A Case of Universitas Vilnensis

ISSN 1392–1126. PROBLEMOS 2009 76

Universiteto idėja

The Threefold Step of Academia Europeana: a Case of Universitas Vilnensis

Marius Povilas Šaulauskas Alfredas Bumblauskas Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos istorijos Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos teorijos ir logikos katedra ir kultūros istorijos katedra Department of History of Philosophy and Logic Department of Theory of History and Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius History of Culture Tel. (370 5) 266 76 17; fax (370 5) 266 76 00 Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius El. paštas: [email protected] Tel. (370 5) 268 72 82; Fax (8 5) 268 72 82 El. paštas: alfredas.bumblauskas @ if.vu.lt

The article argues that universitas or Academia Europeana is, first and foremost, a category of value and not an economic, professional or political entity. Axiological structure that unites the university habitat is threefold. It consists of the three clusters of values coming from the different epochs. First, polylogue of the Middle Ages based on the principle of multicentrism and unmediated, face to face sharing of competence. Second, modern statism and scientism founded in the national monocentrism and a combination of mediated, written, and unmediated, verbal, sharing of competence. Third, modern economism and globalism supported by the national monocentrism and the instrumentation of mediated sharing of competence. It has been showed that Vilnius University possesses all three value clusters, while the idea of the millennium of Lithuania serves as an impetus to conceptually recapture the historic experiences of Vilnius University. The article shows that the three value formations of the Academia Europeana in the history of Vilnius University, which is posited as the extreme edge of the European university habitat, underwent an essential, even extreme, radicalization. It has been argued, that sustainable development of university education is unthinkable without the consonant development of all three historically formed clusters of values, the most important of which still continues to be centered around the tradition of classical polylogue – unmediated search for existential values that is carefully passed on from hands to hands and from generation to generation. Keywords: European Universities, Vilnius University, axiology of education, higher education, Bolo- gna process.

1. Axiological structure of Academia intellectual culture has always been and Europeana continues to be the essential intrinsic value It is nearly eight hundred years that the of Western civilization. Lithuania, that is international, i.e. substantially exceeding celebrating its tenth centenary, also felt a the constraints of political conjuncture, full-fledged participant of this civilizational European institute that is second oldest value network for nearly half of its public after the Church, is so far existent. Setting history. Even the commemoration of the up and ensuring the development of the millennium of the mention of the name

9 of Lithuania should be associated with form of medieval glocalization, means the the development of the overall university combination of different socio-cultural, oikoumene – since missionary work of the legal and economic normative practices monkhood is the essential proto-image and embedding the unreduced multiplicity of the even the principle form of the supra-state forms of academic life whereas unmediated universum of the university. And after the sharing of competence – the personified setting up of Vilnius University in 1579 the master-disciple relationship as well as the most important predestinations of Lithu- practice of public oral disputations. ania as the fringe of the academic Europe Institutional paradigm of the classical developed namely under the inspiration and medieval universities is comprised of a accompaniment of Alma Mater care since twofold manner of their establishment – stable independent existence is unthinkable corporative, whereby centers of academic without a viable space of universal self activities spring up “naturally” out of the understanding, which smothers everyday existing professional practices of the civic anxieties. Only a couple of universities society, or legal, whereby all at once a royal th existed in the West in the 12 century while or papal legal act is issued and then the in 1579 – over 120 and today their number space of the academic corporation is being amounts to more than 4000. Nevertheless, expanded. at that time, as well as today, they serve In the both cases, however, the principle as a basis of our civilizational system of of action2, as Montesquieu puts it, remains values – critical self-founding, dubitative the same – that is the universal existential knowing and innovative creation. knowledge. That is a special form of selfless Universitas or Academia Europeana is, search for truth (Gieysztor 2001) proceed- first and foremost, a category of value and ing from the authentic erudition. Here, hic not an economic, professional or political et nunc grip is surmounted – questions are entity. The axiological fabric amalgamating asked critically and there is a thorough de- the academic space, however, fails to be in- liberation of what the meaning of being and discrete and traces of three different epochs the human existence is, how the boundaries are interwoven in its threefold structure. of our knowledge, beauty and good are de- The first, fundamental and at the same lineated, what determines the ontological, time most declining value stratum is the moral and social structure of the universe polylogue of the Middle Ages. Its mo- and how it is accomplished. dus operandi is based on the principle of The second stratum of academic axiology, multicentrism and unmediated sharing of here intensified, here abating, is modern knowledge. Multicentrism1, as a specific

Constitutional Tribunal, according to which it refers to 1 In a sense of coexistence of diverse socio-cul- “coexistence of different legal rules produced by diffe- tural, legal and economic normative practices produced rent law-making bodies and applied by various courts’ by different societal agencies and applied to various structures” (Polish CT K18/04, 11.05.2005). academic bodies; cf.. “multicentrism” as the under- 2 According to Montesquieu, in politics this princi- lying principle of the European legal area (E. Łętowska ple amounts to honour in monarchy, virtue in a Republic 2005). The term has also been adopted by the Polish and fear in a tyranny (Montesquieu 1989).

10 statism and scientism. Dominating modus knowledge that gave birth to magistrorum operandi in this case consists of national et scholarum gilds. monocentrism and the alloy of mediated, However, core principles of academic written, and unmediated, oral, sharing of habitat based on impartiality, honesty and competence. National monocentrism turns international scientific sociality preserved the academic network into the constitu- the moral and existential dimension of ent part of the structure of national states knowledge. Here, the greatest contribution whereas the traditional – unmediated was made by the practice of the unity of oral – form of studies is supplemented by science and studies (Habermas 1986) as the mediated written discourse. The latter well as that of the personalized sharing of turned the then anonymous and as a result the scientific competence. maximum communalized value of knowl- The third, that is gaining greater and edge into the individualized property of greater momentum value stratum of the personal pride (Clark 2006). Paradigmatic Academia Europeana is modern econo- academic patterns of Humboldt and Na- mism and globalism. Its modus operandi poleon (Marga 2008) ousted the medieval is transnational monocentrism and the multicentrism and Montesquieu’s principle instrumentation of the sharing of mediated of action acquired the form of scientistic- competence. Transnational global monocentrism is based on the standardizing uni- étatistic specific knowledge. As in Middle fication of specialized knowledge, process Ages, universities had autonomy, although of study and standards of competence, i.e. somewhat less of it, not because they were it is based on universalizing the average. It completely independent of anything but sets off and legitimizes university educa- because they were parts of the supreme tion as a mass public good, i.e. a good that power structures – at first of the inter-state is de-elitist, exceedingly democratized and ecclesiastical elites and now – of the na- as result unprecedentedly easily accessible. tional political power. Under such conditions that set great store Specialised scientistic-etatistic knowl- by the quantitative parameters of education, edge, which called forth and consolidated the instrumentation of competence sharing the all-encompassing proliferation of the comprises all the forms of de-personalized rapidly contracting fields of knowledge – so interaction: textbooks, task-books, distant called fields of science and the nomencla- learning, individual and independent team ture of research areas – gradually digressed work, telematic consulting, testing and from the universal search for existential grading as well as other mass and even knowledge. Education became not only and machine-made forms of studies and aca- not so much the search for eternal truths and demic interaction. values as for those that resound the needs Here, the norms of the institutional of the present day as well as politicized paradigmatics are conditioned by the projections of the future. Thereby moder- “polytechnization” of the university culture nity dismantled the union of wisdom and (British redbrick movement) and, certainly,

