879 Nearctic stand Large-spined Long-legged Cobweaver Data source: CBG Queens: Dalvay Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, low foliage (8 species) Data source: CBG utahensis (Gertsch, 1932) Nearctic Utah Bark Crab Spider theridion murarium Emerton, 1882 Nearctic Fence Long-legged Cobweaver Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Brackley Beach Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Dalvay; Kings: New Habitat: Under tree bark and in litter of mixed forest Perth Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Data source: CBG, NPE *Misumena vatia (Clerck, 1757) Holarctic Goldenrod Crab Spider theridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802) Holarctic Prince: North Cape, St. Nicholas; Queens: Wetland Long-legged Cobweaver Cavendish, Covehead, Dalvay, Donagh; Kings: Queens: Charlottetown, Dalvay Greenwich, Head of Cardigan, Launching, Sum - Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest merville, West St. Peters Data source: CBG, NPE Habitat: On flowers and foliage of many herbs, shrubs, and deciduous trees in pastures, meadows, theridion varians Hahn, 1833 Palearctic and orchards Eurasian Long-legged Cobweaver (introduced) Data source: CBG, NPE Prince: North Tryon; Queens: Cavendish; Kings: Summerville *Ozyptila distans Dondale & Redner, 1975 Nearctic Habitat: Tree and shrub foliage, fences, grasslands Distant Leaflitter Crab Spider Data source: CBG, NPE Queens: Brackley Beach, Dalvay, Kellys Cross; Kings: Greenwich, Head of Cardigan theridula emertoni Levi, 1954 Nearctic Habitat: Swamps, sphagnum bogs, abandoned fields, Emerton’s Bitubercled Cobweaver and pine litter Queens: Blooming Point Data source: Dondale and Redner 1978, CBG, NPE Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Data source: NPE tmarus angulatus (Walckenaer, 1837) Nearctic Tuberculated Crab Spider thymoites unimaculatus (Emerton, 1882) Nearctic Spotted Cobweaver Kings: Head of Cardigan, Summerville Queens: Covehead; Kings: Canavoy Habitat: Mixed forest and nearby grasslands and Habitat: Fields, mixed coniferous forest, marshes shrub vegetation Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: NPE

Wamba crispulus (Simon, 1895) Nearctic Xysticus canadensis Gertsch, 1934 Holarctic Bayonet Cobweaver Boreal Ground Crab Spider Prince: Central Kildare; Queens: Dalvay Queens: Dalvay Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, grasslands Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest Data source: CBG, NPE Data source: CBG 346 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 132

Xysticus emertoni Keyserling, 1880 Holarctic result in an increased opportunity for studies of spe - Emerton’s Ground Crab Spider cies occurrence, relative abundance, and relationships Kings: Corraville, Summerville (Acorn 2017). In addition, an especially noteworthy Habitat: Fields, meadows, bogs, and herbaceous positive outcome is that more active community en - vegetation gagement in conservation was encouraged and the proj - Data source: NPE ect was widely reported through various media (e.g., CBC News 2016), providing positive feedback for in - Xysticus punctatus Keyserling, 1880 Nearctic volvement in community collection efforts . Punctated Ground Crab Spider Collaboration among experts and citizen scientists Queens: Dalvay; Kings: Savage Harbour in this time of rapid species loss is imperative to help Habitat: On trees and litter of mixed coniferous forest document the diversity and distribution of species on Data source: CBG, NPE earth (Ceballos et al. 2015). It does take effort by pro - fessionals and naturalists to engage and train the public Xysticus triguttatus Keyserling, 1880 Nearctic in such ventures, but fortunately, there are ever-grow - Three-banded Ground Crab Spider ing opportunities for academics and governmental and non-governmental agencies to engage the public and Prince: Central Kildare inform them about how they can contribute to these Habitat: On ground in grasslands, on shrubs and herbs efforts (Bonney et al. 2009, 2014; Prudic et al. 2017). Data source: NPE The citizen science approach also presents some chal lenges; for example, participants tend to sample (1 species) sites familiar to them and the quality of specimens and Hyptiotes gertschi Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 Nearctic associated data submitted can be highly variable. Thus, Gertsch’s Triangle Weaver less than 20% of the over 4300 specimens collected by Kings: Launching the Nature PEI citizen scientists were adults that could Habitat: Mixed coniferous forest, pine stands on trees be positively identified by morphological characteris - Data source: NPE tics. Nonetheless, their efforts yielded about a quarter of the total number of species, with many others overlap - Discussion ping the parallel DNA barcoding. Efforts to conduct We have shown that collaboration among experts faunistic surveys such as these even in a province of and volunteer citizen scientists can contribute effective - this size would be more challenging without contribu - ly to our understanding of the diversity and distribution tions from the public. of species. Broad-scale contributions from the public PEI lies in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with New overcame the logistic difficulties associated with col - Brunswick to its west and south, and Nova Scotia to its lecting specimens from a diverse range of habitats and east and south. Thus, unsurprisingly and similar to oth - geographic locations across PEI. The naturalists en - er species groups, the PEI spider fauna largely repre - gaged, organized, and trained citizens in collection and sents a subset of species found in those adjacent prov - preservation techniques and the experts identified, inces (e.g., Adler et al. 2005; Majka et al. 2008). Many re corded, and prepared voucher specimens. This ap - were likely able to colonize PEI when it was connect - proach is particularly important in efforts to document ed to the mainland some 10 000 years ago (Shaw et al. the current state of biodiversity, including the conser - 2002). However, the proximity of the adjacent main - vation status of species across the globe. land means that many spider species are capable of We have increased the number of spider species colonizing the island via aerial ballooning (Greenstone known to occur on PEI to 198 through the combined 1990) or even via natural rafts, such as floating algae efforts of professional researchers using DNA bar - (Coffin et al. 2017). Humans have likely introduced oth - coding technology and comparative morphology and ers accidentally. Despite PEI’s relatively small human through the help of citizen scientists using traditional population, it is densely populated and is a popular collecting and identification methods. Concerted vol - tourist destination during summer months. unteer effort in combination with novel technology, Some species previously reported from PEI were such as DNA barcoding, have produced a baseline re - not collected during the Nature PEI or CBG studies. cord of spider diversity for the province. This absence could indicate that these species are rare The CBG and Nature PEI studies complemented on PEI, are present in habitats that were not well sur - each other in unforeseen ways. Although the CBG sur - veyed in the two studies (e.g., Pirata piraticus in wet - veyed one protected area intensively, citizen scientists lands), were originally misidentified, or simply no long - surveyed a range of habitat types over a wide geograph - er exist on the island. Although PEI is the smallest ic area, demonstrating that many of the species col - province in Canada, it possesses a diversity of habitat lected within the 27-km 2 national park are distributed types. As with other groups, some spider spe - across the entire province. The increased number of cies are habitat generalists, while others are specialists specimens collected via a citizen science approach can depending on their physiological requirements. In some 2018 BOWDEN et al .: S PIDERS OF PEI 347

