; TIAMBURG. in. Route. 101 box 4 J. ; from the Berlin-Hamburg to the Altona station 1 M. ; Flottbeck 2<|4 M. ; suburb of St. George 10 J.; Grasbrook 12 J.; Wandsbeck 11(2 M. — Between 10 and 11 p. m. one-half more; from 11 p. m. to 5 a. m. double fares. Post Office (.PL 36), Post-Str. Fifteen branch-offices in different parts of the town. Telegraph Office at the General Post Office. Omnibus every 7 min. from the Schweinemarkt (PI. G , 3) to Altona (p. 110), by a different route alternately, fare 3 half the distance J'., 2 J.; i|4 to Hamm and Horn (p. 108) from the Rathhausmarkt every hr. ; to Ep- peniiorf (p. lOT) and Lockstedi in summer every hour , in winter every 2 hrs., from Her^-Str. 19; to Harharg three times daily from Schliiter, near St. Peter\s I 14 with luggage J., 20 J'.). Tramway (starting from the Rathhaus-Markt, PI. E, 4). 1. To Wands- i|2 beck (p. lOS) every 12 min. , 3 J. ; 2. To Barmheck every hr. ; 3. To i|2 EimsbiUlel every hr. ; 4. To Hoheluft, eight times daily. Junction Railway ('Verbindungsbahn') between Hamburg and Altona: 15 trains daily from the Berlin station at the Klostevthov (PI. G , H, 4) to the station of the Blankenese and Kiel railway at Altona (p. 110). The intervening stations are the Dammthor (PI. F. 1), Sternschanze, and Schul- terblatt (comp. Map, p. 106). Steamboats (comp. advertisements). 1. On the AUter. Small screw- steamers, leaving the Jungfernstieg every 10 min., touch at the Lombards- briicke, and then at Alslerglacis, Rabenslrasse , and Eppendorf on the W. bank of the Aussen-Alster , and at St. George (at two places), UhlenTiorst (at three places), and Miihlenknmp (comp. p. 107, and Map) on the E. bank fares 2, 4 — 2. On the Elbe. To Blankenese several 3, J'. (p. 108) times daily; to Harburg (p. 99) 12—14 times, via Altona; to Stade (p. 108) twice daily; to Cuxhaveu (p. 108) several times a week; ferry from St. Paiili to the Sleiiiiccirder at frequent intervals during the day. — Deep Sea StC(iiii.i-rs. To lleligoUind see p. 108. Communication with European and foreign ports, see advertisements at the Exchange. English Church (PI. 20), near the Millern-Thor. Hamburg, with 270,000 inliMb. , is the largest of the three free Hanseatifi towns of the German I'^nipire, and next to London, Liver- pool, and Glasgow, the most important commercial place in Europe. It is advantageously situated on the broad lower Elbe, in which the tide rises twice daily so as to admit of the entrance of vessels of considerable tonnage, and is also connected by railways with every part of Europe. The town consists of the Altstadt and Neustadt, formerly surrounded by fortifications , and the suburbs of St. George (N.E.) and St. PdiUi [W.), adjoining which a new quarter has recently sprung up on the N., outside the Dammthor. Hamburg also lies on the Alster, a small stream from the N. , which forms a large basin outside the town, and a smaller one within it, termed the Aussen and Binnen- Alster respectively , and is then discharged through locks into the canals (Fleete) and branches of the Elbe which flow through the lower part of the town. Nothing certain is known of the origin of Hamburg, but it is probable that the advantages of its site were appreciated at a very early period. In 805 Charlemagne founded a castle here , to which he soon added a church, presided over by a bishop, v/hose mission was to propagate Chris- tianity in tliese northern regions. In 831 the diocese was elevated to the rank of an archbishopric by Louis the Pious. During the following centuries the town was frequently pillaged by Danes, Normans, and Wends. In the 12th and 13th cent, the Counts of Holstein, within whose jurisdic- tion Hamburg was situated , and particularly Adolph IV. , became great benefactors of the town, and procured for it from the emperors many of those privileges and immunities which formed the foundation of its sub- 102 Bouteie. HAMBURG. Harbour. - sequent independence. In 1241 Hamburg entered into a treaty with Lu- ^'^i'^l^, afterwards extended to other towns and de yelopedt^^'.T'^^'M"'into the powerfulY*« Hcmseatic League (p. 118). In the camnaipr,, nf the League the Hamburgers distinguished themselves greatfyTns^u7press Storteblcker'^they ca^ur^d Td be'heTd2;in ^(^"'"tI'"'"''^'^' -'^°'\V'=''"^^'- ..