11 imperatives of the Bologna agenda, which 2. Academia Europeana and require quite definitely the consistent Authentic Experiences of Universitas democratization of the whole academic Vilnensis culture. Thus social responsibility, egalitari- Church of Sts. John and Christian anism and projection of transparent public Millennium policy become the criterion of the relevance of the institutional structure of Academia Three phenomena from which the delibera- Europeana. tions related to the experience of Vilnius And Montesquieu’s principle of action University might be commenced: founder turned into the norm of the particularization of Vilnius Baroque school Johann Christoph Glaubitz’s Church of Sts. John (wherein the of professional knowledge – the keynote of given presentation is made), 430th anniver- the skills and competence required to per- sary of Vilnius University and Millennium form a concrete task. “Know how” replaces of Lithuania. both “know why” and “know what”. In As has been mentioned, Lithuania com- modern university there is hardly any space memorates its millennium, and that is left for the search of the universal existential related to the development of the universal truths and values (Graham 2005) – extensive academic oikoumene since its protoim- development of the industry of knowledge age is namely the missionary activities of turns a spoken word into the massives of monkhoods. The idea of the Millennium digitalized databases, whereas the spiritless of Lithuania stems from 1009 when the surplus of information supercedes more mission of St. Brunon Bonifacius discov- and more the authentic worth of truths ered Lithuania. Mission of St. Brunon was and values, which were full-blooded only not random. It was the part of the chain of when passed over from hands to hands in missions directly associated with the idea a direct face to face interaction. Could that of the Millennium of Christian Europe. By possibly mean that this important function the end of the first millennium a millenary in our culture will have to be performed movement was born – Christian missions by the structures that are already present and christening of new countries or their beyond the scope of university network or parts spread throughout the regions of the may be by those that might spring up only would-be Central, Eastern and Northern in the future? Europe. How did those three components of The idea of the Millennium of Christi- the value structure of the historical Aca- anity stems from the Revelation to John in demia Europeana unfold in the history the New Testament. It says (Rev. 20) that of Universitas Vilnensis? What lesson in the course of the whole millennium AD and how can we obtain it in notching the only those “who were beheaded because of trestles of our further academic being and their testimony for Jesus” came to life and by the same token of the prospects of our that “they will be priests of God and Christ civilization? and will reign with him for a thousand

12 years” while the rest of the dead “did not ences of modern, state-serving scientistic come to life until the thousand years were university. Whereas the history of Vilnius ended”. When the thousand years are over, University (as it will be shown, established Satan will be released from his prison and as the 112th university of Europe) exempli- “he will go out to deceive the nations in the fies not only all the three axiological Aca- four corners of the earth” and namely then demia Europeana paradigms but even their the Doomsday will come which will give extreme variants (geographically – always, a possibility to come to eternal life to all typologically – sometimes), which are ex- those who were recorded in the “book of tremely prominent in the soviet times. life”. Do we need clearer references where Usually the history of Vilnius University the missionaries received their motivation is commenced by the sentence “Vilnius from and how the idea of the Millennium University is the oldest university in East- appeared? ern Europe”. This idea was the part of the The church of Sts. John is a monument ideology of the 400 years anniversary in to St. Johns – there are no less than 16 of 1979. Then it was highly impudent and was them here. Among them is the sculpture meant to demonstrate to Moscow and its of St. John the Evangelist, the author of university their proper place, but it failed to the Revelation to John. Thus the church be quite just. Assuming that Eastern Europe of Sts. John is not only a symbol of Uni- is only the USSR, Karaliaučius University versitas Vilnensis. The church of Sts. John and the architechtural ensemble of Vilnius (established in 1544) was forgotten and at University are not only the symbol of the same time it was not explained to what Lithuania in Europe, as is witnessed by region could Prague (1348), Cracow (1395) the reproduction of Vilnius University or Budapest (1395) universities be ascribed. ensemble in the Brussels Mini-Europe Thus Vilnius University was separated from park. The church of Sts. John is also the the history of Academia Europeana and symbol of the European Christian Mil- unduly placed into the league of Eastern lennium. In this way the work of art of Europe, i.e. the league of Russian universi- J.C.Glaubitz becomes the symbol both ties, which started its formation only in the of the Lithuanian Millennium and the 18th century. European Christian culture. Today it may be put in a simple way: according to the time it was set up, Vilnius Statistics of longevity – the search University is the 130th in Europe. How- after authentic experience ever, having rejected the 12 universities There were only a few universities in the that had been closed prior to 1579, that West in the 12th century, in 1579 over 100 were incorporated into other universities and today – over 4000. The majority of or simply disappeared under some vague them, however, were established after 1990. circumstances as well as 6 universities that This means that the greater majority of the failed to start their activities even after their universities, at best, possess the experi- establishment it may be argued that Vilnius

