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Structure, Biology and Chemistry of Plumbago Auriculata (Plumbaginaceae)
Structure, Biology and Chemistry of Plumbago auriculata (Plumbaginaceae) By Karishma Singh A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biolgical Sciences School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Westville Durban South Africa 30 November 2017 i DEDICATION To my daughter Ardraya Naidoo, she has given me the strength and encouragement to excel and be a positive role model for her. “Laying Down the Footsteps She Can Be Proud To Follow” ii ABSTRACT Plumbago auriculata Lam. is endemic to South Africa and is often cultivated for its ornamental and medicinal uses throughout the world. Belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae this species contains specialized secretory structures on the leaves and calyces. This study focused on the micromorphological, chemical and biological aspects of the species. Micromorphological studies revealed the presence of salt glands on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaves and two types of trichomes on the calyces. “Transefer cells” were reported for the first time in the genus. The secretory process of the salt glands was further enhanced by the presence of mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuoles, dictyosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Histochemical and phytochemical studies revealed the presence of important secondary metabolites that possess many medicinal properties which were further analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MC) identifying the composition of compounds in the leaf and calyx extracts. A novel attempt at synthesizing silver nanoparticles proved leaf and calyx extracts to be efficient reducing and capping agents that further displayed good antibacterial activity against gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria. -
December 2012 Number 1
Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 December 2012 Number 1 CONTENTS Proceedings of the Fifth South- western Rare and Endangered Plant Conference Calochortiana, a new publication of the Utah Native Plant Society . 3 The Fifth Southwestern Rare and En- dangered Plant Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 2009 . 3 Abstracts of presentations and posters not submitted for the proceedings . 4 Southwestern cienegas: Rare habitats for endangered wetland plants. Robert Sivinski . 17 A new look at ranking plant rarity for conservation purposes, with an em- phasis on the flora of the American Southwest. John R. Spence . 25 The contribution of Cedar Breaks Na- tional Monument to the conservation of vascular plant diversity in Utah. Walter Fertig and Douglas N. Rey- nolds . 35 Studying the seed bank dynamics of rare plants. Susan Meyer . 46 East meets west: Rare desert Alliums in Arizona. John L. Anderson . 56 Calochortus nuttallii (Sego lily), Spatial patterns of endemic plant spe- state flower of Utah. By Kaye cies of the Colorado Plateau. Crystal Thorne. Krause . 63 Continued on page 2 Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights Reserved. Utah Native Plant Society Utah Native Plant Society, PO Box 520041, Salt Lake Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights City, Utah, 84152-0041. www.unps.org Reserved. Calochortiana is a publication of the Utah Native Plant Society, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organi- Editor: Walter Fertig ([email protected]), zation dedicated to conserving and promoting steward- Editorial Committee: Walter Fertig, Mindy Wheeler, ship of our native plants. Leila Shultz, and Susan Meyer CONTENTS, continued Biogeography of rare plants of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada. -
Rain Garden Plant List
Rain Garden Plant List This is by no means a complete list of the many plants suitable for your rain garden: Native or Botanical Name Common Name Category Naturalized Wet Zone Acer rubrum var. drummondii Southern Swamp Maple Tree Any Acorus calamus Sweet Flag Grass Any Adiantum capillus-veneris Southern Maidenhair Fern Fern Median Aesculus pavia Scarlet Buckeye Tree Yes Any Alstromeria pulchella Peruvian Lily Perennial Any Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo Wildflower Yes Any Andropogon gerardi Big Bluestem Grass Yes Median Andropogon scoparius Little Bluestem Grass Yes Median Aniscanthus wrightii Flame Acanthus Shrub Yes Median Aquilegia canadensis Columbine, Red Wildflower Yes Median Aquilegia ciliata Texas Blue Star Wildflower Yes Median Aquilegia hinckleyana Columbine, Hinckley's Perennial Median, Margin Aquilegia longissima Columbine, Longspur Wildflower Yes Center Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed Wildflower Yes Margin Asimina triloba Pawpaw Tree Any Betula nigra River Birch Tree Yes Any Bignonia capreolata Crossvine Vine Yes Any Callicarpa americana American Beautyberry Shrub Yes Any Canna spp. Canna Lily Perennial No Any Catalpa bignonioides Catalpa Tree Yes Any Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush Shrub Yes Any Chasmanthus latifolium Inland Sea Oats Grass Yes Median, Margin Cyrilla recemiflora Leatherwood or Titi Tree Tree Yes Median, Margin Clematis pitcheri Leatherflower Vine Yes Any Crataegus reverchonii Hawthorn Tree Yes Any Crinum spp. Crinum Perennial Any Delphinium virescens Prairie Larkspur Wildflower Yes Any Dryoptera normalis -
