1 Stress and Syllable Structure in English
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Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
An Instrumental Study of Vowel Reduction and Stress Placement in Spanish-Accented English
SSLA. 11. 35-62. Printed in the United States of America. -------- -.- AN INSTRUMENTAL STUDY OF VOWEL REDUCTION AND STRESS PLACEMENT IN SPANISH-ACCENTED ENGLISH James Emil Flege Ocke-Schwen Bohn University of Alabama, Birmingham Morphophonological alternations in English words such as able versus ability involve changes in both stress and vowel quality. This study examined how native speakers of Spanish and English produced four such morphologically related English word pairs. Degree of stress and vowel quality was assessed auditorily and instrumentally. Stress placement generally seemed to constitute less of a learning problem for the native Spanish speakers than vowel reduction. The results suggest that Englishlike stress placement is acquired earlier than vowel reduction and that the ability to unstress vowels is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for vowel reduction. The magnitude of stress and vowel quality differences for the four word pairs suggests that L2 learners acquire stress placement and vowel reduction in English on a word-by-word basis. INTRODUCTION Many second language (12) learners retain a foreign accent long after achieving proficiency in other aspects of 12 production. A foreign accent may result from segmental substitutions of replica for model sounds as well as non-12-like rhythmic, intonational, and stress patterns (Flege, )984). Even though it is generally agreed that This study was supported by NIH grant NS20963-04. The authors would like to thank Sherry Sutphin for fabricating the pseudopalates and for data analysis. ~ 1969 Cambridge Univenity Press OZ7Z·Z63 1/69 $5.00 + .00 3S 36 James Emil Flege and Ocke-Schwen Bohn the use of full instead of reduced vowels in unstressed syllables may contribute impor• tantly to foreign accent and this phenomenon "is extremely typical" (Hammond, 1986) in Spanish-accented English, to our knowledge it has never been examined empirically. -
The Kleene Language for Weighted Finite-State Programming: User Documentation, Version 0.9.4.0
The Kleene Language for Weighted Finite-State Programming: User Documentation, Version 0.9.4.0 This Document is Work in Progress Corrections and Suggestions Are Welcome Kenneth R. Beesley SAP Labs, LLC P.O. Box 540475 North Salt Lake Utah 84054, USA [email protected] 19 May 2014 Copyright © 2014 SAP AG. Released under the Apache License, Version 2. http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html Beesley i Preface What is Kleene? Kleene is a programming language that can be used to create many useful and efficient linguistic applications based on finite-state machines (FSMs). These applications include tokenizers, spelling checkers, spelling correc- tors, morphological analyzer/generators and shallow parsers. FSMs are also widely used in speech synthesis and speech recognition. Kleene allows programmers to define, build, manipulate and test finite- state machines using regular expressions and right-linear phrase-structure grammars; and Kleene supports variables, rule-like expressions, user-defined functions and familiar programming-language control syntax. The FSMs can include acceptors and two-projection transducers, either weighted un- der the Tropical Semiring or unweighted. If this makes no sense, the pur- pose of the book is to explain it. Pre-edited Kleene scripts can be run from the command line, and a graphical user interface is provided for interactive learning, programming and testing. Operating Systems Kleene runs on OS X and Linux, requiring Java version 1.5 or higher. Prerequisites This book assumes only superficial familiarity with regular languages, reg- ular relations and finite-state machines. While readers need not have any experience with finite-state program- ming, those who have no programming experience at all, e.g. -
Tone, Intonation, Stress and Duration in Navajo
Tone, intonation, stress and duration in Navajo Item Type text; Article Authors Kidder, Emily Publisher University of Arizona Linguistics Circle (Tucson, Arizona) Journal Coyote Papers: Working Papers in Linguistics, Linguistic Theory at the University of Arizona Rights http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Download date 25/09/2021 21:50:14 Item License Copyright © is held by the author(s). Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/126405 Tone, Intonation, Stress and Duration in Navajo Emily Kidder University of Arizona Abstract 1 Introduction The phonological categories of tone, stress, duration and intonation interact in interesting and complex ways in the world’s languages. One reason for this is that they all use the phonetic cues of pitch and duration in different ways in order to be understood as phonologically meaningful. The Navajo language has unique prosodic characteristics that make it particularly valuable for the study of how pitch and duration interact on a phonological level. Navajo is a tonal language, and also has phonemic length, however, the existence of prosodic elements such as intonation and stress have been a matter of debate among scholars (De Jong and McDonough, 1993; McDonough, 1999). In- tonation has been assumed to be a universal characteristic, present in tonal and non-tonal languages alike, though evidence to the contrary has been pre- sented (Connell and Ladd, 1990; Laniran, 1992; McDonough, 2002). Stress or accent is similarly thought to be a manifested on some level in all lan- guages, even when it is not used contrastively (Hayes, 1995). In this paper I explore the evidence available for whether or not stress and intonation exists in Navajo. -
Pronunciation Notes (PDF)
Pronunciation Notes for the Pronouncing Dictionary of the Supreme Court of the United States Jason A. Zentz IPA Garner Examples IPA Garner Examples p p pie, pea i ee heed, bead b b by, bee ɪ i hid, bid t t tie, tea eɪ ay hate, bait d d die, D ɛ e head, bed k k buckeye, key æ a had, bad ɡ g guy, foggy ɑ ah ha, baa ʔ (none)1 uh-uh, Hawaiʻi ɑ ah2 hot, body tʃ ch chai, cheetah ɔ aw hawed, bawd dʒ j jive, G oʊ oh hoed, bode f f fie, fee ʊ uu hood, book v v vie, V u oo whoʼd, booed θ th thigh, theme ə ə ahead, aboard ð th thy, thee ʌ ə Hudson, bud s s sigh, sea aɪ ɪ hide, bide z z Zaire, Z aʊ ow howʼd, bowed ʃ sh shy, she ɔɪ oi ahoy, boy ʒ zh vision, regime iɹ eer here, beard χ kh3 chutzpah ɛɹ air hair, bared h h high, he ɑɹ ahr hard, bard m m my, me ɔɹ or horde, board n n nigh, knee uɹ oor poor, boor ŋ ng rang, clingy əɹ ər herd, bird, over l l lie, Lee ɹ r rye, reed w w wide, we hw hw why, which j y yes, ye 1 For Americanized pronunciations that include the glottal stop, it is represented in our IPA transcriptions but not our Garner transcriptions. 2 Garner (2009a,b, 2011) distinguishes between IPA /ɑ/ and /ɒ/, giving /ah/ for the former and /o/ for the latter. -
49 Stress-Timed Vs. Syllable- Timed Languages
TBC_049.qxd 7/13/10 19:21 Page 1 49 Stress-timed vs. Syllable- timed Languages Marina Nespor Mohinish Shukla Jacques Mehler 1Introduction Rhythm characterizes most natural phenomena: heartbeats have a rhythmic organization, and so do the waves of the sea, the alternation of day and night, and bird songs. Language is yet another natural phenomenon that is charac- terized by rhythm. What is rhythm? Is it possible to give a general enough definition of rhythm to include all the phenomena we just mentioned? The origin of the word rhythm is the Greek word osh[óp, derived from the verb oeí, which means ‘to flow’. We could say that rhythm determines the flow of different phenomena. Plato (The Laws, book II: 93) gave a very general – and in our opinion the most beautiful – definition of rhythm: “rhythm is order in movement.” In order to under- stand how rhythm is instantiated in different natural phenomena, including language, it is necessary to discover the elements responsible for it in each single case. Thus the question we address is: which elements establish order in linguistic rhythm, i.e. in the flow of speech? 2The rhythmic hierarchy: Rhythm as alternation Rhythm is hierarchical in nature in language, as it is in music. According to the metrical grid theory, i.e. the representation of linguistic rhythm within Generative Grammar (cf., amongst others, Liberman & Prince 1977; Prince 1983; Nespor & Vogel 1989; chapter 43: representations of word stress), the element that “establishes order” in the flow of speech is stress: universally, stressed and unstressed positions alternate at different levels of the hierarchy (see chapter 40: stress: phonotactic and phonetic evidence). -
Singing in English in the 21St Century: a Study Comparing
SINGING IN ENGLISH IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A STUDY COMPARING AND APPLYING THE TENETS OF MADELEINE MARSHALL AND KATHRYN LABOUFF Helen Dewey Reikofski Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2015 APPROVED:….