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СORPORATE NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERSPUTNIK INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE COMMUNICATIONS

NEW HORIZONS To identify new avenues leading to the attain- Intersputnik took a more active stance in human ment of Intersputnik’s goals, there was initiated capacity building having launched NATSATTEL a Development Program to offer debt financing annual international seminars on tele- for the development of space communications communications, training in frequency regulation, business. and an internship program for young profession- als with the Directorate’s structural subdivisions, In 2007 Intersputnik joined RCC as an observer thus contributing to our common future. and has been cooperating with RCC successfully ever since. In the last several years Intersputnik YEARS Vadim Belov has also consolidated its partner relations with IN ORBIT other intergovernmental satellite telecommu- Director General nications organizations (, IMSO, ITSO), retired on 14 June 2021 with which it signed agreements on coopera- tion. Besides, in 2018 the organization accepted the rights and obligations under the UN treaties on outer space securing at the international lev- el its status of a responsible participant in outer This year our organization will turn 50, and space activities. I am happy to have had the opportunity to trav- el part of this journey together with you – re- Dear colleagues, dear friends, MEMBER- liable partners, esteemed colleagues and dear COUNTRIES friends. I am sure that owing to your profession- I would like to extend my heartfelt appreciation alism and dedication to what you do Intersput- and gratitude to you for fruitful cooperation. In nik will continue to make steady progress in the the sixteen years I have held the position of the interests of all current and future Members and Director General we have managed to achieve Signatories. much. I highly value the partner and friendly re- lationship we have established. Let me describe in very broad brush strokes how our organization There were carried out a number of major interna- Intersputnik became the first international in- On 14 June 2021 there expired the tenure of In- approached its 50th anniversary. tional satellite projects involving the use of Inter- tergovernmental organization that declared its tersputnik’s Director General Vadim Belov. As sputnik’s orbit and spectrum resource. They have acceptance of the responsibility for compliance decided by the joint 49th session of the Board rd 16 YEARS become a qualitatively new area of the organiza- with the 1967 and 23 session of the Operations Committee of IN OFFICE tion’s business. Intersputnik, the office of the Director General was taken over on 15 June 2021 by Ksenia Droz- dova. At the joint session, the Board and the Op- DIVIDENDS erations Committee expressed appreciation to Vadim Belov for his “responsible attitude to the common cause and many years’ service in the aim of attaining the goals of the Intersputnik In- Vadim Belov was elected Director General of ternational Organization of Space Communica- Intersputnik four times – in 2005, 2009, 2013, tions, and for efficiently putting into practice the and 2017. tasks the Directorate was charged with".

Since 2005 the organization has expanded its Over the past period Intersputnik’s revenues membership and geographic extension: it was have grown more than two times. This helped to joined by one more, twenty sixth, country – the improve financial stability and pay nearly 3.5 times Federal Republic of Somalia – from the African more to Intersputnik Members and Signatories in region, which had not been represented in In- terms of dividends. tersputnik earlier, and the number of national Signatories grew from twenty one to twenty Intersputnik’s subsidiary Isatel has also been de- five. There was laid the groundwork for the veloping successfully providing full-scale services accession to Intersputnik of a new Member, to build and operate satellite which we will be able to welcome to our mul- networks, including ground infrastructure. tinational family after domestic procedures are completed.

4 5 Andrey Zhivov Evgeny Buydinov

Chairman of the Board Chairman of the Operations Committee

Mr. Andrey Zhivov, born in 1987, graduated in 2009 Mr. Zhivov coordinates the activity of the telecom- Born on 12 November 1964 in Kimry, Kalinin Region. Visit the website of Russian Satellite Communi- from the Technical University of Commu- munications administration of the Russian Federa- In 1991 graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute cations Company, Intersputnik’s Signatory for nications and Informatics majoring in Computers, tion focusing on the improvement of the efficiency majoring in radio engineering. In 2014 earned an Computer Complexes, Systems and Networks. In of Russian Federation’s participation in internation- МВА in “Management of Innovations in Telecommu- 2014 he earned a master’s degree in international al organizations dealing with information and com- nications Companies” from Moscow Technical Uni- https://eng.rscc.ru/ relations from the European Studies Institute that munications technologies, the , and postal versity of Communications and Informatics. In 2016 is part of the Moscow State Institute of Internation- services, such as the International Telecommunica- the same university awarded Mr. Buydinov a DBА in al Relations. tion Union, Universal Postal Union, Regional Com- “Management of Infocommunications Companies”. Author of the RSCC Innovative Development Pro- monwealth in the Field of Communications, et al. gram. Member of the International Telecommuni- For several years Mr. Zhivov worked as a technical From 1991 Mr. Buydinov was employed as a cation Academy. Holder of the Medal of the Order expert for a number of IT and banking companies. Besides, Mr. Zhivov is a contact person for the Rus- design engineer by MKB Raduga in Dubna. In “For Merit to the Fatherland”, Class 2, ministerial Since 2011 Mr. Zhivov has been an officer of the sian Federation in a number of industry-specific 1995 he took another job at ZAO Rustel rising from awards and company awards, and the Russian Ministry of Digital Development, Communica- working bodies engaged in the development of the engineer to Deputy Technical Director to Technical Federation Presidential Certificate of Honour for tions and of the Russian Federation. digital economy in such international organizations Director. From 2007 – Director of Department at a significant contribution to the implementation Currently, he holds the position of Deputy Direc- as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and OOO Inline Technologies Group. In December 2007 of the project of digitizing TV broadcasting in the tor, Department for Mass Media and International Development, G20, BRICS, and others. At the same Mr. Buydinov came to work at Russian Satellite Russian Federation. Married, one daughter. Serves Cooperation Development. time, he represents Russia in the ICANN Govern- Communications Company (RSCC) as Investment as the Chairman of the Operations Committee mental Advisory Committee. Projects Director – Head of Investment Projects since April 2021. Service. From May 2011 he held the offices of Head Visit the website of the Intersputnik Member for Upon the proposal of the Regional Commonwealth of Investment Projects Service and Deputy Director Read at intersputnik.online Mr. Evgeny Buydinov’s Russia – the Ministry of Digital Development, in the Field of Communications, Mr. Zhivov was General for Innovative Development at RSCC. statement concerning the performance of the Communications and Mass Media of the Russian elected Vice-Chairman of the Working Group of the In November 2017 Mr. Buydinov was appointed functions of the Chairman of the Operations Com- Federation Plenary during the 2018 Plenipotentiary Conference Deputy Director General for Communications mittee and proposals concerning lines of business of the International Union. Systems Development and Operation. aimed at developing Intersputnik. https://digital.gov.ru/en/