Biodiversity Assessment for the Proposed Woodlands 407 Mining Operation
Biodiversity Assessment for the Proposed Woodlands 407 Mining Operation Free State Province, South Africa DATE July 2018 REFERENCE Woodlands Biodiversity Scoping Report V1 Prepared for : Prepared by: Van Wyk Development Corporation (Pty) Ltd The Biodiversity Company 420 Vale Ave. Ferndale, 2194 Cell: +27 81 319 1225 Fax: +27 86 527 1965 [email protected] www.thebiodiversitycompany.com Biodiversity Scoping Assessment Woodlands Biodiversity Scoping Report Report Name Biodiversity Scoping Report for The Woodlands 407 MRA Project Submitted to Van Wyk Andrew Husted Report Reviewer (Pr Sci Nat 400213/11) Michael Adams Report Writer (Herpetofauna & Michael Adams is Cert Sci Nat registered (118544) and is an experienced Fauna) natural scientist with a specialisation in herpetofauna. He has over 10 years of experience working with reptiles and amphibians as a consultant and through various conservation initiatives. Martinus Erasmus Report Writer (Botany and Fauna) Martinus Erasmus (Cand Sci Nat) obtained his B-Tech degree in Nature Conservation in 2016 at the Tshwane University of Technology. Martinus has been conducting basic assessments and assisting specialists in field during his studies since 2015. The Biodiversity Company and its associates operate as independent consultants under the auspice of the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions. We declare that we have no affiliation with or vested financial interests in the proponent, other than for work performed under the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2017. We have no conflicting Declaration interests in the undertaking of this activity and have no interests in secondary developments resulting from the authorisation of this project. We have no vested interest in the project, other than to provide a professional service within the constraints of the project (timing, time and budget) based on the principals of science. -
Comparative Lm and Sem Studies of Glandular Trichomes on the Calyx of Flowers of Two Species of Plumbago Linn
Plant Archives Vol. 17 No. 2, 2017 pp. 948-954 ISSN 0972-5210 COMPARATIVE LM AND SEM STUDIES OF GLANDULAR TRICHOMES ON THE CALYX OF FLOWERS OF TWO SPECIES OF PLUMBAGO LINN. Smita S. Chaudhari and G. S.Chaudhari1 Department of Botany, Dr. A. G. D. Bendale Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jalgaon (Maharashtra), India. 1P. G. Department of Botany, M. J. College, Jalgaon (Maharashtra), India. Abstract LM and SEM investigation of calyx of flowers of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. and Plumbago auriculata Lam. has shown two types of trichomes-glandular trichomes and unicellular trichomes. Basic structure of glandular trichomes in both taxa is same. Each trichome show multicellular stalk and head. The stalk penetrates the head. Heads of glandular trichomes in Plumbago zeylanica are colourless and translucent but in Plumbago auriculata colourless translucent as well as purple heads are noticed. In Plumbago zeylanica glandular trichomes have higher density, present throughout the length of calyx, distributed in random manner, oriented in different directions, show much more variation in lengths while in Plumbago auriculata glandular trichomes have lower density, present only in the upper part of calyx, arranged in linear fashion, tricomes in one line are oriented in the same direction, show less variation in lengths. EDAX analysis on the head of glandular trichomes of Plumbago zeylanica revealed only C, O, Mg, Al and Si but in Plumbago auriculata in addition to these elements Na, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe were also found. Presence of glandular trichomes secreting mucilage (which is considered as adhesive trap for prey) supports the protocarnivorous nature of Plumbago. Key words : Plumbago zeylanica Linn., Plumbago auriculata Lam., glandular trichomes, LM, SEM. -
Pesticidal Plants
Pesticidal Plants • Philip C. • Philip Stevenson, R. Steven Belmain and Murray B. Isman Pesticidal Plants From Smallholder Use to Commercialisation Edited by Philip C. Stevenson, Steven R. Belmain and Murray B. Isman Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Plants www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Pesticidal Plants Pesticidal Plants From Smallholder Use to Commercialisation Special Issue Editors Philip C. Stevenson Steven R. Belmain Murray B. Isman MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Philip C. Stevenson Steven R. Belmain Murray B. Isman University of Greenwich University of Greenwich University of British Columbia UK UK Canada Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Plants (ISSN 2223-7747) from 2019 to 2020 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants/special issues/Pesticidal). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03928-788-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03928-789-5 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Philip C. Stevenson. c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. -