13 Alma Mater was established as the 112th university that was set up in 1386 but never European University3. started its activities, as well as short-lived This should not disappoint the admirers and already closed at that time Pec/Funf of Vilnius University, because in 1579 the kirchen (was in operation in 1367–1400) majority of universities operated in Spain and Bratislava (1465–1492), (hist. Hungary, (25), France (24) and Italy (23). In gen- pres. Slovakia) universities. Then Vilnius eral, the lion’s share of the universities of University was set up as the 7th university in those times was located in the Old or West Central Europe. Even in two later centuries Europe – 103 out of 112. The formation of only a few new universities appeared in the the university oikoumene was taking place given region – in Gratz, Innsbruck and Linz consistently and slowly: in mid 15th century (Austria), Trnovo and Košice (hist. Hunga- there was not a single university even in ry, pres. Slovakia), Zamostje and Lviv (hist. Germany. The first university of Germany Poland), Zagreb and Wroclaw, all of which in Erfurt of 1379 was being set up at the (except Linz and Zamostje) are Jesuit. Thus, time when other European countries already to generalize: Vilnius University is one of had 50 universities. Bearing in mind the fact the oldest in Central Europe. that in 1579 in the Russian East Europe and Longevity has a value only if tradition in the Turkish South-Western Europe there and heritage by themselves are considered to were no universities at all and in North be of any value. And exactly that is doubted Europe only 2 of them (Copenhagen and since the Enlightenment and Humboldtian Upsala), the glance at the Central Europe times. It is since then that two epochs are becomes rather meaningful. Today Great detected in the development of Academia Duchy of Lithuania is more often ascribed Europeana: premodern or medieval and not to the Eastern but to Central Europe. modern or contemporary. The latter most And in this historical region comprising often associated with Napoleon, who was the historical states of Czechia, Hungary, decisive in closing medieval universities, Poland and may be (with great reservation) and Wilhelm von Humboldt. It was mo- Austrian and Prussian states, older than Vil- dernity itself that was targeted to honor in nius University were only Prague, Cracow, modern terms of progressive stance, so the Vienna, Buda universities. In the periods of medieval past was shuffled out completely. Reformation and Catholic Reform when The more so that was imposed on the So- Europe was facing a new surge of the wave ciety of Jesus closed in 1773. The same of founding universities, to this list we measurement is viable even today – some should add only Karaliaučius and Olomouc countries (e.g. Germany) still do their best (Czechia, 1570/1573) universities. not to remember their “Jesuit past”. Suppose we disregard Kulm/Chelmn Nevertheless, universities commemo- (in the German Order, present Poland) rate their old dates. Not long ago, in 1997, Prague commemorated its 650th anniversary th 3 �� A��ll data have been taken from the most compre- and Budapest – its 600 . The same anni- hensive compendium of the history of European univer- versary was marked in Barcelona and this sities. L. Jílek (ed.), Historical Compendium of Euro- pean Universities, Geneva, 19. year in Leipzig.

14 Today Rome and Palermo, Graz and “values based” universities. We may con- Innsbruck, Zagreb, Trnovo and Wroclaw sider such a revision as an expression and declare wholeheartedly about their Jesuit outcome of the persistent threats stemming past. In 2003 Olomouc marked its 430th from the commercialization of nowadays anniversary (the same as we do today) and university. this year our relative in Portugal – Evora – marks its 450th anniversary4. Paradigms of Academia Europeana Although comprehensive historical in the history of Vilnius University studies of European universities are still Vilnius university was set up by the issue critically important for the science of his- of both the special Ruler’s and Pope’s tory5, the widespread understanding based legal acts. It goes without saying that the on the modern-premodern dichotomy need for a university was nurtured in the should be substantially revised by finding society for some time already – its founda- indispensable values in the premodern tion was considerably accelerated by the 6 epoch . Old medieval universities are the confrontation of Reformation and Counter- Reformation. Lithuanian Catholics spared 4 Such 25 universities set up by Jesuits or taken no efforts to forestall the intention of the over for management and 7 more in which Jesuits took over the management only of the faculties of philosophy Protestants to set up a college. That is why and theology may be considered to be the “Jesuit” rela- on the invitation of the bishop Jesuits ap- tives of Vilnius University. 5 See: A.B. Cobban, The Medieval Universities: peared in Vilnius as early as in 1569, funds Their Development and Organisation, London, 1975; were allocated for their college and it was F. De Dainville, L‘education des jésuites (XVI e – XVIII e set up with the aim of restructuring it into siecles), Paris, 1978; History of Universities, vol. 1–3, Avebury – London, 1981–1985; W. Rüegg (Hg.), Ge- the university in the near future. Officially, schichte der Universitäten Europa, Bd. 1: Mittelalter, the college was opened in 1570. Jesuits set München, 1993, Bd. 2: Von der Reformation zur Fran- zösischen Revolution (1500–1800), München, 1996, great tasks to the university that was being Bd. 3: 1800–1945, München, 2004; W. Rüegg, H. de established – to disseminate scholarship and Ridder-Symoens (ed.), A History of the University in Catholicism not only in the Grand Duchy Europe, Volume 2: Universities in Early Modern Eu- rope (1500–1800), Cambridge, 1996; W. E. J. Weber, of Lithuania and the neighbouring coun- Geschichte der europäischen Universität, Stuttgart, tries but also in Scandinavia as well as the 2002; Gesuiti e universitá in Europa (secoli XVI–XVIII), Bologna, 2003. farthermost Eastern countries, even China. 6 Ronald Barnett, Recapturing the Universal in To turn the college into the higher educa- the University, in: Educational Philosophy and Theory, tion institution was not a simple task, lots of Volume 37, Issue 6 , 2005, p. 785–797. See other works of the given author: R. Barnett, The Idea of Higher Edu- funds and a sufficient number of qualified cation, Buckingham, 1990; R. Barnett, Realizing the teachers were necessary, and papal approval University in an Age of Supercomplexity, Buckingam, 1999; R. Barnett, Beyond All Reason: Living with the was also mandatory. In 1577 the approval Ideology in the University, Buckingam, 2003; R. Bar- of Gregory XIII was received. The Ruler’s nett (ed.), Reshaping the University: New Relationships Between Research, Scholarship and Teaching, Buck- support, however, was of paramount impor- ingam, 2004; R. Barnett, and K. Coate, Engaging the tance. On 1 April 1579 the King Stephen Curriculum in Higher Education, Buckingham, 2005; A Batory supporting the idea and efforts of Will to Learn: Being a Student in an Age of Uncertainty, Buckingam, 2007. bishop Valerianus Protasevicius issued the