STRATEGY

The Board and the Operations Committee of High throughput geostationary (GEO HTS) with universal digital payload Intersputnik expressed appreciation to Jacek Oko, President of the Office of Electronic Low Earth orbit multi-satellite systems for high-speed Internet access and IoT Communications of the Republic of , for directing the activity of the Intersputnik Shared access systems in VSAT networks Board in the capacity of its Chair in 2020-2021. Use of satellites of Members and Signatories for the benefit of the organization

Informing Members and Signatories of the latest trends in satellite communications

6 7 Most of the interlocutors expressed interest in The cooperative model, in which operators agree deepening the interaction of the Signatories with on the joint operation of satellites on certain princi- the Directorate with respect to joint satellite pro- ples, helps use satellite communications services as jects and the establishment of new satellite con- a temporary solution (until national systems are put stellations within the framework of partnership into operation) or on an ongoing basis. Joint pro- programmes, where Intersputnik could take over jects in this area will be cheaper owing to the use of the functions of a project office. The point is that existing own fragments of the satellite communica- the organization needs to continue coordinating tion and broadcasting network. At the same time, the orbit and spectrum resource both for its own it is proposed to make wider use of the possibilities projects implemented with the organization’s of the Members and Signatories of Intersputnik in Members and Signatories, and for joint projects various regions of the world. Ksenia Drozdova with third-party partner operators.

Director General taken office on 15 June 2021

Dear colleagues, dear friends – readers of our Today, Intersputnik unites 26 countries, which newsletter, have appointed 25 national Signatories in the Operations Committee. In the near future, Inter- First of all, I would like to thank all the Members sputnik’s family will welcome another member and Signatories of the Intersputnik International state, which is completing domestic procedures Organization of Space Communications for and will soon announce its decision to join our the confidence they placed in me by electing organization. me to the office of the Director General of our organization. It is a great honour and an even I believe that the principles of respect for the At the same time, it is proposed to actively devel- The new strategy also reflects the fundamentally greater responsibility! sovereignty, independence and equality of the op Intersputnik’s own satellite fleet, among other important cooperation with international organi- member states laid down half a century ago things, assuming the model of a virtual network zations. The Directorate will continue to regularly I would like to express my gratitude personally have become the guarantee of Intersputnik’s operator, that is, to create a coordinated distrib- inform Members and Signatories of major events, to Mr. Vadim Belov and his team for the job longevity. uted network of satellite communications of the activities and decisions that have a significant im- done to create a solid foundation for the further organization based on satellite constellations of pact on the state and future of the digital tech- development of the organization and effective In May of this year, at the 49th session of the Board operators-members of the Operations Commit- nologies market. An important area of our activity interaction between the Directorate and the and the 23rd session of the Operations Committee tee. The form can be different, including using the will be the consolidation of cooperation with the Operations Committee, of which I have been the of Intersputnik, we reviewed the organization’s so-called hosted payload. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Chair in recent years. I promise that I will do my development strategy up to 2026. This strategy among other things, in protecting the interests of best to develop Intersputnik for the benefit of all is based on the ideas and proposals that the the space component in the new 5G standards. its Members and Signatories. members of the Operations Committee came up We believe that one of the areas of cooperation with in the course of the interviews given (visit with the ITU could be joint training programmes, In November of this year, Intersputnik is cel- intersputnik.online), as well as on my personal conferences and the necessary cultural exchange. ebrating its 50th anniversary. The establish- experience in dealing with major business ment of the organization in 1971 helped set projects. up a deeply integrated radio-information space of the member countries using tele- communications satellites. All these years, our organization unites professionals from different continents who, working dedicat- edly to implement projects to eliminate the digital divide, and caring for the next gen- erations, are engaged in modern solutions in the field of communications and broad- https://intersputnik.online casting.

8 9 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION

inform Members and Signatories of major events, activities and decisions modernize the customer service management system

introduce uniform standards for management and business protect the interests of the space component in the new 5G standards administration systems in the Directorate and regional offices

