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Exceptional Stress and Reduced Vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto

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Exceptional Stress and Reduced Vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto Exceptional stress and reduced vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected] ABSTRACT 1.2. Exceptions to the basic pattern This paper focuses on reduced vowels in one of the Munster dialects of Modern Irish, Gaeilge Chorca There exist, however, numerous exceptions to this Dhuibhne. In this dialect, lexical stress depends on rule. Some are caused by the morphological structure syllable weight: heavy syllables (i.e. syllables that of the word. Thus, some verbal inflection morphemes contain phonologically long vowels) attract stress; if exceptionally attract lexical stress, e.g. fógróidh (sé) [foːgǝˈroːgj] ‘(he) will announce’, while others fail to there are none, stress is initial. There exist exceptions, j j one of them being peninitial stress in words with no do so contrary, e.g. molaimíd [ˈmoləm iːd ] ‘we heavy syllables and the string /ax/ in the second praise’; for more details on such cases, see [21]. Other syllable. Instead of deriving this pattern from the exceptions are lexical in the sense that the stress is properties of /x/ in combination with /a/ as has been unpredictable and does not obey the general laws done in much previous work, the paper argues for the outlined above. These are often found to exhibit presence of a phonologically reduced vowel in the anomalous behaviour in other Irish dialects as well, first syllable. The paper argues that such vowels are not only in the South, cf. tobac [tǝˈbak] ‘tobacco’ or phonetically and phonologically different from bricfeasta [brʲikˈfʲastǝ] ‘breakfast’. underlying full vowels that underwent a post-lexical Another class of exceptions seems to stem from process of vowel reduction. the fact that certain consonants contribute to syllable weight. There are words with peninitial stress, where Keywords: Irish, stress, vowel reduction. the first and third syllables are light and the second syllable contains a sequence /ax/, e.g. bacach 1. INTRODUCTION [bəˈkax] ‘lame; poor’ [20]. I’ll primarily concerned with this type of exceptions in this paper. 1.1. Basic pattern of stress assignment 1.3. Exceptional /ax/ Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (henceforth, GCD) is one of the Southern (Munster) dialects of Modern Irish Exceptional primary stress falling on a syllable spoken on the Dingle peninsula in Co. Kerry, Ireland. containing the sequence /ax/ in words like bacach are According to the 2011 census, a total of 9,236 people already mentioned by Henebry [7]. Loth [13], who living on the peninsula speak Irish, of which only 707 worked on the Irish of Ballingeary in West Cork, is use it daily outside the educational system. apparently the first author to observe that: Unlike most other dialects of Irish, where initial /ax/ can only be stressed in the second stress prevails [8], primary lexical stress in Munster syllable if not surrounded by long vowels; Irish is weight-dependent and can occur on any of the 3rd person singular verbal suffix -adh in first three syllables [20]. Generally, heavy syllables conditional (conditionnel) or past habitual (H) contain a long vowel or a diphthong, and light (imparfait), pronounced as /ax/, is never syllables (L) contain a short vowel. The basic pattern stressed unlike the nominal suffix -ach; of stress assignment is cited after [21] in (1) and is in both nouns and adjectives with light schematised in (2), where X stands for a syllable of syllables and /ax/ in the second syllable, the any weight and brackets denote the repetition of a stress does not always fall on the second syllable of the indicated type any number of times. syllable, probably due to some consonantal Below, I adopt the transcription used in [20]; see [9] clusters blocking its “forwarding” (cf. for an extensive list of examples and an OT-analysis, cnocach ‘montagneux; hilly’ or fleascach which is not the focus of this paper. ‘jeune homme; youth’). Sjoestedt [23] points out that in two-syllable nouns (1) Word stress falls on the second syllable if it is with a short vowel in the first syllable and ‑ach(t) in heavy, on the third syllable if it is heavy and the the second, the stress is on the second syllable in all preceding syllables are light, and on the first cases when there is no /h/ or consonant cluster with a syllable in all other cases. plosive or a sibilant and /r/ before the suffix (2) XˈHX(X) LLˈH(X) ˈX(L) ˈHLH(X) ‑(e)ach(t). Later, Blankenhorn [3] notes that the third syllable with /ax/ does not attract stress. The approach present underlyingly, not a full vowel. We can then that derives such exceptional stress placement from expect this phonological /ə/ to be reflected uniformly, the properties of /ax/ and its inability to attract stress providing a target for phonetic realizations; on the from other segmental properties of the word is later contrary, phonetic variability would be expected of a taken up in [1; 3; 4; 6]; details differ, however. full vowel if it were present in the lexicon. Gussmann [6] seems to be the first to suggest that In 2014, I conducted a study with four speakers of exceptional stress on /ax/ might be due to properties GCD in the Corca Dhuibhne Gaeltacht. The speakers of the vowel in the first syllable of such words. were presented with a reading questionnaire However, he rejects the presence of a phonologically consisting of 64 words inside the carrier-phrase reduced vowel there citing words like fathach ‘giant’ Scríobh se X ar an mbord ‘He wrote X on the table’. or lathach ‘swamp’ from West Muskerry, where X was replaced by words of the prosodic structure “some speakers stress the second syllable even in this LˈH(X) with various combinations of vowels in the type of word” [16]. This possibility is later first and the second syllables. In the pronunciations entertained by Green [5], who uses the constraint drawn from the questionnaire, measurements of NON-HEAD(ə) penalising stress on an underlyingly duration as well as of F1 and F2 for vowels of the first reduced vowel on a par with PKPROM [24] to account syllable before stressed /a/ and long vowels were for the special prosodic prominence of /ax/. performed manually using Praat [2]. Iosad [9], following a conjecture by Ó Sé [20], The samples were tested for homogeneity using a suggests that peninitial stress in words with /ax/ might non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum criterion; if the be synchronically due to the presence of a reduced distributions are not significantly different, then the vowel in the first syllable of such words, not the segments must belong to a single class. The most additional weight of syllables with /ax/ or any special significant results were shown by the division of properties of the vowel in the second syllable, citing vowels before the low stressed /a/ and /ɑː/ vs. before the process of stress retraction that can occur in all other stressed long vowels, see Table 1 and a Munster Irish (see below). He concludes that the boxplot for duration in Figure 1. status of the vowel in the first syllable remains Table 1: Wilcoxon criterion values and p-values for unclear and leaves it for further scrutiny. duration (sec.) and F1 (Hz) before low vs. non-low V 2. ANALYSIS Speaker W value p-value 1 t 603.5 0,0000005452 2.1. Proposal: Underlying schwa F1 576.5 0.005774 2 t 547 0,00001512 Developing the conjectures in [5; 9; 20], I claim that F1 458 0.000656 in words with exceptional stress on /ax/ in the second 3 t 430.5 0,000002665 syllable, the first syllable contains a phonologically F 393 0.0001414 reduced vowel /ə/, which blocks the stress and makes 1 4 t 297.5 0.0003465 it shift to the second syllable. This approach diverges F 271 0.004272 from [5] in its treatment of /ax/. While Green argues 1 for both the schwa in the first syllable and a special Figure 1: Vowel duration (sec.) in prestressed syllable prominence of /ax/ in the second, I try to show that before low vs. non-low V across 4 speakers the latter condition can be effectively dispensed with. The former condition, however, is necessary to provide a unified account of words with peninitial stress on /ax/, adverbs of the type anseo [ənˈso] ‘here’ and inflected prepositions like agam ‘at me’ in their emphatic form, agamsa [əˈgumsə] ‘at me!’, which also do not allow initial stress (as well as words with /a/ in the second syllable in the absence of /x/). I also present evidence in favour of the view that vowel reduction in GCD is not a unitary process: while /ə/ is present in the lexicon, there also exists a post-lexical process of vowel reduction. 2.2. Phonetic evidence Let us suppose that in the first syllable of words like As Figure 1 demonstrates, the distribution of the bacach [bəˈkax], a phonologically reduced vowel is durations of vowels in the first syllable before /a/ and /ɑː/ is more compact than before all other stressed The third argument is provided by the process of long vowels. The data also show that before stressed stress retraction. It involves leftward replacement of non-low long vowels of the second syllable, different lexical stress in certain words when the distance short vowels are possible [a ɔ ʊ e ə]. Less variability between the underlying stressed syllable in them and is found before the stressed /ɑː/, where only [ə ɔ ʊ] the stressed syllable (trigger) in the immediately are possible according to our data; see, however, following words within an intonational phrase is less examples with pre-stressed [a] in [20].
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