15 privilege letter of opening Vilnius Academy. Nevertheless, the history of the early On 29 October Pope Gregory XIII issued New Ages Europe civilization and scholar- his bull confirming that Vilnius College was ship is most often considered in terms of granted the status of the university. The new the English industrial revolution and Isaac school was titled Academia et Universitas Newton’s genius. In fact, in contrast to Prot- Vilnensis Societatis Iesu. estant or English Channel countries baroque On its establishment, Vilnius University Europe – Italy, Spain, Portugal, Austria – took over the role so far played by the Cra- lost its civilization position it had possessed cow University. In the 16th–17th centuries it in the Renaissance époque already in the was the easternmost point of the European 17th–18th centuries. However, differentia- university network and belonged to the tion of scholarship and universities showed Jesuit university network down to Gandia through very slowly. At the beginning of in Spain and Evora in Portugal, to Cordoba the modern époque in the second half of in Argentina, Santiago in Chili and Quito in the 16th century and the first half of the 17th Equador7. Vilnius university maintained the century we have Galileo’s and Harvey’s status of not only the easternmost but also Italy, Kepler’s and Brahe’s Central Europe – that of the northernmost Jesuit university and all this puts smooth schemes of regions down to the 18th century in the given Jesuit into disorder and prevents the identification universities network playing the role of the of modernization only with the Protestant outpost against the Orthodox and Lutheran region. Even after Newton – Haller’s, Eu- terrains. The latter aspect seems to bring ler’s and Kant’s Germany (true, Protestant) into prominence the role of Jesuits as the clearly shows that civilisational lag of the opponents of modernity8. non-Protestant areas may not be directly correlated with the advance of science. The 7 See: The map of the Jesuit university network most important issue, however, is that the in Europe: W. Rüegg, H. de Ridder-Symoens (ed.), A History of the university in Europe, Volume 2, p. 104. major part of such an advance in the early It seems that Vilnius University at once took over the New Ages happened basically outside the functions intended for Olomouc University. In the Je- suit university set up in 1570 in the historical capital of universities. That is why the deficit of “great Moravia Collegium Nordicum was established in 1578 names” in Jesuit universities fails to prove to disseminate Catholicism in Eastern Europe and the that Catholic or Protestant universities do North. See: L. Jílek (ed.), Historical Compendium of European Universities, p. 237. abound in them – Newton’s Cambridge is 8 �� Sometimes in this sense “incompetence” of Je- rather an exception than a rule. suits in the fields of law and medicine is stressed – they failed to set up the faculties for the given sciences and Outpost status of Vilnius University if they integrated into the earlier established universities even in the Catholic region may, presum- possessing 4 faculties they were given only the faculties of philosophy and theology (Montpellier, Wien, Würz- ably, enable us to argue that that was a burg, Milano, Trier, Freiburg, Zaragoza). Nevertheless, peripheral university. It should be remem- such categorical conclusion is not quite exact – in 1556 Jesuits took over Ingolstadt University with all 4 faculties (later – Prague and Cervera) already in the 2nd half of 4 faculties. Besides, law faculties in the period of the the 16th century faculties of law and medicine appeared 17th–18th centuries were set up more than in one Jesuit in Pount-á-Mousson and in the 17th century Osnabrück university (Trnovo, Olomouc, Košice, Bamberg, Lviv, and Innsbruck universities will be set up at once with among them also in Vilnius).

16 bered, however, that the system of Jesuit nius University had to be included, at least university studies and scholarship used to until the middle of the 17th century, into the be highly canonical. This means that those group of first hundred European universi- institutions of higher education from Vilnius ties, into which we simply could not have University to Jesuit universities in Portugal escaped being included since at that time no were of the same level. The more so that more universities were available at all (until the academic staff coming from the broad mid 17th century their number increased space of Europe used to be employed at only by 30). Thus, perhaps Vilnius Jesuit Vilnius University: from Spain to Norway, University at that time may be assessed from England to Croatia or Austria. This as the antagonist of modernity, but it goes means that Vilnius Jesuit University had to without saying that its principle of action be typically Catholic, baroque, Latin and, was search after universal existential and perhaps, not very much modern university. selfless knowledge. More than that: as will th But the 17 century witnessed the formation be seen later, this polylogue principle of ac- of the Vilnius schools of logic, rhetoric and tion permeates its later developmental para- poetics that won great acclaim and, what is digms of Academia Europeana as well. the most important, not only in the whole At the end of the 18th century after the Jesuit and not even the Catholic areas. This revocation of the Jesuit Order and in the is witnessed by the publication of the works course of the reforms undertaken by the and their translations in other countries. We Education Commission (considered to be shall adduce only one example. one of the first ministries of education and Martinus Smiglecius (1564–1618), an science in Europe) Vilnius University was outstanding author of the works on polemic, moving in the direction of secularized, theology and economics, won European ac- etatistic, national and the natural sciences claim by his book Logics (Logica selectis university, which can be ascribed to the disputationibus et quaestionibus illustrata, Humboldtian type of modern universities. Ingolstadt, 1618) written in 1586–1587 on In the middle of the 18th century one of the basis of the course delivered at Vilnius the first observatories in Europe, which University. This acclaimed textbook was widely used down to the 19th century and valued not only in the Jesuit schools in leńskiej 1570–1599, Rzym, 1984; t. 2: Rozkwit Akade- France and Sorbonne, but in the Anglican mii Wileńskiej w latach 1600–1650, Rzym, 1983; t. 3: Proby odnowy Akademii Wileńskiej po klęskach Potopu England as well, even in Oxford where it i okres kryzysu, 1655–1730, Rzym, 1987; t. 4: Odrodze- was reprinted three time in 1634, 1638, nia Akademini Wileńskiej 1730–1773, Rzym, 1990. Taip pat žr.: L. Piechnik, „Związki kulturalne dawnej Akade- and 1658. mii Wileńskiej z Zachodem w latach 1570–1773”, in: We do not feel like bothering you with Analecta Cracovensia, 1987, t. 19. ��The role of the Lith- many other abundant examples related to uanian researchers is also important here: R. Plečkaitis, Philosophy of the Period of Feudalism in Lithuania: 9 the spread of Jesuit works . Anyway, Vil- Pholosophy in Lithuanian Schools in the 16th– 18th centuries, Vilnius, 1975; P. Rabikauskas, Vilnaus Academy and Lithuanian Jesuits, ed. L. Jovaiša, Vilnius, 2002; 9 The most important synthesis – L. Piechnik, E. Ulčinaitė, Lithuanian Literature of the Renaissance Dzieje Akademii Wileńskiej, t. 1: Początki Akademii Wi- and Baroque, Vilnius 2001.