organize joint training programmes, conferences and the necessary cultural exchange Space technologies and related industries are In interviews with the Signatories of the Opera- constantly opening up new opportunities, and tions Committee, there was always asked the fol- therefore new needs for investment and skilled lowing question: “How do you see Intersputnik deepen integration with the Regional African Satellite Communication personnel. The industry has changed dramatical- in the future and how can it be useful for your Organization (RASCOM) ly over the past two years. The market for services company?” Almost all the answers were that In- of mass demand is rapidly developing – satellite tersputnik should remain a reliable partner in the broadband Internet access, offered by different implementation of complex integration projects, train local personnel and inspire regional elites with operators and satellite constellations in geosta- a training centre for specialists and an active as- the opening possibilities of the infrastructure being created tionary and non-geostationary orbits. sistant in advocating for interests in coordinating the orbit and spectrum resource in the ITU. It In my opinion, the satellite industry is was repeatedly noted that it is Intersputnik that Intersputnik will continue to pursue a policy of Satellite communication is needed where there is today the most innovative and promising should become a provider of knowledge and in- deepening communication and coordination no alternative access to the public network or the industry, in which scientific discoveries and tegrated solutions to the national markets of the with regional telecommunication organizations. Internet. But many people, including you and me, practical engineering create completely new member states in the 5G system. I believe that For example, a representative of Intersputnik are already accustomed to staying connected all professions. the Directorate is ready to perform these tasks. heads the recently created permanent Working the time. Group on Satellite Technologies under the Tele- These professions require erudite specialists This is how I see today the main goals and ar- communication and Infocommunication Oper- Our task is to provide citizens of the states of from various fields of science and technology. In eas of the future development of Intersputnik ators Board of the Regional Commonwealth in Intersputnik with convenient forms of access this regard, Intersputnik is planning a structural under my leadership. I would be grateful to the Field of Communications (RCC). Our plans in- to any satellite-based services: from solutions transformation by drawing human and techni- each of you for supporting the implementa- clude deeper integration with the Regional Afri- for the B2B segment to communication cal resources of the organization’s Members and tion of our joint ambitious projects. I am sure can Satellite Communication Organization (RAS- options for the end user. Signatories. As we develop, we will modernize that together we can make a significant con- COM), which unites more than 40 African states. the customer service management system, in- tribution to the development and prosperity The experience of cooperation on the African Members of the Operations Committee have troduce uniform standards for management and of our countries and the space communica- continent shows that for the success of projects satellite fleets in different orbits – low, medium, business administration systems in the Directo- tions industry as a whole. it is not enough to offer an effective solution for geostationary – and the service areas of their rate and regional offices. establishing communications – you need to be spacecraft cover the entire globe. Over the past ready to train local personnel and inspire regional few years, satellite communications have ceased elites with the opening possibilities of the infra- to be an elite infrastructure and are being trans- structure being created. Of course, this is not a formed into a service of mass demand. I believe INTERSPUTNIK IN THE FUTURE complete list of international and regional organ- that Intersputnik will in its activities use all the izations with which we plan to interact, their list is modern capabilities of the constellations in any much broader. type of orbit after testing, understanding the reliable partner in the implementation of complex integration project features of their work and creating a database, to prepare various solutions for accessing the com- munications infrastructure, depending on the wishes of the customer. training centre for specialists

active assistant in advocating for interests in coordinating the orbit and spectrum resource in the ITU

provider of knowledge and integrated solutions to the national markets of the member states in the 5G system

10 11 AWARDING OF HONORARY DIPLOMAS We are grateful to those whose contribution Lyudmila Mikhailina (Russia) for considerable contribution to the development of Intersputnik, consolidation to Intersputnik’s growth was commended Andrei Mukhanov (Russia) of cooperation among its Members and Signatories, and enhancement earlier. In the last 10 years the Board has Nurudin Mukhitdinov (Russia) of the international prestige of our organization awarded honorary diplomas to Irvuz Norovzhav () Bayish Nurmatov (Kyrgyz Republic) Luvsanchimed Banzragch (Mongolia) Nikolay Orlov (Russia) Yevgeny Buydinov (Russia) László Pados () Yury Chechin (Russia) Denis Pivnyuk (Russia) Boris Chirkov (Russia) Iosif Povolotskiy (Russia) Thomas Choi (USA) Yuri Prokhorov (Russia) Mariusz Czyżak (Poland) Boris Prytkov (Russia) Garam-Ochir Damba (Mongolia) Tamás Puss (Hungary) Josef Dolecki (Poland) Christian Roisse (France) Detlef Drews () Marek Rusin (Poland) Ksenia Drozdova (Russia) Hans-Joachim Schemel (Germany) Jan Duben (Czechia) František Šebek (Czechia) Wiesław Dzierżak (Poland) Dmitry Shedko () Magdalena Gaj (Poland) Sergey Sivodedov (Belarus) Alexandr Ganin (Russia) Harald Stange (Germany) During the joint 49th session of the Board and Arkady Nedbai (Russia) Aleksandr Gromov (Russia) rd Victor Strelets (Russia) 23 session of the Operations Committee John Ogalo (Somalia) Dmitri Gudenko (Russia) held in May 2021 the Intersputnik Board Valery Timofeev (Russia) Batyr Orazdurdyev () Baryalai Hassam () decided to award honorary diplomas to Péter Vári (Hungary) Rashid Ismayilov (Russia) Grigory Osipov (Russia) Mikhail Vaskovskiy (Russia) Stefan Kollar (Czechia) Onideth Oudomsak () Natalia Akutina (Russia) Victor Veshchunov (Russia) Yuri Kolosov (Russia) Akmuhammet Amanov (Turkmenistan) Lyubomir Panchev () Peter Voss (Germany) Valery Komarov () Valentin Anpilogov (Russia) Dietmar Plesse (Germany) Aleksandr Yakovenko (Russia) Viktor Kotelnikov (Russia) Maksat Astankulov (Turkmenistan) Nadezhda Popenko (Russia) Gennady Zhukov (Russia) Boyko Kotzev (Bulgaria) Lyudmila Babayeva (Russia) Victor Romantsov (Russia) Natalya Zorya (Russia) Bozhidar Kozhuharov (Bulgaria) Vithaya Sayvisith (Laos) Aleksandr Zubets (Russia) Vadim Belov (Russia) Gennady Kudryavtsev (Russia) Staff of the Department of International Law, Yevgeny Bochkarev (Russia) Alexander Semyonov (Russia) Lam Quoc Cuong () Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Namshir Bumchin (Mongolia) Farkhad Shukurov () Le Thi Hien (Vietnam) Staff of scientific and technical journal Yuri Chyorny (Belarus) Elena Shulepova (Russia) Boris Mayorsky (Russia) of telecommunications Elektrosviaz Diána Daczi (Hungary) Galina Shvyrkova (Russia) Dimitar Dimitrov (Bulgaria) Oleg Spevak (Russia) Intersputnik honorary diplomas Tsegmid Gantugs (Mongolia) Dulguuntengis Tsedev (Mongolia) on the world map Xayluxa Insisiengmay (Laos) Andrai Uranchimeg (Mongolia) Mohamed Jama (Somalia) Nana Yakovenko (Russia) Leonid Konik (Russia) Dmitry Zakaliukin (Belarus) Konstantin Lanin (Russia) Andrey Zhivov (Russia) Darhan Maral () Staff of the Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI) Rashad Nabiyev ()