……………….. Jeffrey Snider, Major Professor Stephen Dubberly, Committee Member Benjamin Brand, Committee Member Stephen Austin, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of Vocal Studies … James C. Scott, Dean of the College of Music Costas Tsatsoulis, Interim Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Reikofski, Helen Dewey. Singing in English in the 21st Century: A Study Comparing and Applying the Tenets of Madeleine Marshall and Kathryn LaBouff. Doctor of Musical Arts (Performance), August 2015, 171 pp., 6 tables, 21 figures, bibliography, 141 titles. The English diction texts by Madeleine Marshall and Kathryn LaBouff are two of the most acclaimed manuals on singing in this language. Differences in style between the two have separated proponents to be primarily devoted to one or the other. An in- depth study, comparing the precepts of both authors, and applying their principles, has resulted in an understanding of their common ground, as well as the need for the more comprehensive information, included by LaBouff, on singing in the dialect of American Standard, and changes in current Received Pronunciation, for British works, and Mid- Atlantic dialect, for English language works not specifically North American or British. Chapter 1 introduces Marshall and The Singer’s Manual of English Diction, and LaBouff and Singing and Communicating in English. An overview of selected works from Opera America’s resources exemplifies the need for three dialects in standardized English training. -
Stress Chapter
Word stress in the languages of the Caucasus1 Lena Borise 1. Introduction Languages of the Caucasus exhibit impressive diversity when it comes to word stress. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the stress systems in North-West Caucasian (henceforth NWC), Nakh-Dagestanian (ND), and Kartvelian languages, as well as the larger Indo-European (IE) languages of the area, Ossetic and (Eastern) Armenian. For most of these languages, stress facts have only been partially described and analyzed, which raises the question about whether the available data can be used in more theoretically-oriented studies; cf. de Lacy (2014). Instrumental studies are not numerous either. Therefore, the current chapter relies mainly on impressionistic observations, and reflects the state of the art in the study of stress in these languages: there are still more questions than answers. The hope is that the present summary of the existing research can serve as a starting point for future investigations. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 describes languages that have free stress placement – i.e., languages in which stress placement is not predicted by phonological or morphological factors. Section 3 describes languages with fixed stress. These categories are not mutually exclusive, however. The classification of stress systems is best thought of as a continuum, with fixed stress and free stress languages as the two extremes, and most languages falling in the space between them. Many languages with fixed stress allow for exceptions based on certain phonological and/or morphological factors, so that often no firm line can be drawn between, e.g., languages with fixed stress that contain numerous morphologically conditioned exceptions (cf. -
Metathesis Is Real, and It Is a Regular Relation A
METATHESIS IS REAL, AND IT IS A REGULAR RELATION A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics By Tracy A. Canfield, M. S. Washington, DC November 17 , 2015 Copyright 2015 by Tracy A. Canfield All Rights Reserved ii METATHESIS IS REAL, AND IT IS A REGULAR RELATION Tracy A. Canfield, M.S. Thesis Advisor: Elizabeth C. Zsiga , Ph.D. ABSTRACT Regular relations are mathematical models that are widely used in computational linguistics to generate, recognize, and learn various features of natural languages. While certain natural language phenomena – such as syntactic scrambling, which requires a re-ordering of input elements – cannot be modeled as regular relations, it has been argued that all of the phonological constraints that have been described in the context of Optimality Theory can be, and, thus, that the phonological grammars of all human languages are regular relations; as Ellison (1994) states, "All constraints are regular." Re-ordering of input segments, or metathesis, does occur at a phonological level. Historically, this phenomenon has been dismissed as simple speaker error (Montreuil, 1981; Hume, 2001), but more recent research has shown that metathesis occurs as a synchronic, predictable phonological process in numerous human languages (Hume, 1998; Hume, 2001). This calls the generalization that all phonological processes are regular relations into doubt, and raises other -
What in the World Do We Know About Word Stress? a Review of What It Is and How to Teach It