17 in the contemporaries’ opinion equaled University – in 1832 Russia closed it as a the famous Greenwich observatory, was source of mutiny. established at Vilnius University. Later, the 19th century and its scientific progress member of Paris and London Royal Societ- passed by outside the walls of closed Vilnius ies Marcin Poczobutt worked in it. At that University and in the 20th century there was time natural sciences scholarship in chemis- hardly any time or possibilities to reclaim try, biology, physiology and medicine were the lost positions. It was natural sciences brought into being. European celebrities of that grew more and more decisive in the natural sciences worked here: George For- development of modern universities. Re- ster, Andzej and Jan Sniadecki, Johannes Pe- established in 1919 it proceeded with its 19th ter Frank and Josef Frank and others. Some century traditions but had very small, if any, more examples: Joachim Lelewel, historian chances to overtake the lost century. of the European scale, rose to his fame here Again, do we know what the position and seemingly all Latin America still re- of Stephen Batory university among other members the graduate of Vilnius University five Polish universities was? This issue the geologist Ignas Domeika, whose name is was little pondered over in the Polish his- given to the towns and mountains. All this toriography. In soviet “people’s” Poland enables us to presume that when in the late this story seemed to have found itself 18th century Europe there were only 200 beyond the lines of any research at all. universities Vilnius University conserved There were some of them in exile10 while its position among the first hundred of them in Poland itself only after the collapse of and somewhere very close to it. communism11. These point to the rise of In fact Vilnius University lost its position solid humanitarian schools. Still, it may only after the blow of 1832. It happened not be said whether they were influential so that the process of the modernization of enough to overstep the borders of Poland universities was correlated with the reforms and the region. True, formation of rather undertaken by the Polish–Lithuanian Com- outstanding schools in the field of sciences monwealth which led to the 3 May 1791 commenced. A well-marked example of that Constitution – the first written Constitution is Antony Zygmund (moreover included in Europe. into Encyclopedia Britannica), who was the Nevertheless, the divisions of the Polish– head of the Department of Mathematics at Lithuanian Commonwealth that followed the Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences. right after it in 1793 and 1795 showed that He rose to fame after his monograph writ- the Commonwealth was an island in the sea of autocracy. On the incorporation of 10 S. Swianiewicz, USB w perspektywie historycznej, Lithuania into Russia Vilnius University in: Zeszyty Historyczne, Paryż, 1981, z. 55, s. 95–106. 11 turned into an exemplary institution for the First of all, the symposium that was organized in Warsaw in 1994 has to be mentioned. Its materials reform of higher education of the Russian were published in: Z dziejów Almae Matris Vilnen- Empire. This, however, failed to do away sis. Księga pamiątkowa ku czci 400-lecia założenia i 75-lecia wskrzeszenia Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego, ed. with the severely extreme status of Vilnius L. Piechnik SJ, K. Puchowski, Kraków, 1996.

18 ten in English Trigonometric Series was the continuation of the work of Moscow published in 1935, wherein the development mathematicians (among whom Andrej Kol- of Fourier series and generalized series is mogorov’s name is best known in the West overviewed. This monograph was reprinted especially by those who were observing the in 1959 in two volumes in Cambridge. development of the soviet scholarship and Both editions of the monograph have been its application during the cold war) by the translated into Russian. After World War II Vilnius school of Jonas Kubilius, as well as professor A. Zygmund became one of the research in semi-conductor and laser phys- most outstanding mathematicians of the ics, biochemistry and medicine? USA. His disciple, a former Vilnius Uni- In the nowadays phase of the Vilnius versity graduate Józef Marcinkiewicz, who University history the third, market-oriented just in six years (1933–1939) out of an MA value paradigm is increasingly predominant. grew into a professor and was considered Now it is not clear any more whether truth to be a true genius, died in Katyn. Physicist by itself and the more so values as such still Henryk Niewodniczańsky also won the retain vital value. Collapse of communism world acclaim and the Cracow Institute of threw Vilnius University into what is some- Nuclear Physics was named after him. Fates times called “wild capitalism”. True, many of all those scholars exemplify that many Lithuanian universities have clearly made things failed to be accomplished in these their market-oriented choice. In contrast, few decades. Vilnius University so far preserves paradig- The more so, that during World War II the matic universality: it withstands the spirit fate of the university was altered radically of market by its glocalized structure, i.e. by once again. After 1944 annexation by the the de facto embedded diversity based on USSR Vilnius University was turned into the the idiosyncrasy of the subdivisions of sci- most radical Napoleonic university subject ence and studies that make up the universal to an alien totalitarian state, its military university itself. There are faculties that are and cosmic industry. One could hardly be directly oriented to the market, there also looking for the ratings of Vilnius University are faculties that continue Humboldtian in the dreary totalitarian era. How can the traditions and there are faculties, trying to weight of those schools be measured when keep alive the “unfashionable” medieval the “iron curtain” eliminated completely polylogic drive for the unrelenting search after selfless truths and existential values. the normal circulation of scientific achieve- ments? The soviet scholarship in some fields Traditions of the Values Based and especially in those important for the University military-industrial complex, may not have been any worse than that of the rest of the The older a university is, the bigger are its world. But do we have any studies assessing stocks of not only symbolical capital but soviet scholarship, the more so pinpointing also of sources for the proper understand- to the comparative weight of Vilnius Uni- ing of its standing. Thus it possesses more versity? Who, when and how will assess authentic experience. On the other hand, it

