Professional Fabricare Processes
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EPA 744-B-98-001 June 1998 Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment: Professional Fabricare Processes U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Economics, Exposure and Technology Division (7406) 401 M Street SW Washington, DC 20460 DISCLAIMER This document has been subject to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) internal review and external technical peer review and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, official USEPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. Information on sales, cost, performance, and product usage was provided by individual product vendors, or by USEPA Garment and Textile Care Program stakeholders, and was not independently corroborated by USEPA. Discussion of federal environmental statutes is intended for information purposes only; this is not an official regulatory guidance document and should not be relied upon by companies to determine applicable regulations. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The overall Project Manager is Lynne Blake-Hedges. In addition to being responsible for the production of this document, Ms. Blake-Hedges functions as the technical lead for the economic analyses contained in the document. Lynne received excellent support from the EPA/OPPT Technical Workgroup: Lynne Blake-Hedges, Workgroup Chair Andrea Blaschka Lois Dicker, Ph.D. Elizabeth Margosches, Ph.D. Fred Metz, Ph.D. Ossi Meyn, Ph.D. Mary Katherine Powers Scott Prothero Management support and other general assistance was provided by: David Lai, Ph.D. Robert E. Lee, Ph.D. Cindy Stroup Mary Ellen Weber, Ph.D. Vanessa Vu, Ph.D. This document was prepared under EPA Contract numbers 68-W-9805 and 68-W6-0021, by Abt Associates Incorporated of Cambridge, MA, under the direction of Alice Tome. The EPA Work Assignment Manager is Lynne Blake-Hedges. The independent technical peer review was conducted by Battelle Columbus Laboratories of Columbus, OH, under the direction of Bruce Buxton (EPA Contract number 68-D5-0008). Technical editing and general support to final document preparation was provided by Westat, Incorporated, of Rockville, MD, under the direction of Karen Della Torre (EPA Contract number 68-D7-0025). The EPA Work Assignment Manager for both Battelle and Westat is Cindy Stroup. To obtain a copy of this or other EPA/Design for the Environment Program publications, contact: EPA’s Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (PPIC) 401 M Street SW (3404) Washington, DC 20460 202-260-1023 fax: 202-260-4659 Any questions or comments regarding this document should be addressed to: Lynne Blake-Hedges Economics, Exposure and Technology Division (7406) U.S. EPA/OPPT 401 M Street SW Washington, DC 20460 iii iv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists ABD American Business Directory ACGIH American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists ADC Average Daily Concentration AFCEE Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence ALP Alkaline Phosphatase ALT Alanine Aminotransferase API American Petroleum Institute AQUIRE Aquatic Toxicity Information Retrieval Database AST Aspartate Aminotransferase ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry AU Azeotropic Unit AWWA American Water Works Association BAAQMD Bay Area Air Quality Management District BCF Bioconcentration Factor BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics CA Carbon Adsorber CAA Clean Air Act CAPB Cocoamidopropyl Betaine CARB California EPA’s Air Resources Board CAS Chemical Abstracts Service CBH City of Beverly Hills CC Concern concentration CCRIS Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System CEB Chemical Engineering Branch, OPPT, USEPA CEC Center for Emissions Control CED Certified Environmental Drycleaner CEPA California Environmental Protection Agency CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act CESQG Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CFR Code of Federal Regulations CG Cellulose Gum CGA Compressed Gas Association CIR Cosmetic Ingredient Review CMC Carboxymethylcellulose CNT Center for Neighborhood Technologies CO2 Carbon Dioxide CRWQCB California Regional Water Quality Control Board CTFA Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association CTSA Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment CU Consumers Union CWA Clean Water Act xv DC Drycleaning DCA Dichloroacetic acid DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DEA Diethanolamide DfE Design for the Environment DL Detection Limit DMBA Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene DO/PU Drop-off/Pick-up EC Effective Concentration ED Exposure Duration ED10 Expected Dose at which 10% of the group will respond EEG Electroencephalogram EIA Energy Information Administration EPI Estimation Programs Interface EWCC European Wetcleaning Committee FDA Food and Drug Administration FEL Frank Effect Level FKDA Federation of Korean