Science Briefing 8/8/2019

Dr. Garth Illingworth (UC Santa Cruz) Deep Fields: Chandra and Hubble Uncover the Dr. Belinda Wilkes (CXC Director, CfA | Growth of Early Galaxies Harvard & SAO) Dr. Rutuparna Das (CfA | Harvard & SAO)

Facilitator: Dr. Chris Britt Outline of this Science Briefing

1. Dr. Garth Illingworth (UC Santa Cruz) Exploring the Realm of the First Galaxies with Hubble and JWST 2. Dr. Belinda Wilkes (CXC Director, CfA | Harvard & SAO) NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory: Celebrating 20 years 3. Q&A 4. Dr. Rutuparna Das (CfA | Harvard & SAO) Resources on Deep Fields, galaxy growth, and Chandra’s 20th anniversary 5. Q & A

2 XDF eXtreme Deep Field NASA’s Universe of Learning Science Briefing

Exploring the Realm of the First Galaxies with Hubble and JWST

Garth Illingworth University of California Santa Cruz

firstgalaxies.org 3 gdi Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 (infrared light) 2009

4 gdi 2009 our last (close) view of Hubble

5 gdi Chandra Hubble

NASA’s Great Observatories

Spitzer 6 gdi telescopes are “time machines”

looking back through time

XDF: deepest ever Hubble image – in 2012 from 10 years of Hubble data 7 gdi this image is a “history book”

the story of how galaxies formed and grew through nearly all of time from a few hundred million years after the Big Bang through 13 billion years

8 gdi Hubble Legacy Field 2019

each of the three Great Observatories – Chandra, Hubble and Spitzer – have contributed about 6-7 million seconds (about 75-80 days) of exposure on this field over the last 15-20 years

NASA, ESA, GDI, Magee + HLF Team 2019 9 gdi size comparison: the Hubble Legacy Field with the Chandra Deep Field-South and a nearby astronomical object

10 gdi 11 gdi model spectra

Hubble Spitzer 12 gdi GN-z11

model spectra seeing back in time almost to “cosmic sunrise”

Hubble Spitzer 13 gdi NASA’s Universe of Learning 23rd Australian Institute of Physics Congress Science Briefing Plenary Lecture December 13 2018

artist impression of the time of the first galaxies

James Webb Space Telescope

Artist credit: gdi Adolf Schaller 14 JWST 2021 – the beginning of a new era…

our towards first light… “cosmic sunrise” telescope

15 gdi The World’s Premier X-ray Observatory

Dr. Belinda Wilkes Director, Chandra X-ray Center

16 NASA’s Great Observatories across the Electromagnetic Spectrum No longer operating

2008: Fermi Gamma Ray Telescope

17 Where do X-ray Come From?

X-rays originate in the hottest, most violent and most energetic places in the universe

Some of these places are hard to see any other way

Chandra turned its X-ray eyes to all kinds of celestial source, opening this window on the universe as never before

18 Orion Nebula: star forming region Unique, Exquisite (0.5”) Spatial Resolution

ROSAT: ~100 sources

Chandra, deep: ~1400 source

Young stars are unstable and violent places

Chandra is an excellent “Young star finder”

0.75 lt yr ROSAT

19 Orion Nebula: star forming region Unique, Exquisite (0.5”) Spatial Resolution

ROSAT: ~100 sources

Chandra, deep: ~1400 source

Young stars are unstable and violent places

Chandra is an excellent “Young star finder”

0.75 lt yr Chandra

20 Active Galaxies/Quasars

Super-Massive Black Holes (~106-10 solar mass) in the nuclei of galaxies

21 Cosmic X-ray Background

Primary Chandra Science Goal: • Resolve CXRB, observed to be ubiquitous in previous X-ray missions 1’ • Fully resolved to ~9 keV: Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS, 7 Ms) • Looks back ~12-13 Gyrs, ~10% current age of Universe • 1000 sources, mostly Super Massive Black Holes • Source Density 50,500/deg-2 • Hardness: wide range, including highly obscured sources • Chandra is a SMBH finder

22 Luo et al. 2017 22 Cosmic X-ray Background

23 Luo et al. 2017 23 Cosmic X-ray Background

Primary Chandra Science Goal: • Resolve CXRB, observed to be

ubiquitous in previous X-ray missions 1’ 1’ • Fully resolved to ~9 keV: Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS, 7 Ms) • Looks back ~12-13 Gyrs, ~10% current age of Universe • 1000 sources, mostly Active Super Massive Black Holes • Source Density: 50,500/deg-2 • Wide range of X-ray colors • Chandra is a SMBH finder

24 Luo et al. 2017 24 Chandra X-ray Surveys: “Wedding Cake”” (Incomplete list) • Deep & narrow: • CDFS: 480 sq.arcmin, 7 Ms (11.6 wks) depth • 1000 sources • Not confusion limited • Medium Depth, wider surveys: • 2 sq. degs, 160-200 ks depth, • >1000 sources • Shallow depth, very wide: • 40 sq. degs, 5-25ks depth • >6000 sources

25 25 Evolution of AGN and Understanding the Population

Log N vs log S

CDFS

Liu et al. 2017 # of # sources

Brightness • CDF-S, very faint flux limits: 4e-18 (cgs, soft); 2e-17 (cgs, hard) • Galaxies dominate soft band at faintest fluxes

26 26 SMBH and Stellar Growth (SFR) vs Redshift/Age

• SFR and SMBH density as a function of redshift • Density peaks at z~2 for both populations • Is SMBH and stellar growth in galaxies directly related? • SMBH appears to start later and increase more rapidly

Old Young

27 27 Active Galaxies/Quasars

Obscured in an edge-on view

Super-Massive Black Holes (~106-10 solar mass) in the nuclei of galaxies

28 AGN Obscuration

• X-ray Surveys can see obscured sources (unlike UV/O/NIR) CDFS • All X-ray surveys find more obscured & edge-on AGN

• Fraction obscured ↑ as distance ↑ Obscured Fraction Obscured

Redshift Old Young

29 29 AGN Obscuration

• X-ray Surveys can see obscured sources (unlike UV/O/NIR) CDFS • All X-ray surveys find more obscured & edge-on AGN • Fraction obscured ↑ as distance ↑

• Edge-on ~ 5% of sample Obscured Fraction Obscured • But: X-ray surveys remain biased against edge-on sources, which are ~100-1000* fainter Redshift Old Young

30 30 Chandra observations of 3CR Radio Sources

Radio Galaxies • Low Frequency, Radio-selection is unbiased by obscuration/orientation • 3CR: distant, high luminosity, radio active galaxies

• Strong correlation between orientation Quasars and obscuration

• Fractions: Obscuration • 50% obscured • 21% Compton-thick sources

Radio Core Fraction Edge-on Face-on

Orientation 31 31 First Targeted Source Quasar: PKS 0637-75

• Point Source to focus: Quasar (SMBH in galaxy nucleus) • 6 billion light years away • X-ray Jet visible: 9” long, (300 kly) • Jet L~1044.6 erg s-1 • Radiation mechanisms: Non- thermal Synchrotron radiation

Schwartz et al. 2000 32 32 First Targeted Source Quasar: PKS 0637-75

Schwartz et al. 2000 33 33 X-ray-Radio Jets in Quasars: M87

• D=16 Mpc • Jet length ~1.6 kpc (Marshall et al. 2001)

9 • SMBH ~6.5*10 Msun

• SEDs of components (knots, lobes) → B, electron: energies & acceleration • Highly variable, superluminal motion → region sizes, structure (Harris et al. 2009++) • Detailed jet models, e.g. popular spine-sheath model (blazars) • EHT-image of SMBH event horizon released, April 10th (SAO, NSF)

34 X-ray-Radio Jets in Quasars: M87

• D=16 Mpc • Jet length ~1.6 kpc (Marshall et al. 2001)