19 is exactly this experience that enables to the most outstanding pieces of art, such as envisage what does not fit into such historic Petras Repšys’ fresco Seasons of the Year, accumulations and allows to get surprised which in the experts’ opinion is one of the as well as to pose challenging questions five greatest pieces of art of Lithuania of stemming out of that very surprise. all times. It was those anniversaries that In 1992 the autonomy of Vilnius Uni- upheld the meaning and preserved the riches versity was consolidated by the law of the of the Vilnius University Library and the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. It was ensemble of Vilnius University, everything only Vilnius University among other Lithu- that linked the university with the tradition anian institutions of higher education that of the search for existential values. Could was granted the given privilege. Wasn’t that this policy of culture be accounted for the outcome of the fact that there were many without officially declared but preserved academics among the MP’s of that time, inner academic ethos that stems from the which were overburdened by the experi- tradition of the medieval polylogue? Vincas ence of the last two centuries and therefore Mykolaitis-Putinas seems to have said that wished to be decisive in getting rid of the the university masonry still carries on the past Napoleonic-totalitarian extremes? shadows of our ancestors. It is not an easy task to measure the This polylogue impetus is even more weight of academic schools of a totalitarian palpable in the interwar university. At university, although sometimes one may the very moment of its incipiency it was get an impression that at least from the overtly associated with the times of Adam cultural point of view the purely scientific Mickiewicz. True, the universal polylogue mathematical merits of the soviet university was tailored to the Polish national idea, Rector Jonas Kubilius equal the results of but Józef Piłsudsky’s anticommunism his cultural university policy. These cover (especially when you remember that Felix commemoration of the creative works of the Dzerzhinsky studied at the same gymnasia classic of the Lithuanian literature Kristi- for boys that operated within the building jonas Donelaitis; annual promotions of the of Vilnius University) in fact unfolded by poetry called “Springs of Poetry” sheltering the plethora of different political ideas. It the non-conformist and existential poetry of is not for nothing that the Institute of East V. Mykolaitis-Putinas, Tomas Venclova and European Studies set up by the academics Sigitas Geda; disguised under the whacked of Vilnius University is today considered to garments of soviet rhetoric open celebra- be the first institution of sovietology in the tions of the 400-year anniversary of the world. Perchance it is even more important University Library (1969) and 400-year an- that it is this university that raised Czesław niversary of the university itself (1979) – all Miłosz, whose contemplative work amounts these events were a true relief in the boring to the exhaustive anthology devoted to the mist of the dull soviet culture. It was those fate of freedom in the 20th century. anniversaries that granted the possibility to Much in the same way it would be dif- create, even in the absence of Arts Faculty, ficult to make sense of the romanticism

20 and messianism of Vilnius, the European Lithuania. Prayer trips to his grave from scale phenomena which were wrought by Vilnius University were organized already the works of Adam Mickiewicz who main the 18th century, in the 19th century he tured within Vilnius University in the early was beatified and in 1938 canonized.Thus, 19th century. These phenomena cannot be Vilnius University possesses even its own conceived without the May 3 Constitu- saint alongside with St. Casimir who is also tion defended in the uprising of 1794 by straightforwardly related to Lithuania. How the adepts belonging to the community could holiness be weighed in the symbolic of Vilnius University. And what does that capital or minutely calculated in ratings? spirit of revolt, messianism and poetry stem And what about the polemicists who had to from? And wittingly or unwittingly one has sharpen their argumentation surrounded by to admit that it stems from the Jesuit époque the pundits of ten more confessions, which with its missionaries, martyrs, saints, poets is unparalleled number in Europe of those and artists. times? And what about poetry? Mathias Positing Vilnius University as the “east- Casimirus Sarbievius wrote works on rheto- ernmost” is not just formally geographic ric and poetics but earned the greatest fame and it was crystal clear to the Jesuits at the by his poetry, the selected works whereof moment of its establishment. One of them Books of Three Verses (Lyricorum libri tres) wrote at that time: “It should not also be was published in Köln in 1625. Before long forgotten, that we open the door widely to supplemented editions appeared in Vilnius, Muscovy and from it via Tartars we will also Antwerpen, Leiden, Rome, Milano, Dijon, be able to reach China. Besides, Sweden Paris, Wroclaw, Venice, Cambridge, Lon- and Livonia should not be forgotten.” Those don, etc. Only in the 17th century the book ambitions are far from naïve geographically enjoyed 34 editions (while down to the late when we remember the graduate of Vilnius 18th century – over 50), it was translated University Andreas Rudamina who took into English (1646), Polish (1682) and other the ideas of the Jesus Society (true, not languages. It found admirers not only in the via Russia but via Portugal) as far away as Catholic universities but also in the Anglo- China where he was doing his missionary Saxon Oxford. M. C. Sarbievius was titled work in 1626–1634 and produced works on “the last Latin poet” “equaling Horace” ascetism in Chinese. (Horationis par), “Horace of Sarmatia” Perhaps it is the location of the uni- or even “Horatius Christianus”, titled as versity on the fringe of the region which poeta laureates – in fact, after 1625 he was accounts for the breakthrough of the mis- crowned by the Pope. How should his laurel sionary spirit. There was no need to travel wreath be weighed? Is this an evaluation to far-away missions to become a martyr. of the weight of the trend of scholarship or In 1657 Cossacks martyred the graduate of something more? Vilnius University Andreas Bobola, who How shall we weigh J.C. Glaubitz’s was performing missionary work in the baroque, which is directly associated with Orthodox regions of the Grand Duchy of the University and which has become a

21 quintessential part of the beauty values of Vilnius University inform Europe and the the university ensemble? Wasn’t it all that world about? Czesław Miłosz was talking about when he In the opinion of the outstanding German was honored with the Nobel Prize: “It feels historian Werner Conze, Central Europe good to be born in a small country, where finished its formation around 1400. Here he the nature is in line with the man’s scale undoubtedly has in mind the Christianiza- and where in the course of centuries differ- tion of Lithuania. Paraphrasing this point it ent languages and different religions found might be argued that exactly at that time the consonance. I am talking about Lithuania – Catholic or even Europe in general finished the land of myths and poetry. It is a bless- its formation. Suppose we assume that at that ing of the fate to receive such school and time Latin West Europe and Byzantine East university studies that I did in Vilnius – a Europe are already formed regions. Then fantastic city of Italian baroque architecture the Christianization of Lithuania is the end translocated into the Northern woods each of the formation of not only Central Europe, stone whereof contains history.” not only western (or Catholic and Latin) Thus, how could the humanitarian Europe but Christian Europe in general. spirit, inspirations and search for values True, some time had to pass for Lithuania be weighed? Those are inspirations shaped to become an integral part of Europe. Lithu- by the extreme situation, that is the spirit ania, however, did it most abruptly. Already of meanings, freedom and creation persist- as early as the beginning of the 16th century, ing on the margin of civilization, in a kind hardly a century after the Christianization, of antemurale, often finding oneself in the there was almost no lag for the Reformation torn-off part but always preserving totality to come to Lithuania. Even smaller scale of of moral imperatives. Most probably, this the lag may be observed with the genesis historic experience is the most important. of the Baroque époque. Most importantly, Whatever that may be, it was this tradi- the setting up of Vilnius University means tion that put forward the greatest names the consolidation of Europeization. In this of Vilnius University. We fail to possess respect Vilnius University has no competi- Upsala’s Linney or Cracow’s Copernicus. tors in Europe – it is the first in terms of the But we have the poet of the European scale brevity of the timespan that elapsed between Adam Mickiewicz and Nobel Prize winner the Christianization of the country and the Czesław Miłosz. establishment of the university. Although Vilnius possesses the east- Anniversary of Vilnius University ernmost gothic masterpieces – St. Ann’s and the Millennium of Lithuania church alone is a class in itself – as well The year 2009 is Lithuania’s millennium. as the masterpieces of classicism, its ma- Setting up of Vilnius University is consid- jestic panorama is created by Baroque. In ered to be, and with good reason, one of the North, Vilnius closes the chain of the the summits of the Lithuanian millennium. “Baroque fringe” cities, which in the south What in this connection does Lithuania and is commenced by Liubliana and Zalzburg.