cases, narrow physiological requirements dictate that professionals are aided by the collection of data and species distributions may change dramatically across citizens can learn more about local species and their very small spatial scales (e.g., microhabitats; DeVito natural history. We hope that our efforts inspire others et al. 2004). For example, DeVito et al. (2004) found to participate in such collaborative projects and to con - that three species of wolf spider distributed themselves tinue to contribute to social networks and online depos - in proximity to a river corresponding to their desicca - itories dedicated to documenting species (e.g., iNatu - tion thresholds. A high turnover in species across the ralist). Still, professionally led research projects on landscape may mean that some are missed in faunistic biodiversity in PEI would likely yield further records studies. Despite intensive sampling by the CBG, it was and provide a better portrait of species community spatially restricted and focussed on the national park, structure. whereas the efforts by Nature PEI were broad in geo - graphic scope, but much less intensive and often con - Author Contributions sisted of a single collection at a given site. R.C. indicated the need for a study and initiated As is typical for many groups in eastern North Amer - discussion. J.J.B., K.M.K., G.A.B., R.B., and R.C. con - ica, several introduced species are now well established ceptualized the study and methods, J.J.B., G.A.B., and on PEI. The degree to which introduced species may R.B. produced or compiled data. R.C. procured fund - affect native species is not well known, but some evi - ing for the NPE portion of the project. K.M.K., R.C., dence supports the idea that such introductions could C.F.H., and R.W.H. contributed to project administra - lead to competitive exclusion (Houser et al. 2014). tion by supervising and leading the NPE citizen science Some species collected in this project (e.g., Gladi - specimen collection initiative. M.A.A. created the map cosa gulosa ) are otherwise known only from more figure. J.J.B. and R.B. wrote the original draft of the southern localities (e.g., southern Nova Scotia, Quebec, article and undertook revisions. All authors contributed or Ontario) in Canada or in the continental United to revisions and approved the final manuscript. States (Dondale and Redner 1990). PEI lies near the boreal-temperate transition zone and the discovery of Acknowledgements such species could indicate a northward shift in their Work conducted by Nature PEI was supported by range. Because we do not have reliable information the Prince Edward Island Wildlife Conservation Fund, about the past presence of species on the island, it is the Prince Edward Island Department of Community, impossible to know for certain how long this species or Lands and Environment, the Prince Edward Island others have existed there. This is in contrast to species Invasive Species Council, and the University of PEI such as Misumena vatia or Pardosa xerampelina , which faculty of science. We thank all colleagues from the have been collected in all other provinces in Canada Centre for Biodiversity Genomics and, in particular, the and some territories, as well as the Magdalen Islands, in Bioinventory and Collection Unit. We express sincere the case of the latter, but never before doc umented from gratitude to all the volunteers who contributed to this PEI (Dondale and Redner 1978, 1990). project and helped make it successful. Thanks also to The finding that the Linyphiidae was the most spe - Donna Giberson for early discussions and John Klymko ciose group in this collection is typical of other spider of the Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre for lists in Canada (e.g., Dondale et al. 1997; Pickavance help with cataloguing and data labelling. We thank and Dondale 2005), including those from community Cory Sheffield and an anonymous reviewer for their ecology studies (e.g., Buddle 2001). Indeed, the Liny - constructive comments. phiidae is the second most speciose family globally (second to the Salticidae), boasting over 4500 species Literature Cited (World Spider Catalog 2017), but their diversity is Acorn, J.h. 2017. Entomological citizen science in Canada. especially high in northern environments (e.g., Bow - Canadian Entomologist 149: 774–785. https://doi.org/10. 4039/tce.2017.48 den and Buddle 2010). Adler, P., d. Giberson, and l. Purcell. 2005. 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