^^' subsequently succeeded in Mttark^ nf th n repelling repeated ''"^'^ "^^^ .":"® "'*'" '" possession of fh >,f /h f H f, Holstein In 15'59 lie reformed faith, and at the nolfti^fr,, same time established a fr^e ^«"''^V'-g I'Ttunately remained unaffected by ThirtyThiV V Yearsvl War,w'"""-and the during that period greatly extended her com mercial relations, which now embraced the newly discovered contine^s' of America and East Indi:,. Dissensions, however, whTch aroseZ ween the Council and the citizens in 1672 and were not a laT'ed tin 1712 nr^ved the *" welfare of the city. Toward^ the middle TIhe lastrr/.fcentury"""f*"'her prosperity began to return, chiefly owing to the establish ment of tha direct communication with America, whih^othl day form; importance ;' but at the he p"re'enfce"n^,r/v'jrcentury •^.r"'^'"""^ beginyng o « the citizens were doomed to an overwhelming InTr^ 1810l§m Hamburg was reverse annexed to the French Empire, and thf having in 1813 attempted citizens to rebel against the foreign yoke Davoust wreaked 01 aisaster, trom 1806 to 1814, the direct loss sustained by the citv is estimated at upwards of 13 million ^ ^ pounds, an enoirmous .sum in pro- portion .' to the populationponulation and thet^etliP v..,i,,<= r,f „„ „t value of money: at that period. he Peace of Vier^n. H h''"*' After 1^^"^'^ increased in extent, and standingstandin^thPthe appallingnnrfnir "r*"""^- notwith- fire which raged from 5th to 8th May 184^ and destroyed nearly a quarter of the city, and the temporary disaster's oc casioned by frequently recurring commercial crises , ^he has never ceased to prosper since she regained her independence. Down ffl the beginning of the present century Hamburg enioved con- siderable literary reputation. In /678 the first theatre in Geimany for ,''?™"=0P"-«^^as founded here; in 1767 view Leasing visited Hambu^ wUh I to assist in the foundation of a national theatre : and the taTented Klopsiock resided in the '*'^°*^'* Konigs-Strasse here from 1774 to 1803 Hamburg cannot boast of architectural monuments or scientitic or other collections commensurate with its wealth and antiquity. Ihe history of the city, together with the enterprising character of Its inhabitants, sufficiently account for the almost entire disappea- rance of^all relics of the past, and its thoroughly modern aspect. Ihe -Harbour, where numerous vessels from all quarters of the globe generally lie presents a , busy and picturesque scene The quays, recently extended, now stretch along the r. bank of the '''°' ^"0"a to the BiUwarder "fnr^ ^ Neuendeich (see Map, p. lUbJ, a distance of 3 M., and accommodate upwards of 400 sea- going vessels and as many barges and river craft. The W end of the quay, opposite St. Pauli (PL A, 5) is chiefly occupied by Eng- lish coal vessels and the steamers of the Hamburg and American to. Adjacent is the Niederhafen, destined principally for the reception of sailing vessels during the season of floating ice con- ^"'^ ^^^ Binnenhafen, ''•.wl J?u*'?*"^*'^°'''' and connected with the Elbe by several outlets (^Gatt/). The numerous Fleete, or canals, which intersect the town and fall into the Niederhafen are navigated by the 'Schulen' or , flat-bottomed boats used for convey- ^'^ magazines «"^ rrL*"* and warehouses. Farther E. are the un- Jinished *Sandthor-Hafen, 1100 yds. in length, and 100-140 yds 16. Route. 103 Elbhoke. HAMBURG. reception of , destined for the in width, and the arasbrook-Hafen provided with steam cranes and rails l';'""^*™* steamers, and "' are the Brookthor-Hafen with the principal lines. Still farther E. of river craft, and tinaUy and the Oberhafen, for the accommodation the storage of timber which the HoLzhdfen, or wood-harbours for explore these different occupy an area of 400 acres. The visitor may hour) and thus obtam an harbours by boat Cfor 1-3 pers. 1 M. per be paid to one ot the large idea of their extent. A visit may also burden """S'lfToufsSit'eli !ni sailing vessels of an aggregate Alton a l^O)' ^l^^'^^^^^*^ ?Leny^carrieci on via Hamburg. The port of (p. Hamburg is entered by 893 commei-daUy and politically forms a Pf^t of which lies opposite, by 661. sea-going vessels annually, Barburg, situa ed the Between the Brookthor-Hafen and the Oberhafen is Bremen and Osnabruck Kail- large new Station of the uncompleted andMastricht will afford di- way the extension of which via Wesel and Paris. Near i* /re ex- rect' communication between Hamburg About 1 M above tensive warehouses and custom-house ofttces. handsome Iron Bridge-, the station the line crosses the Elbe by a which is reached by a and then turns towards the S. to Harburg , island to the te. ot tne second bridge. The Bankenwdrder , an for combustible goods. station is occupied by warehouses islands opposite the The Steinwdrder and Kleine Grasbrook , frequently, possess Niederhafen, to which steam-ferryboats cross and afford a good sur- wharves, dry-docks, and ship-building yards, Steinwarder is the new German vey of the Hamburg quays. On the daily 10— li and Seamen's School, to which visitors are admitted the Stintfang above the ~~The*^*Elhh61ie (PL 14), locally termed , one of the finest landing-place of the Harburg ferry, commands with its numerous is- views near the harbour, embracing the Elbe, colouved pennons, St.