22 St. Casimir’s baroque church built in 1604 civilizational union of Greek Catholicism in the Town hall Square commenced the and Byzantine gothic as well. It even pro- two-century-long époque the features posed the idea of a common chapel for both whereof were at first shaped by the Italian liturgies (brought into being, it seems, in the craftsmen and masters of other countries. 16th century only in Crete ruled by Venice). In the 18th century the architects of Lithu- Vilnius in general became the only capital in ania itself started creating such Baroque the 15th–16th century Europe where the bor- the analogs whereof may not be found derline between the Greek and Latin towns anywhere else in the world. An original and was drawn directly along its axis: the line independent baroque school was formed of Rūdininkų st. – Town hall sq. – Didžioji in Lithuania, which in terms of the scope st. – Pilies st. Thus the borderline went by of impact from Samogitia to Dnieper in the Vilnius University and the Church of Belorus has no equals in Europe. Its main Sts. John. On the other side of the street architect Johann Christoph Glaubitz who was “civitas ruthenica”, to be more exact, crafted in mid 18th century has left the whole the jurisdiction of the Orthodox and later constellation of the masterpieces of baroque the Greek Catholic metropolitan, while on architecture, which allows to ascribe him to the other side of the block – papal seminary the most outstanding architects of Europe of for the Greek Catholics. that time and whose works are still not paid Thus, Vilnius with its gothic and baroque sufficient tribute and introduced into the Eu- churches and Orthodox churches is the ropean context of the history of architecture. symbol of the interface and interaction of Today, baroque towers of Vilnius allow any two civilizational traditions of Europe. A guests to recognize Lithuania at first sight couple of steps away from the university as the country of western culture. And the are the Jewish dwelling quarters. Vilnius of Church of Sts. John of Vilnius University is the 18th century due to its role in the world J.C. Glaubitz’s masterpiece. Jewish culture was called “Lithuanian Je- The experience of Grand Duchy of Lithu- rusalem” (Jerušolaim de Lite). But after all ania and Vilnius is even more unique. It is even today Jerusalem is the city of not only the integration of two trends of Cristianity. Jews but also of sundry Christian confes- Emphasizing the dimension of the Eastern sions and Islam. That is why Vilnius may be Christianity in the European delinea- called Northern Jerusalem not only for its tions make the Grand Duchy of Lithuania significance for the Jewish culture but also heritage vitally important. It is the only because the crossing point of civilizations European state, which in the Middle Ages and attraction was instrumental for its multi- to a very large degree faced the problem confessionalism, which was never observed in of the contraposition and integration of any other European capital. In the 16th –17th two cultural traditions. Grand Duchy of centuries there were over 10 confessions Lithuania was the state, which tried to seek in Vilnius. Uniats or Greek-Catholics as a compromise between those two traditions well as Russian Old Believers appeared in by forming not only the ecclesiastical but Vilnius “Greek space”, the “Latin space”

23 covered varieties of Protestantism (Lu- the maturity and wide acclaim of the works theranism, Calvinism, Antitrinitarism), of polemicists, logicians and rhetoricians of as well as Armenian Catholics and the the old Vilnius University. already mentioned Jews, while the suburbs That is why it is quite opportune to belonged to Caraits and even Tatar Muslims remember the 20th century French poet of (Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Vilnius are Lithuanian descent Oscar Milosz de Lubicz the northernmost region of Islam). Confes- who prophesied that Vilnius should become sional tolerance was registered as far back the “Northern Athens”. Indeed, cultural as 1563 when religious hatred let roots in diversity of Vilnius is a miniature of the Europe (St. Barthlomew’s night in Paris European culture and at the same time tumbled in 1572). multifaceted heritage of Vilnius is worth Individual confessional communities the name of the capital of European culture. were not inactive. They raised independent And precisely at this point the role of the thinkers well-known in the broadest Euro- classical Vilnius University is one of the pean spaces: the work of the Karaim Isaac most fundamental. Trokensis “Chizuk Emunah” (Consolida- tion of Faith) was familiar to all European 3. Molding the Past into the Future: pundits of tolerance; leaders of Reforma- Universitas as a Versatile Union tion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania held The history of the Universitas Vilnensis as disputations with Jean Calvin formulating well as that of the Academia Europeana an independent version of Evangelism proves not only the fact that today we are whereas the heads of antitrinitarism Symon what we were able to be but also the fact that Budny and Petrus Gonezius were designing we do not have to lose what was acquired particular pattern of their confession. Such with such difficulty – our unique ability to was the world of multiplicity, in which concentrate the vitality of our value code Vilnius University, first and foremost meant and its reproduction in the specially allo- to nurture Catholicism, was thriving. The cated places that refuse to profess political grammar that had been created by its gradu- boundaries, i.e. in special agencies of being ate Meletius Smotricius was familiar for together that are based on the unique alloy all Orthodox Slavic world and in the 18th of autonomy, competence and code of value. century Vilnius became the world center of Today, as many a time in our history, we Jewish culture. It seems that to the greatest are facing the threat of the erosion of this extent this was facilitated by rabbi Eliahu unique alloy. ben-Shlommo Zalman, the greatest judge First, it is the danger of depersonaliza- of Talmud, disseminator and commentator, tion of the education and at the same time spiritual authority of Lithuanian Jews who the threat of depriving it from sense, called had earned the name of Vilnius Gaon, the forth by the excessive professionalization of saintly genius from Vilnius. In the absence the content of studies and the codification of that intellectual environment and compe- (formalization) of all academic lifestyle. tition it would be impossible to account for The most prominent features of the given