12 13 All readers of our newsletter are invited to intersputnik.online! On this website you can find a series of interviews with the members of the Intersputnik Operations Committee under the title “Voice of Satellite Industry” and review an analysis of the satellite video broadcasting market in various parts of the world

LAOS VIETNAM GERMANY

Interview with Lam Quoc Cuong, Managing Di- Interview with Detlef Drews, CEO, FidusCrypt – Stay up to date on the latest developments Interview with Xayluxa Insisiengmay, Director rector VNPT-I, Vietnam Posts and Telecommuni- USG GmbH and trends – learn what is happening in the General of Radio Frequency Department, cations Group field of satellite telecommunications on the Ministry of Technologies and Communications, Follow the link for a video interview in English website of the Operations Committee Lao People’s Democratic Republic . Follow the link for a video interview in English. Most recent releases of our Signatories Follow the link for a video interview in English. And these are just our most recent releases… Visit intersputnik.online and immerse yourself in the captivating world of telecommunications!

Generally, coordination agreements contain mutu- On the pages of our newsletter read the article ally acceptable technical parameters for the oper- «Mechanisms for resolving disputes related ation of certain frequency bands, and their breach to violations of coordination agreements» may cause harmful interference toward communi- cations satellites’ operations. At the request of na- BELARUS MONGOLIA tional telecommunications administrations, the ITU investigates harmful interference and formulates Articles by Leonid Fedotov, Senior Business Interview with Battsengel Bolor-Erdene, Authors of the article - recommendations. Such a process has a few draw- Development Consultant of the Satellite Ca- Chairwoman, Communications and Information Elina Morozova, backs, and the ITU’s inability to take into account pacity Sales Department, Republican Produc- Technology Authority of the Government of Executive Director, Intersputnik the provisions of the coordination agreements is tion Unitary Enterprise “Precise Electrome- Mongolia and one of the most significant. chanics Factory” "Satellites play an important role to increase digital Yaroslav Vasyanin, These articles will help telecommunications sat- connectivity and reducing the digital divide in Senior Legal Counsel, If the ITU’s recommendations cannot satisfy the ellite operators in examining the possibilities of Mongolia" International Legal Service, Intersputnik parties or are not duly followed, or if damage is offering their services to broadcasters from the caused by harmful interference and requires com- countries and regions in question. Follow the link for an video interview in English. Among numerous space activities, satellite commu- pensation, a judicial recourse seems inevitable. As nications remain the most widespread, essential, disputes may involve parties around the globe, to “The Outlook of the Satellite TV Broadcasting and advanced. To perform their primary function, which court should they apply? Commonly draft- Market in Sub-Saharan Africa” i.e. communication, satellites need to be placed in ed by technical experts, coordination agreements orbit and use the radio-frequency spectrum. Radio hardly provide for a dispute resolution mechanism This article is available in Russian and English. frequencies and satellite orbits – limited natural or governing law, while the application of general resources of outer space – are managed by the In- rules may bring parties to a jurisdiction equally ir- “Satellite video broadcasting markets in and ternational Telecommunication Union (ITU), which relevant to both. Furthermore, whatever forum is China: conditions and opportunities for satellite op- ensures their rational, equitable, efficient, and eco- chosen, the question of specific knowledge arises. erators” nomical use in an interference-free environment. However, the ITU’s practice has always been not to With a larger total number of Indian satellite televi- get involved in disputes. sion channels compared to Chinese, the latter have RUSSIA Before a new satellite or a satellite system is brought a wider range of distribution, which reflects the dis- into use, its operator carries out coordination with Disputes related to coordination agreements pose tinctive features of state policies of the Republic of Interview with Yuri Prokhorov, Acting Direc- the users of ‘neighboring’ satellite networks. The re- a number of legal challenges. Where to adjudicate India and the PRC in the development of national tor General, Russian Satellite Communications sults of the coordination are set forth in coordina- the case and what law to apply are just the tip of television systems. Company tion agreements. Though coordination may last for the iceberg. These issues apparently require legal years, the difficulty is not so much the conclusion of advice. This article is available in Russian and English. Follow the link for a video interview in Russian. an agreement as its due performance. Read the article