Heterostyly and Pollinators in Plumbago Auriculata (Plumbaginaceae) ⁎ V
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 75 (2009) 778–784 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Heterostyly and pollinators in Plumbago auriculata (Plumbaginaceae) ⁎ V. Ferrero a,b, , C. de Vega a,c, G.I. Stafford d, J. Van Staden d, S.D. Johnson a a School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa b Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo, Spain c Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain d Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa Received 23 March 2009; received in revised form 14 June 2009; accepted 17 June 2009 Abstract Plants with hermaphrodite flowers risk conflict between male and female sexual function due to close proximity of sexual organs. Heterostyly, a genetic floral polymorphism characterized mainly by reciprocal herkogamy, may reduce this sexual conflict by increasing the precision of pollen transfer between morphs. This sexual organ reciprocity is often associated with various ancillary characters and a heteromorphic incompatibility system. Here we describe the morphometrics associated with heterostyly and ancillary characters in Plumbago auriculata. Using controlled pollination experiments, we show that this species has a heteromorphic incompatibility system. We also document the fauna of long-proboscid fly and butterfly pollinators in a P. auriculata population in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. © 2009 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. -
PLUMBAGO Plumbago Auriculata Characteristics Culture Noteworthy
PLUMBAGO Plumbago auriculata Characteristics Type: Broadleaf evergreen Bloom Time: Flowers freely Zone: 8 to 11 Flower: Showy Height: 1.00 to 3.00 feet Sun: Full sun to part shade Spread: 1.00 to 3.00 feet Water: Medium Bloom Color: Pale blue Maintenance: Medium Culture Winter hardy to USDA Zones 8-11 where it grows best in organically rich, fertile, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. In cooler areas, grow in pots/containers which must be overwintered indoors. May be grown as a rounded shrub or trained with ties on a trellis as a vine. Site in locations protected from strong winds. During the growing season, it does best in consistently moist soils, but established plants are quite tolerant of some drought. When overwintering as a houseplant, bring indoors before first fall frost to a bright sunny room. Cut back stems hard in late winter to encourage new growth for the coming season. May be easily grown from seed, but plants generally will not flower until the second year. Noteworthy Characteristics Plumbago auriculata, commonly called cape leadwort or cape plumbago is a native to South Africa. It is a weak-stemmed perennial evergreen shrub that grows 6-7’ tall and 8-10’ wide in its native habitat. It more typically will grow 1-3’ per year and is often kept relatively compact through periodic prunings and/or a hard annual pruning. Features clusters (terminal racemes) of pale blue phlox-like flowers that bloom freely throughout the growing season. Flowers are followed by barbed fruit capsules. Oblong to oblanceolate green leaves (to 3” long) have ear-shaped bases, hence the species name. -
Plant World Imperial Blue Plumbago
Imperial Blue Plumbago Plumbago auriculata 'Imperial Blue' Height: 8 feet Spread: 10 feet Spacing: 7 feet Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: (annual) Other Names: Cape Leadwort Description: An upright climbing shrub that will form a weeping mound if left on its own, but with a trellis or wall it will reach ten feet; stunning blue flower clusters bloom nearly year round; will die back to the ground in zone 8; Imperial Blue Plumbago flowers an excellent container plant Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder Ornamental Features Imperial Blue Plumbago features showy clusters of sky blue flowers at the ends of the branches from early spring to late fall. Its oval leaves emerge light green in spring, turning dark green in colour the rest of the year. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes Imperial Blue Plumbago is a multi-stemmed annual with a shapely form and gracefully arching foliage. Its medium texture blends into the garden, but can always be balanced by a couple of finer or coarser plants for an effective composition. This is a relatively low maintenance plant, and is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. It is a good choice for attracting butterflies to your yard. It has no significant negative characteristics. Imperial Blue Plumbago is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Accent - Hedges/Screening - General Garden Use - Container Planting Planting & Growing Imperial Blue Plumbago will grow to be about 8 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 10 feet. When grown in masses or used as a bedding plant, individual plants should be spaced approximately 7 feet apart. -