24 process are, inter alia, “textbook-ization” relationship to individual fellow-man and to of studies including even doctoral level; the community…these precious things are campaigns of distant or otherwise deperson- conveyed to the younger generation through alized studies, including lectures delivered personal contact with those who teach, for huge groups of students by means of not – or at least not in the main – through high power loudspeakers; extensive for- textbooks12”. malization of the assessment of students’ In the face of the depersonalization and knowledge and teachers’ qualifications and divesting of sense of the university educa- the deteriorizing legitimation of the aca- tion the essential and the only answer is demic “human resources” accompanying the harmonization of all three value strata it; as well as rapidly growing bureaucratiza- by reviving, first and foremost, the most tion and even politization of the academic withered one, i.e. the tradition of classical community. The network of universities, polylogue. This means that designing our which in the medieval times used to be the future we have to harmonize the heritage universal cradle for giving sense to human of the threefold axiology of Academia existence and being together, little by little Europeana. The specializing principles of losses that fundamental obligation and turns modern statism and scientism as well as into the forge of depersonalized and exces- globalizing postulates of modern econo- sively particularized ad hoc competencies mism do not have to put into the shade the and narrow specializations. Spreading de- provisions of the medieval polylogue. On humanization undermines the foundation of the contrary, they must not only become part the classical, i.e. consistently humanitarian, and parcel of the former but also a dominant university culture and at the same time the that consolidates them. Once again – univer- foundation of the stability of all our civiliza- sitas is first of all a category of value and tion – without authentic asking and failing not an economic, professional or political to teach to ask what and how we are we shall entity. As a versatile union it is and may be hardly be capable of recognizing ourselves the amalgam of historically formed value strata and practices, molding the past into in the future. Albert Einstein wrote in 1952 that “it 12 is not enough to teach man a specialty. In 1952 in the article “Education for Independent Thought” published in The New York Times Albert Through it he may become a kind of useful Einstein wrote: “It is not enough to teach man a specialty. machine but not a harmoniously developed Through i he may become a kind of useful machine but not a harmoniously developed personality.<...> personality… He must acquire a vivid He must acquire a vivid sense of the beautiful and of sense of the beautiful and of the morally the morally good. Otherwise he – with his specialized knowledge – more closely resembles a well trained good. Otherwise he – with his specialized dog than a harmoniously developed person. He must knowledge – more closely resembles a well- learn to understand the motives of human beings, their trained dog than a harmoniously developed illusions, and their sufferings in order to acquire a proper relationship to individual fellow-men and to the person. He must learn to understand the mo- community.<...> These precious things are conveyed to tives of human beings, their illusions, and the younger generation through personal contact with those who teach, not – or at least not in the main – their sufferings in order to acquire a proper through textbooks.”

25 future on the basis of the intrinsic existential That is why alongside with the space values arriving from the past. of the highly democratized third stage of Second, driven by the global marketiza- education we have to nurture a place that tion we should consistently avoid the magic is protected from the dictate of the global of cheap and discounted learning. It is even market, the place wherein the centers of worse when in the sale fairs that become bet- the classical university culture that fully ter and better attended the higher education meets the standards of our civilization could commodities wrapped in the coloured cel- flourish, the centers without which, as has lophane rolls are traded for discount prices. been decisively proven by the history, the Certainly, it is better to have less education full-fledged – conscious and responsible – that is accessible to all than no education at coexistence of nations, people and states is all. Turning the university departments into impossible. We should not pose the question the trade counters, however, may end up in what the price for the maintenance of such their complete extermination – universal places might be, we should ask what the price accessibility to the good of education, i.e. of their decline and shortage is. According to its consistent democratization should not the rector of Harvard University Derek Bok, be translated into a reckless liberalization “if you think education is expensive, try of the standards of learning and erudition ignorance”. But is it really worth trying? In even if it is clad in the garb of formal rules the historical perspective of the Universitas of democratization. Vilnensis the answer is – definitely not.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Clark, W. 2006. Academic Charisma and the Ori- Values: Realism and Idealism in Higher Education. gins of the Research University. Chicago: University Imprint Academic/St Andrew’s Studies in Philosophy of Chicago Press. and Public Affairs. Łętowska, E. 2005. „Multicentryczność współc- Habermas, J. 1986. Die Idee der Universität. zesnego systemu prawa i jej konsekwencje“. Państwo Lernprozesse. Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, 5. i Prawo #4: 3–10. Marga, A. 2008. „The University of the 21st Gieysztor, A.; Gieysztor, E. 2001. „Value Systems Century. Challenges“. Studia Universitatis Babes- in The University Tradition“. Dialogue & Universa- Bolyai – European Studies 1. lism, Vol. 11, Issue 3. Montesquieu, Charles de Secondât. 1989. The Graham, G. 2005. The Institution of Intellectual Spirit of the Laws. Cambridge, New York: CUP.

26 Trys Academia Europeana lemtys ir Universitas Vilnensis Marius Povilas Šaulauskas, Alfredas Bumblauskas Santrauka Straipsnyje teigiama, kad universitas, arba Aca- Tūkstantmečio idėja yra postūmis konceptualiai demia Europeana, – tai visų pirma vertybinė, o permąstyti Vilniaus universiteto patirtis. Straipsnyje ne ekonominė, profesinė ar politinė kategorija. parodoma, kad visi trys Academia Europeana ver- Aksiologinė universitetinę erdvę vienijanti struktūra tybiniai dariniai Vilniaus universiteto, matomo kaip trilypė, ją sudaro trijų skirtingų epochų vertybiniai europinės universitetinės erdvės „kraštutinio krašto“, kodai. Pirma, viduramžių polilogas, pagrįstas multi- istorijoje patyrė esminę radikalizaciją, tačiau išsaugojo centrizmo principu ir netarpišku kompetencijos per- prasmių universiteto tradicijas. Tvirtinama, kad tvari teikimu. Antra, modernusis statizmas ir scientizmas, universitetinio išsilavinimo plėtra neįmanoma be besiremiantis nacionaliniu monocentrizmu ir tarpišku, darnios visų trijų istoriškai susiklosčiusių vertybinių rašytiniu, ir netarpišku, žodiniu, kompetencijos per- klodų plėtotės, kurios pagrindą sudaro klasikinio po- teikimu. Trečia, šiuolaikinis ekonomizmas ir globa- lilogo – iš rankų į rankas perduodamos egzistencinės lizmas, palaikomas transnacionalinio monocentrizmo prasmės paieškõs – tradicija. ir įtarpintos kompetencijos perteikimo instrumen- Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Europos universitetai, Vil- tarijumi. Parodoma, kad Vilniaus universitetas turi niaus universitetas, išsilavinimo aksiologija, aukštasis visų trijų paradigmų reiškimosi tarpsnius, o Lietuvos mokslas, Bolonijos procesas.

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