What in the world do we know about word stress? A review of what it is and how to teach it by Martin Checklin Abstract Word stress is an imperative part of English language learning, both in terms of comprehending spoken English and increasing oral intelligibility. However, it can often be a difficult area for learners of English to master successfully and one which is problematic for teachers of pronunciation to embrace in their teaching. This literature review presents an overview of what word stress is, its importance in intelligibility, and specific issues which certain language background groups encounter. Additionally, the review discusses and critiques the teaching methods of word stress found in commercially-produced textbooks and thus provides theoretical knowledge for teachers to incorporate into their classroom teaching. Recommendations for further research into word stress acquisition are outlined. Introduction As pronunciation teaching has become more focused on increasing intelligibility rather than emulating a ‘native-like’ accent (Levis, 2005), faulty production of word stress has been found to significantly decrease intelligibility (Cutler & Clifton, 1984; Gallego, 1990; Bond, 1999; Field, 2005). This literature review presents an overview of what word stress is, its relationship with intelligibility and particular problems that students from certain language backgrounds might encounter. In addition, the paper discusses and critiques some of the methods for teaching word stress found in teaching resources in order to provide pronunciation teachers with theoretical knowledge which they can incorporate into their classroom practice. English word stress English, along with other languages such as Russian and Arabic, belongs to a group of languages which are described as ‘stress-timed’ languages (Abercrombie, 1967). -
On Recent Claims About Stress and Tone
On recent claims about stress and tone in Beijing Mandarin∗ François DELL D'après Duanmu (2000), l'accentuation du chinois standard est caractérisée par des pieds accentuels à tête initiale. Parmi les arguments que l'auteur présente en faveur de cette thèse, certains relèvent de la phonologie, et d'autres de la morpho-syntaxe. Nous passons en revue les arguments phonologiques et nous concluons qu'aucun n'emporte la conviction. Mots clé : Mandarin, accentuation, sandhi tonal, domaine cyclique. According to Duanmu (2000), stress in Standard Chinese is characterized by left-headed feet. This review examines the phonological arguments given in the book supporting this claim. The conclusion is that the book fails to present any solid phonological evidence in favor of left-headed stress feet in Standard Chinese. Key words : Mandarin, stress, tone sandhi, cyclic domain. ∗ I thank Monique Hoa and Xu Dan for helping me with some of the examples, and Hilary Chappell for reviewing my English. I owe a special debt to San Duanmu, whose comments on an earlier draft have led to significant improvements. Any faults remaining are my sole responsibility. Cahiers de Linguistique – Asie Orientale 33(1): 33-63 (2004) © CRLAO-EHESS 54, Bd Raspail 75006 Paris 0153-3320/2004/033-33 34 Dell F. / Cahiers de Linguistique – Asie Orientale 33(2004) 33-63 1. INTRODUCTION The syntax-phonology interface has been an area of intense theoretical interest for several decades, and Chinese has come to occupy a prominent place in that line of research, owing to important work on tone sandhi in the Xiamen and Shanghai dialects.1 As for the Beijing dialect, it is still debatable what it can teach us about the interaction between syntax and phonology. -
Typesetting Catalan Texts with TEX
Typesetting Catalan Texts with TEX Gabriel Valiente Feruglio Universitat de les Illes Balears Departament de Ciencies Matematiques i Inforrnatica E-07071 Palma de Mallorca (Spain) Internet: dmi gvaO@ps. ui b . es Robert Fuster Universitat Politecnica de Valencia Departament de Matematica Aplicada Cami de Vera, 14. E-46071 Valencia (Spain) Internet: mat5rf c@cci. upv .es Abstract As with other non-American English languages, typesetting Catalan texts imposes some special requirements on TEX. These include a particular set of hyphenation patterns and support for a special ligature: unlike other Romanic languages, Catalan incorporates the middle point in the 11 digraph. Hyphenation rules for Catalan are reviewed in ths paper, after a short introduction to hyphenation by TEX. A minimal set of hyphenation patterns covering all Catalan accents and diacritics is also presented. A discussion about the 1'1 ligature concludes the paper. This work represents a first step towards the Catalan TLP (TEX Language Package), under development within the TWGMLC (Technical Working Group on Multiple Language Coordination), where the first author is chairing the Catalan linguistic subgroup. Resum Aixi com en altres llengiies, la composicio de textos escrits en catala demana requeriments especials a1 TEX. Aquests inclouen un conjunt particular de patrons de guionat, aixi com suport per a un lligam especial ja que, a diferencia d'altres llengiies romaniques, el catala incorpora el punt volat a1 digraf I'l. En aquest paper es fa una introduccio a1 guionat arnb TEX i es revisen les regles de guionat per a1 catala. Tanmateix, es presenta un conjunt minim de patrons de guionat que cobreix tots els accents i marques diacritiques del catala.