Drycleaners Associations FTC Federal Trade Commission GEMS Graphical Exposure Modeling System GGT Gamma Glutamyltransferase GRAS Generally Recognized As Safe GSD Geometric Standard Deviation HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant HC Hydrocarbon HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon HEC Hydroxyethylcellulose HPC Hydroxypropylcellulose HPMC Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose HQ Hazard Quotient HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank HSIA Halogenated Solvents Industries Alliance IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IDEM Indiana Department of Environmental Management IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health IFI International Fabricare Institute IRIS Integrated Risk Information System ISCLT Industrial Source Complex Long Term KSBEAP Kansas Small Business Environmental Assistance Program LADC Lifetime Average Daily Concentration LADD Lifetime Average Daily Dose LAE Linear Alcohol Ethoxylate LC Lethal Concentration LD Lethal Dose LDH Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase LEL Lower Explosive Limit xvi LOAEL Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level LOWWT Low Weight LQG Large Quantity Generator LT Lifetime MACT Maximum Available Control Technology MC Methylcellulose MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MDEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality MHS Municipal Health Service MNNG N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine MOE Margin of Exposure MPBPVP Melting Point, Boiling Point, Vapor Pressure MWC Machine Wetcleaning NAG n-acetyl-glucosaminidase NCAI Neighborhood Cleaners Association International NCI National Cancer Institute NCP National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan NESCAUM Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management NESHAP National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants NFPA National Fire Protection Association NHOU North Hollywood Operable Unit NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NMRI Strain of mouse (U.S. Naval Medical Research Institution) NOAEL No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level NOEC No-Observed-Effect Concentration NOES National Occupational Exposure Survey NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NSPS New source performance standard NTP National Toxicology Program NU Nucleotidase NYCDOH New York City Department of Health NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation NYSDOH New York State Department of Health OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, USEPA OCIS OSHA Computerized Information System ODEM Occupational Dermal Exposure Model ODEQ Oregon Department of Environmental Quality OPPT Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, USEPA ORD Office of Research and Development, USEPA OSH Occupational Safety and Health Act OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PCE Perchloroethylene PDR Potential Dose Rate PEL Permissible Exposure Limit PGME Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works xvii ppb parts per billion PPERC Pollution Prevention Education and Research Center PPI-CE Producer Price Index for Capital Equipment PPI-Chem Producer Price Index for Chemicals and Allied Products ppm parts per million PRP Potentially Responsible Party QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QSAR Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship RC Refrigerated Condenser RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act REL Recommended Exposure Limit RfC Reference Concentration RfD Reference Dose RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances RTL Research Testing Laboratories SAB Science Advisory Board SAR Structure-Activity Relationship SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SBAP Small Business Assistance Program SD Standard Deviation SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SGOT Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase SGPT Serum Glutamate Pyrurate Transaminase SIAM SIDS Information Assessment Meeting SIAR SIDS Initial Assessment Report SIC Standard Industrial Classification SIDS Screening Information Data Set SIU Significant Industrial User SLI Sodium Lauryl Isethionate SQG Small Quantity Generator SRC Syracuse Research Corporation SRI Stanford Research Institute SRRP Source Reduction Research Partnership SSD Statistically Significant Difference STEL Short-term Exposure Limit STORET Storage and Retrieval of U.S. Waterways Parametric Data System STP Sewage Treatment Plant SWDA Solid Waste Disposal Act TCA Trichloroacetic Acid TCE Trichloroethylene TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure TCVC Trichlorovinylcysteine TCVG Trichlorovinylglutathione TEAM Total Exposure Assessment Methodology TLV Threshold Limit Value xviii TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TSDF Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility TURI Toxic Use Reduction Institute TWA Time-Weighted