14 15 utes of meetings, through the exchange of letters, MECHANISMS FOR RESOLVING DISPUTES RELATED or otherwise as the parties consider appropriate. TO VIOLATIONS OF COORDINATION AGREEMENTS Sometimes, coordination agreements are even entered into as a result of a peaceful settlement of a dispute. All the above documents, which aim Since the beginning of the space era, numerous tions.2 That is, satellite communications are a signif- at specifying the results of international frequen- space applications have become an integral part icant part of the global space economy today. cy coordination, are referred to as ‘coordination of people’s everyday life. Among them, the most agreements.’ widespread and advanced are satellite commu- To perform a communication function, i.e. transmit nications that provide telephony, television, and and receive signals carrying different types of infor- the Internet, thereby connecting countries and mation, satellites need to be placed in certain orbits CONTENT OF COORDINATION continents. in space and use radio frequencies, which are limit- AGREEMENTS ed natural resources. Such resources are managed Need help with international frequency Coordination agreements are largely complex by the International Telecommunication Union coordination? technical documents. They contain mutually ac- (ITU) – the United Nations specialized agency for in- Contact the Technical Department ceptable parameters for the operation of certain formation and communication technologies. of Intersputnik at frequencies, which are utilized by adjacent sat- [email protected] ellites and satellite systems, including frequen- One of the ITU’s missions is to ensure that radio-fre- cy bands segmentation schemes and sharing quency spectrum and associated satellite orbits are conditions, satellites’ coverage zones, geograph- used in an interference free environment.3 Inter- Here, it is important to note that the communica- ical separation and compatible use of beams, ference can be caused if two satellites are closely tion environment of outer space is rapidly chang- types of uplinks and downlinks, transponders’ located and use similar frequencies. Harmful inter- ing. When a new satellite network is deployed, polarization and saturation flux density, signal ference seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeat- newer frequency filings are made, which, in turn, , maximum equivalent isotropically edly interrupts a communication service,4 thereby are required to be coordinated with those that radiated power, etc. Violations of such technical preventing both satellites from operating normally. have been filed earlier. Hence, international fre- parameters are generally constituted in causing To avoid this, the ITU regime provides for several quency coordination is an ongoing process, which harmful interference. mechanisms, including the so-called international aims at constantly meeting relevant requirements frequency coordination. and constitutes a permanent part of each satellite However, not only the technical parameters agreed operator’s activity. to avoid harmful interference can be contained in Need advice on establishing your national coordination agreements, but other terms and satellite system and constructing its ground INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY International frequency coordination is generally conditions, which are identified by the participants segment? COORDINATION conducted by and between national administra- of international frequency coordination, including Contact the Regional Projects Before a new satellite or a new satellite system tions of the ITU Member States.7 At the same time, those that are based on purely commercial reasons. Development Division of Intersputnik at can be deployed in orbit, an operator submits operators of the relevant satellites and satellite sys- A breach of such terms and conditions may result [email protected] to the ITU Radiocommunication Bureau a gen- tems, which can be public or private companies in quite significant financially assessable damage. eral description of the planned satellite network or international intergovernmental organizations, To illustrate this, the following example can be which contains, among other things, requested are also entitled to take part in the coordination considered. According to the Satellite Industry Association, in frequencies and satellite orbits.5 Then, such op- process on an equal footing with administrations.8 2019, the global space economy amounted to 366 erator has to coordinate its new network with As a result of frequency coordination, operator A billion US dollars. 74% of revenues worldwide were operators of the existing or earlier planned sat- The results of the coordination procedure are agrees to maintain only those of its frequencies that generated by the satellite industry. Almost half of ellite networks if they may be affected by the reflected in coordination agreements to be exe- are actually used by its satellite and refrain from them were satellite services, including communica- new one.6 cuted by the corresponding administrations or resuming the use of other recorded frequencies. In signed or otherwise formally approved by them, turn, operator B undertakes not to bring into use if initially concluded between operators. In this part of its filed frequencies, which leads to their regard, depending on parties to a coordination cancellation, and adjust its satellite’s coverage zone 1 The original full version of this article titled ‘Disputes in satellite communications: settlement mechanisms available for breach of coordination agreement, there exist the so-called administra- in such a manner as to exclude a certain area, which agreements’ was first presented at the 70th International Astronautical Congress (Washington, D.C.; 2019) in the English language. The paper is tion-to-administration, administration-to-opera- is the core market for operator A. The agreement included in the Digital Library of the International Astronautical Federation and can be purchased using this link. tor, and operator-to-operator agreements. In any remains in full force and effect for a while. Later, the 2 2020 State of the Satellite Industry Report, Satellite Industry Association. Available for a fee 3 Para. 1, Art. 12, Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union case, the ITU must be notified by the correspond- situation on the satellite market changes, and for 4 No. 1.169, Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union ing national administrations of the outcomes of operator A it becomes economically impractical to 5 No. 9.1, Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union the coordination. comply with the coordination agreement. Hence, 6 Nos. 9.6 and 9.7, Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union in breach of the agreement, operator A resumes 7 According to the Annex to the ITU Constitution, ‘Administration’ means any governmental department or service responsible for discharging the obligations undertaken in the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, in the Convention of the International Besides the conventional form of a bilateral or a utilizing those frequencies which have been Telecommunication Union and in the Administrative Regulations. Administrations of the ITU Member States represent both governmental multilateral written agreement embodied in a suspended. That causes interference to the satellite agencies and non-governmental (private) entities. In some cases, administrations also act on behalf of a group of administrations meaning that single paper instrument, the outcome of a coor- services of operator B, some of whose customers they represent an international intergovernmental organization before the ITU 8 Views of the Radio Regulations Board on Resolution 18 (Kyoto, 1994), 1996 dination process can also be reflected in the min- complain and terminate contracts. As a result,