9 • SMBH ~6.5*10 Msun • 40 µas across • 12,000 times smaller than Chandra resolution

35 Additional Resources

Rutuparna Das Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & SAO

36 Additional Resources: Chandra 20th Anniversary • http://chandra.harvard.edu/20th/ • Event calendar: • Aug 20, Nantucket, MA: NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory: 20 Years of the X-ray Sky in Sharp Focus! • Sep 5, Huntsville, AL: 20 Years of Science with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory • Sep 20, Framingham, MA: 20 Years of Chandra Science • Sep 27 - Nov 14, Columbia, TN: Chandra Art Installation • Oct 10, Orono, ME: Chandra Public Talk • Nov 15, Framingham, MA: 20 Years of Stellar Explosions with the Chandra X-ray Observatory • Nov-Dec, NASA HQ: Chandra exhibit • Printables: • Video:

37 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• Galaxy Hunter activity using the Hubble Deep Fields: • http://galaxies.amazingspace.org/ • Includes teaching tips: preparation and execution time, educational standards met, common misconceptions, example lesson plans, vocabulary, learning outcomes

38 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• Webinar: Looking Out is Looking Back in Time • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDGou8KMJoQ

39 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• Hubble Deep Field Academy • https://deepfield.amazingspace.org/ • Includes optional lab worksheets

40 Additional resources: Deep Fields

• ViewSpace interactives: Gathering Light • https://viewspace.org/interactives/unveiling_invisible_uni verse/gathering_light/hubble_ultra_deep_field

41 Additional resources: Deep Fields

• ViewSpace interactives: Gathering Light • https://viewspace.org/interactives/unveiling_invisible_uni verse/gathering_light/hubble_ultra_deep_field

42 Additional resources

• ViewSpace videos: Video Library coming soon (~2 months) • https://viewspace.org/playlists/featured • Create playlists from keyword tags or use new, pre-formulated playlists

43 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• “A Quick Look at Chandra Deep Field South” video • http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2017/cdfs/

44 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• Animations showing Black Hole growth in the Chandra Deep Field South • http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2018/cdfs_bh/animati ons.html

45 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• Growth of early black holes in the Chandra Deep Field South – includes video • http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2017/cdfs2/

46 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• Galaxy lithographs from Hubble, including images of the Hubble Deep Fields: • http://amazingspace.org/resource/resource_index/galaxies/topi c

47 Additional Resources: Deep Fields

• Deep Fields photo gallery from Chandra: • http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/category/background.html

48 Additional Resources: Black Holes

• Chandra page on black holes: http://chandra.si.edu/blackhole/

49 Additional Resources: Black Holes

• Chandra page on black holes: http://chandra.si.edu/blackhole/ • New discoveries: • Q&A:

• Black hole basics: • Podcasts/videos:

• Chandra as a black hole hunter:

50 Additional Resources: Black Holes

• Chandra’s black hole photo gallery • http://chandra.si.edu/photo/category/blackholes.html

51 Additional Resources: Black Holes

• Black hole printables: • http://chandra.harvard.edu/graphics/resources /handouts/lithos/blackhole_poster.pdf • http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/handout s/lithos/bhA_low.pdf • http://chandra.harvard.edu/graphics/resources /illustrations/bh_infograph.pdf

52 Additional Resources: Black Holes

• Tinkercad activity: build an accretion disk • http://chandra.cfa.harvard.edu/tinkercad/

53 Additional Resources: Black Holes

• UoL Traveling Exhibits (include black holes): https://www.universe-of-learning.org/community- programs

54 To ensure we meet the needs of the education community (you!), NASA’s UoL is committed to performing regular evaluations, to determine the effectiveness of Professional Learning opportunities like the Science Briefings.

If you prefer not to participate in the evaluation process, you can opt out by contacting Kay Ferrari .

This product is based upon work supported by NASA under award number NNX16AC65A to the Space Telescope Science Institute, working in partnership with Caltech/IPAC, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and Sonoma State University.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.