Sources of Native Plants for the Rio Grande Valley
Sources of Native Plants for Information on Native Wildscape the Rio Grande Valley Certification for Residential and Commercial Property is available from: Brownsville 1. TEXAS WILDSCAPES BACKYARD HABITAT PROGRAM Gentry’s Garden Center (956) 350-9805 www.tpwd.state.tx.us/nature/wildscapes Tony’s Nursery (956) 541-5322 Nongame and Urban Program Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Edinburg Austin, TX 78744 Reyes Nursery (956) 380-1528 (512) 389-4644 2. BACKYARD WILDLIFE HABITAT PROGRAM Harlingen www.nwf.org/backyardwildlifehabitat Grimsell Seed Co. (956) 423-0370 National Wildlife Federation Heeps Nursery (Mike Heep) (956) 457-6834* 11100 Wildlife Center Drive Mother Nature’s Creations (956) 428-4897* Reston, VA 20190-5362 Stuart Place Nursery (956) 428-4439 (703) 438-6000 / 1-800-822-9919 Wild August Nursery (956) 535-2117 The Native Plant Project has published five handbooks on Native Trees, Plants, Shrubs, Pond and Wetland Plants. Information from McAllen these handbooks has been included in this Guide. The Native Plant Valley Garden Center (956) 682-9411 Project is located at: NATIVE PLANT PROJECT Mission www.nativeplantproject.org Shady Acres Nursery (956) 581-7783 P. O. Box 2742 San Juan, TX 78589 Rio Grande City Handbooks are available from: Rancho Lomita Nursery (956) 486-2576* VALLEY NATURE CENTER [email protected] San Benito 301 South Border Avenue P. O. Box 8125 J&J Plants & More (956) 361-4420 Weslaco, TX 78599 River Oaks Nursery (956) 399-4078 (956) 969-2475 For advice on revegetating private land holdings, contact: Weslaco Maxwell Pons, Jr. Mid-Valley Garden & Pond (956) 973-1998 The Nature Conservancy of Texas Valley Nature Center (956) 969-2475* 10000 Southmost Road Brownsville, Texas 78521 *Offer Native Plants Only (956) 546-0547 This list revised September, 2011. -
9/13/2019 Texas Discovery Gardens Fall Plant Sale List Page 1 of 23
9/13/2019 Texas Discovery Gardens Page 1 of 23 Fall Plant Sale List Tx=Tx Pollinators Plant Category # avail** native Common Name Botanic Name Height Sun Req. Plant Type Host / Attracted X=Not Nectar Shrubs and Small Trees <10 Tx White Thorn (Acacia) Vachellia 15 ft Full Sun Deciduous N Acacia constricta Tropical / Tender Perennials <10 X Pink Firespike (Odontonema 6' Shade- Tropical N Hummingbirds strictum) Part Sun Thrysacanthus tubaeformis Shrubs and Small Trees 3 X Chinese Abelia Abelia chinensis 4-8' Full Sun- Evergreen N part shade Shrubs and Small Trees <10 X-E Af Whistling Thorn Acacia (now Vachellia) drepanolobium Perennials & Wildflowers 23 Tx Fern Acaciella (Acacia) 12-18" Full Sun- Perennial/D N/H Mexican Yellow Acacia,Prairie angustissima Part Sh ecid.GC Acacia Tropical / Tender Perennials 5 X-Malasia Chenille Plant Acalypha hispida 2-6' Full Sun- Tropical Part Sh Perennials & Wildflowers >10 X Yarrow Achillea filipendula 2.5' - 3' Full Sun Perennial 'Moonshine' or X clypeolata 'Canary Yellow' Perennials & Wildflowers 81 Tx Yarrow - Fernleaf - Achillea millefolium 40'' Full Sun- Perennial N/H Painted Lady White Shade Groundcover 12 Tx Oppositeleaf Acmella 6-8" Shade Perennial Spotflower (oppositifolia) repens Shrubs and Small Trees <10 Tx Texas White Aesculus glabra 6-20' Part sun Deciduous Buckeye var. arguta Shrubs and Small Trees Tx Red Buckeye Aesculus pavia 6-20' Shade Deciduous N Perennials & Wildflowers 10 X-N US Lavender/Anise Agastache 3' Full Sun Annual N Summer Azure? Hyssop foeniculum Perennials & Wildflowers 18 -
Illustration Sources
APPENDIX ONE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES REF. CODE ABR Abrams, L. 1923–1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. ADD Addisonia. 1916–1964. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Reprinted with permission from Addisonia, vol. 18, plate 579, Copyright © 1933, The New York Botanical Garden. ANDAnderson, E. and Woodson, R.E. 1935. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Reprinted with permission of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. ANN Hollingworth A. 2005. Original illustrations. Published herein by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth. Artist: Anne Hollingworth. ANO Anonymous. 1821. Medical botany. E. Cox and Sons, London. ARM Annual Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1889–1912. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. BA1 Bailey, L.H. 1914–1917. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. The Macmillan Company, New York. BA2 Bailey, L.H. and Bailey, E.Z. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. Reprinted with permission from William Crepet and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. BA3 Bailey, L.H. 1900–1902. Cyclopedia of American horticulture. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. BB2 Britton, N.L. and Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British posses- sions. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. BEA Beal, E.O. and Thieret, J.W. 1986. Aquatic and wetland plants of Kentucky. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Reprinted with permission of Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission.