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The Energy Consumption of Terraces in the Barcelona Public Space: Heating the Street

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The Energy Consumption of Terraces in the Barcelona Public Space: Heating the Street sustainability Article The Energy Consumption of Terraces in the Barcelona Public Space: Heating the Street Carlos Alonso-Montolio * , Gloria Serra-Coch, Antonio Isalgue and Helena Coch Architecture & Energy,School of Architecture of Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (G.S.-C.); [email protected] (A.I.); [email protected] (H.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-934-010-866 Abstract: Terraces, as outdoor extensions of food and beverage businesses located in the public realm, have very high potential to activate the streetscape, bring people together and improving urban ex- periences. Among the consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic are the recommendations of maximizing outdoor environments when conducting human interactions. Therefore, outdoor eating has dramatically increased throughout the world, with terraces becoming a radical urban change in many streetscapes. The urgency of the situation, and rapid implementation of these changes, has revealed some aspects of this phenomenon that should be considered when adapting the regulations to this new reality. However, the research on their functioning and impact is limited. Additionally, although energy consumption in the architectural and urban field is considered fundamental, re- search has rarely addressed small business outdoor spaces, placing the focus instead on residential heating or public lighting. This study focuses on the intersection of these two gaps by analyzing a set of terraces in Barcelona and estimating the power installed in their outdoor heating devices. The goal is to determine the potential energy consumed, contrast it with other values more commonly used when researching architectural energy consumption and point out the lack of sustainability of these approaches to providing comfort. The calculations show that the installed power in Barcelona terraces is significant and, when estimating potential consumption, it presents values higher that Citation: Alonso-Montolio, C.; the average heating consumption of residential units in Spain. These results support two main Serra-Coch, G.; Isalgue, A.; Coch, H. conclusions: first, the relevance of addressing the means of providing comfort in outdoor urban The Energy Consumption of Terraces in the Barcelona Public Space: spaces due to the high magnitude of their potential energy consumption; second, the importance Heating the Street. Sustainability 2021, of adapting those systems to outdoor conditions, understanding the needs of the occupants and 13, 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ the limitations of the environment in order to develop sustainable solutions that provide comfort su13020865 without attempting to heat the air of the street. Received: 25 November 2020 Keywords: public space; energy consumption; urban terraces; COVID-19 pandemic Accepted: 13 January 2021 Published: 16 January 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 1. Introduction. Terraces and Public Space. The Case of Barcelona with regard to jurisdictional claims in There is a type of phenomenon in the urban public space that, although often disre- published maps and institutional affil- garded by urban planning professionals, is placed at the core of current political and social iations. discussions. Terraces located in the public realm have the potential of highly influencing the dynamics and performance of cities and, therefore, are in need of further analysis and study. The term “terrace” is generally used to describe architectural outdoor extensions of Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. indoor spaces. For instance, private terraces in residential buildings extend the living area Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. outdoors. In this article, we will focus on a particular case, using the word “terrace” to This article is an open access article define the outdoor extension of food and beverage businesses, generally restaurants and distributed under the terms and cafes (Figure1). Specifically, we focus on those that make use of the public space to provide conditions of the Creative Commons this extension [1]. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020865 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 865 2 of 20 Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Figure 1. Terrace in Enrique Granados Street, Barcelona. Figure 1. Terrace in Enrique Granados Street, Barcelona. OurOur society society is is currently currently facing facing an an extraordinary extraordinary challenge challenge in thein the form form of the of the COVID-19 COVID- pandemic19 pandemic first first identified identified in December in December 2019 2019 and declaredand declared a pandemic a pandemic in March in March 2020 by2020 The by WorldThe World Health Health Organization Organization [2]. It has[2]. abruptlyIt has abru disruptedptly disrupted the way the of way living of across living the across entire the world.entire Theworld. events The that events we arethat experiencing we are experiencing demand demand a revision a ofrevision practices of practices and priorities and pri- in ourorities everyday in our life.everyday A wide life. range A wide of fields range and of fields disciplines and disciplines will have towill adapt have and to adapt re-think and there-think status the quo, status urban quo, planning urban beingplanning one being of the one most of significant the most significant [3]. [3]. TerracesTerraces can can become become key key elements elements in thisin this reflection reflection for twofor two main main reasons. reasons. First, First, current cur- quarantinerent quarantine and stay and at stay home at situations home situations have revealed have revealed the importance the importance of access toof outdooraccess to spaceoutdoor for space the well-being for the well-being of humans. of humans. Sun and Sun open and air open have air been have unmasked been unmasked not only not asonly privileges as privileges for the for few the butfew asbut needs as needs for generalfor general health health and and wellness. wellness. Secondly, Secondly, the the newnew standards standards that that will will need need to to be be put put in in place place moving moving forward forward will will demand demand inventive inventive solutions.solutions. LargerLarger spaces will will be be needed needed to to accommodate accommodate the the same same amount amount of people of people and andfulfill fulfill minimum minimum distance distance requirements. requirements. Terraces Terraces could could be important be important to be able to be to ableprovide to provideoutdoor outdoor experiences experiences and social and interaction social interaction with safer with distances. safer distances. Around the Around world, themu- world,nicipalities municipalities are already are tackling already the tackling challenge, the challenge, rapidly updating rapidly and updating adapting and regulations adapting regulationsto the new tosituation. the new situation. ThereThere are are multiple multiple conditions conditions that that allow allow the the existence existence of of this this type type of of terrace. terrace. The The most most basicbasic ones ones are are the the presence presence of of food food and and beverage beverage businesses, businesses, the the social social acceptance acceptance to eat to ineat publicin public and and the existencethe existence of the of conceptthe concept of public of public space space [4]. [4]. Traditionally,Traditionally, terraces terraces offered offered the the opportunity opportunity of of taking taking advantage advantage of of better better outdoor outdoor conditions,conditions, related related to to thermal thermal comfort, comfort, a sunny a sunny or airyor airy environment, environment, easier easier social social interaction interac- ortion better or better views views [5,6]. However,[5,6]. However, these characteristicsthese characteristics are often are lostoften in lost the in current the current situation. situ- Whenation. the When urban the environmenturban environment is not consideredis not consid asered positive as positive as desired, as desired, elements elements tend tend to beto incorporatedbe incorporated into into the the terrace terrace in orderin order to to protect protect the the client client from from the the outdoor outdoor public public surroundingssurroundings (Figure (Figure2). 2). These These elements elements can can have have different different aims, aims, such such as as protection protection from from thethe sun sun (sunshade/parasol), (sunshade/parasol), from from the the car car noise noise and and emissions emissions or windor wind (lateral (lateral divisions) divisions) or fromor from the coldthe cold (heating). (heating). In this In this article, article, the heatingthe heating elements elements incorporated incorporated in terraces in terraces are the are focusthe focus of the of investigation. the investigation. The high level of energy consumption that human activity is currently responsible for is a pressing issue at multiple levels. The scarcity of fossil energy sources, the emissions produced by current energy generation systems, radioactivity pollution from nuclear sources, rise of global temperatures and climate change, lack of basic energy needs of vulnerable populations and limited resiliency in emergency situations. Cities, suburbs and other urban centers have been identified as
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