16 17 frequency spectrum. In this regard, it appears to four years may put a final decision in a case in that the International Court of Justice is not a limbo for a long period of time. Thirdly, decisions competent forum for the settlement of disputes of the Board are not binding. Consequently, their arising out of coordination agreements. fulfillment fully depends on the good faith of the parties involved. International Telecommunication Union In considering possible legal steps in relation What is even more important, is that, when con- to a coordination agreement, one can think sidering disputes arising out of coordination of addressing the ITU, since a breach of such agreements, the Board finds itself not in a position agreement usually causes harmful interference. to examine the content of these agreements. Such Indeed, as making environment for satellite agreements contain confidential information of communications free from interference is the the administrations and operators concerned and, core goal of the ITU, it renders assistance to therefore, cannot be published, disclosed, or oth- administrations in the coordination process. In erwise made public. At the same time, the Board particular, the ITU makes efforts to help participants must make its activities fully transparent, which prevent coordination from being blocked and is now entirely in the public domain. Agendas of reach agreements. However, it can neither give meetings, submissions made by administrations, instructions identifying technical measures to other contributions, including reports prepared be taken by the parties to a coordination, nor by the Bureau, as well as summaries of the Board’s draft coordination agreements. For instance, if decisions and the minutes of its meetings are coordination negotiations are inconclusive, the available on the official website of the ITU. In oth- matter can be discussed under the auspices er words, the Board can only work and make deci- of the ITU Radiocommunication Bureau. Upon sions on the basis of open documents and open request, the Bureau carries out investigations of sources of information, while all the materials con- harmful interference and submits reports to the taining confidential information are not accepted operator B suffers damage caused by its voluntary Therefore, if a dispute arises, a satellite operator ITU Radio Regulations Board11 which formulates by the Board and, if for whatever reason received, abandonment of some of its frequencies and loses will first have to determine which one of the exist- recommendations on how to resolve a case. are returned to the relevant parties. profits. The question is, what legal steps can be ing judicial authorities will be competent to hear Indeed, the Board has been recently involved in taken by operator B in this situation in order to such a dispute. resolving quite a few disputes related to harmful Finally, the Board does not, and has no right to, protect its rights and be compensated for damage? interference and has become perceived as a review compensational claims. However, disputes COMPETENT FORUM – quasi-judicial body. Hence, disputes arising out of involving harmful interference can undoubtedly The first thing operator B should do, is check INTERNATIONAL BODIES coordination agreements, if they involve harmful result in damage. the content of the coordination agreement and interference, can be referred to the Board for proceed accordingly. However, the problem International Court of Justice consideration. The process has, however, a few All these drawbacks can discourage satellite oper- is that, being the realm of technical experts, Taking into account that coordination agreements drawbacks. ators from submitting their disputes to the Board coordination agreements are rarely drafted by are usually entered into by governmental and make a judicial recourse inevitable. lawyers and, therefore, do not often contain any authorities of different states and relate to the In the first place, it has to be noted that by virtue legal provisions, such as consequences of a breach use of outer space having specific international of its specific nature the Board only treats disputes COMPETENT FORUM – and compensation for damage. Neither do they status, one can think that the examination of administratively, i.e. it adjudicates them in the ARBITRATIONS AND COURTS usually contain any provisions on applicable law disputes arising out of these agreements can be absence of the parties concerned. As a result, it As disputes arising out of coordination agree- and settlement of disputes. within the competence of the International Court may happen that the relevant circumstances of a ments may involve parties around the globe, to of Justice. However, one should also consider dispute are not fully examined. Furthermore, the what forum should they apply to resolve disputes? In this regard, it is worth noting that most of the that the International Court of Justice only deals inability of the parties to personally take part in ITU recommendations related to the conclusion with disputes between states. Moreover, the the adjudication makes this process non-adver- International Arbitrations and content of coordination agreements only jurisdiction of the Court extends exclusively to sary, while the adversary character is an impor- There are many highly professional and well-es- mention technical aspects that should be agreed cases which are either specially provided for in tant principle of justice. Secondly, decisions of the tablished international arbitrations, including, upon by the parties.9 However, given that the international treaties or expressly referred to Board can be revised by World Radiocommuni- for instance, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ITU’s competence extends exclusively to technical the Court by states.10 Bearing in mind that in cation Conferences (WRCs) making them non-fi- (PCA) applying the Optional Rules for Arbitration matters, it is reasonable that the ITU does not most cases disputes arising out of coordination nal. The fact that WRCs are convened every three of Disputes Relating to Outer Space Activities,12 provide any recommendations related to the legal agreements relate to the operation of commercial content of coordination agreements. The latter satellites or their systems, it is doubtful that is completely within the scope of the parties to states might decide to refer such disputes for 9 A Method of Spectrum Management to Be Used for Aiding Frequency Assignment for Terrestrial Services in Border Areas, International Telecommunication Union, 1995 agreements. the consideration of the Court. Furthermore, 10 Arts. 34 – 38, Statute of the International Court of Justice, 26 June 1945 no international treaty explicitly empowers the 11 The ITU Radio Regulations Board is a collegiate body that consists of twelve skilled experts thoroughly qualified in the field Court to hear cases related to the use of the radio- of radiocommunication and possessing practical experience in the assignment and utilization of frequencies 12 Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Outer Space Activities, 2011. Available on the website of the Permanent Court of Arbitration

18 19 other party. However, this option appears to be of information and communication technologies, the least preferable to plaintiffs. This means that including satellite communications. For instance, for the plaintiff, the dispute will be considered in a the source of harmful interference is technically foreign country, in a foreign court, and in a foreign difficult to determine and legally challenging to language, while for the defendant, all these for- attribute. It is also difficult to estimate how reason- eign elements, on the contrary, are national and able a compensational claim is and if the claimed well-known. damages are commensurate with a given breach.

There are other rules that, for example, allow a In this regard, it might be advisable that the ITU national court to consider a dispute if damage is designate an expert to take part in legal proceed- caused in that country, if a contract is to be per- ings in national courts or international arbitra- formed in that country, or in other cases when a tions, provided that the relevant rules are met. contentious relationship is closely connected with There are no provisions in the ITU basic texts that that country. The possibility of applying these and would prevent the ITU from doing so,15 while ac- other conflict of laws principles to coordination tions which are not expressly prohibited are al- agreements largely depends on the circumstances lowed.16 Therefore, the ITU can formally use such and has to be determined on a case by case basis. practice, which would increase the effectiveness of the settlement of disputes related to the use of For example, in one real case, a party to a coor- the orbital and frequency resource. Yet, the ITU’s dination agreement invoked the principle which practice has always been not to get involved in suggests having recourse to the court of the place conflicts between Member States or between where the contract has been made. It was the operators from Member States in order to remain case of Eutelsat S.A. and Fransat S.A. versus ABS neutral.17 At the same time, the ITU could, at least, US Corp. which was heard at the Commercial Tri- consider responding to official judicial requests bunal of Paris14 and related to the alleged violation from national courts, if it is not willing to respond however, it is only with the agreement of the or another, the parties managed to agree on by ABS of the coordination agreement executed in to requests from parties to a conflict. Such a re- parties that a dispute can be referred to an arbi- submitting their dispute to the arbitral tribunal Paris. ABS, in turn, challenged all the above claims quest might be sent through diplomatic channels tration. If a coordination agreement does not con- established under the ICC rules. as well as the competence of the Commercial Tri- directly to the ITU Secretary-General and should tain an arbitration clause, the parties are still able bunal of Paris to adjudicate this case. The opinion only relate to the regulatory or technical issues.18 to agree to refer a dispute to arbitration at a later National Courts of the Commercial Tribunal of Paris regarding its Provided that the questions posed by such a re- stage, including when such a dispute has already If an arbitration agreement cannot be reached, competence to adjudicate this dispute remains un- quest do not jeopardize the ITU’s neutrality or arisen. Examples where international arbitrations the parties can only apply to national courts. The known as the case was closed for formal reasons. immunity and are within its mandate and compe- consider disputes arising out of coordination national court that will be competent to consider tence,19 the ITU Secretary-General might decide to agreements already exist. disputes arising out of a coordination agreement If the dispute had been adjudicated by this French instruct the Bureau to respond. In this case, a re- can be chosen by the parties. But what court will court, this would have probably been quite a good sponse by the ITU might relate to legal or techni- In 2012, the arbitral tribunal established under have such competence, if there is no forum selec- turn of events as France has a well-developed cal questions within the framework of the conflict, the rules of the International Chamber of tion clause in the coordination agreement? modern legal system. However, the application of but not to the subject of the dispute. 20 Commerce (ICC) reviewed the case of two satellite some conflict of laws principles may bring parties operators – Eutelsat S.A. and SES S.A. – related to a Generally, the exclusive competence of national to an exotic jurisdiction equally irrelevant to both. APPLICABLE LAW coordination agreement on the use of frequencies courts extends to disputes related to state own- Another legal challenge of adjudicating a dispute over at the 28 degrees East geostationary ership, intellectual property, and real estate and NECESSITY OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE related to a coordination agreement would be to orbital position. Due to the circumstances, does not cover disputes arising out of coordina- Whatever forum is chosen, the question of specif- determine governing law to be applied to each the parties to the dispute did not wait for the tion agreements. Also, national courts usually ic knowledge arises. Disputes related to coordina- aspect of the dispute. tribunal’s decision and signed, in January 2014, a consider disputes if a defendant has residence in tion agreements can be extremely complicated series of instruments to finally settle the case.13 It their country. In this regard, there is little doubt from the technical point of view. To adjudicate On the regional level, certain arrangements exist is not clear whether their coordination agreement that one of the parties to a coordination agree- such disputes, one not only needs to be proper- on what laws must be applied in different situa- contained a forum selection clause, but, one way ment can file a lawsuit in the national court of the ly qualified in the field of law but also in the area tions. For instance, on the territory of the Europe-

13 SES and Eutelsat Settle Their Dispute and Conclude a Series of Agreements Concerning the 28.5 Degrees East Orbital Position, 15 Ibid., Para 2.85 30 January 2014. Available on the SES website 16 Ibid., Para 2.94 14 Decision in the case No. 2017045737 between Eutelsat S.A. and Fransat S.A. against ABS US Corp., 29 September 2017. 17 Para. 2.84, Minutes of the 75th Meeting of the Radio Regulations Board, ITU Document RRB17-2/8-E, 21 July 2017 Available for a fee on the website of the Commercial Tribunal of Paris 18 Ibid., Para 2.95 19 Ibid., Para 2.84 20 Ibid., Para 2.89

20 21 an Union such issues are governed by the Reg- ellites deployed in outer space, i.e. beyond the would be competent to consider disputes aris- ulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual territory of any state, and can potentially affect ing out of coordination agreements and how Obligations (Rome I Regulation).21 However, territories of a number of states that are within it can be established.23 In the meantime, the there are no legally binding documents on the the coverage area of such satellites, it is hardly satellite industry awareness of the issue should conflict of laws principles at the international possible to determine only one country which be increased and the focus should be on the level, such as UNCITRAL, Unidroit, the Hague a coordination agreement would have close content of coordination agreements executed Conference on Private International law, etc. connection with. by satellite operators. Consequently, the choice of law is mainly regu- lated by national rules, which are to be followed In some jurisdictions, there exist other conflict It is advisable that satellite operators start by the relevant national courts or international of laws principles that can be used to determine considering coordination agreements as any arbitrations. the law applicable to a specific contract. Such other contracts that can be breached and, connecting factors include, inter alia, the law of therefore, require appropriate measures of le- According to the most widespread and gen- the place where contractual obligations are to gal protection. It would be reasonable to pro- erally accepted rule, it is suggested that a con- be performed, damage has been caused, or an mote lawyers’ involvement into coordination tract be governed by the law of the country offence has been committed. These principles agreements’ drafting process. It is, however, where the party required to effect the charac- can be used in respect of coordination agree- not suggested that these agreements be fully teristic performance of the contract has its ha- ments. For instance, if as a result of a breach of a Interested in this article? Want to learn more drafted by lawyers. Rather it would suffice, at bitual residence. For instance, this is the case of coordination agreement one party causes dam- about drafting legally protected coordination least, to consult lawyers and let them define, in the abovementioned Rome I Regulation and age to terrestrial services or infrastructure of agreements? the main text or as an annex thereto, some es- some national rules such as the Civil Code of another party, the affected party might request Contact the International and Legal sential legal provisions which equally protect the Russian Federation.22 For almost all of the to apply the law of the place where damage Service of Intersputnik at both parties. known types of contracts these documents de- has been caused. Or, if the station that uplinks [email protected] termine the party that effects the characteris- the signal causing interference to a satellite is If a dispute arises out of a coordination agree- tic performance. For example, in a contract for known, the law of the place where the offence ment with no legal provisions, it is advisable to the sale of goods it is the seller, in a contract for has been committed might be used. However, encourage the parties to agree, at least, upon the provision of services it is the service pro- such rules can only be applied to very specif- a neutral forum for dispute settlement. Choos- vider. Predictably, there is no such provision ic situations that may result from a breach of a CONCLUSIONS ing the applicable law would be more chal- with regard to a coordination agreement, be- coordination agreement and cannot generally Over the past decades, satellite communi- lenging, as it can determine the outcome of cause this type of contracts is hardly known to determine what law must govern disputes aris- cations have become an integral part of our a dispute, although agreeing on a neutral law national legislations. Moreover, it is doubtful ing out of coordination agreements. everyday life. Cutting-edge satellite telecom- is another step that the parties to the dispute that there can even exist a party effecting the munications methods ensure instant delivery must take together to ensure a fair dispute-set- characteristic performance in a coordination At the same time, applicable law has a decisive of huge amounts of data, relay of real-time tlement process. agreement, taking into account that the rights effect on relations of the parties and can even voice and video, broadcasting of radio and and obligations of both parties are very similar determine the outcome of a dispute. It is ap- television, and broadband access worldwide. and equally essential for the agreement’s per- plicable law that governs such aspects as the By transmitting signals over any distance, formance. Therefore, it is unlikely that the law definition of the legal nature of an agreement communications satellites connect locations applicable to coordination agreements can be and its interpretation, validity of an agreement everywhere on Earth. In this regard, sustain- determined using the principle of characteris- or any of its provisions, rights and obligations able operations of currently orbiting and tic performance. of the parties, including the possibility to with- planned satellites or their systems are of vital draw from the agreement, consequences of a importance both to supporting government In such cases, national legislations usually sug- breach or termination of an agreement, liability interests and the quality of life, health, and gest to use another conflict of laws principle, of the parties for non-performance or undue well-being of people. which is considered one of the most universal performance, and the assessment of damage. that applies when no other is applicable. Ac- Furthermore, applicable law can also give an- Apparently, disputes that can disrupt the op- cording to this principle, the contract is gov- swers to other questions associated with con- eration of satellites and their systems have to erned by the law of the country with which it is clusion and performance of an agreement. For be settled promptly and professionally in order most closely connected. However, taking into instance, whether the provisions of a coordina- to respond to the pressing needs of the indus- account that coordination agreements govern tion agreement correspond to the competition try. For this reason, it is worth considering if the relations of the parties with respect to the law or if such an agreement has a good, valua- there is a need for a specialized arbitration that use of frequencies and associated satellite or- ble, and proper consideration in the context of bits and the operation of communications sat- the common law system.

21 Regulation (EC) No. 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the law applicable to contractual obligations, 17 June 2008. 23 Establishment of a Specialized Tribunal Under the International Telecommunication Union to Adjudicate Disputes as a Means to Improve the Available Efficiency of the Management of the Radio Frequency Spectrum, Victor Veshchunov, Elina Morozova, IAC-13-E7.2.4,2013 22 Art. 1211, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, 1 march 2002. Available

22 23 INTERNATIONAL FORUMS AND OTHER INDUSTRY EVENTS Intersputnik Hungary

Intersputnik carries on a series of specialized ners of a quiz dedicated to the 60th anniversa- webinars on satellite telecommunications and ry of Yuri Gagarin’s space flight were rewarded broadcasting in various countries and regions with access to one-month free testing on the of the world. Traditionally, the webinars are АВS-2А satellite. attended by renowned experts in information and communications technologies, international 8 June 2021 and local services providers and suppliers of A webinar was held for countries in Latin America. satellite telecommunications equipment, other Presentations and a roundtable were focused on industry-specific companies and representatives three countries: Nicaragua, Argentina, and Peru. of financial and credit institutions. The first webinar for this region drew participants from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua, 12 April 2021 Uruguay, and others. This time the winners of The International Day of Human Space Flight, a the quiz were granted one-month free testing in series of presentations and a roundtable were C band on the Express-AM8 satellite. dedicated to satellite communications in Indo- nesia. This was already a second webinar for this promising market in South-East Asia. Win-

# 1, 17 June 2020, Indonesia On the occasion of World Telecommunications tions for mobile and cable communication, as # 2, 21 July 2020, Latin America and Information Society Day on 13 May 2021, well as broadcasting. Intersputnik was hon- # 3, 5 November 2020, Africa and the Near East Széchenyi István University in Győr (Hungary) oured to take part in the satellite technologies # 4, 12 April 2021, Indonesia held, with a wide-ranging involvement of the section and discuss selected aspects of applying # 5, 8 June 2021, Latin America Hungarian infocommunication sector, a sym- international space law to satellite telecommu- posium with participants from international nications. We would like to thank the National Want to receive materials of these webinars? and national industry organizations, operators, Media and Infocommunications Authority, the Interested in discussing the satellite universities, as well as the government sector. Intersputnik Signatory for Hungary, for cooper- telecommunications market in your region? During the event there took place parallel sec- ation in building up human capacity! Write to us at [email protected]

World Russia

The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Some delegations expressed the view that the 11 February 2021 8-9 April 2021 Outer Space (COPUOS) held meetings of its Sci- utilization by states of the GSO on a “first come There was held with support from Inter- There took place with support from Intersputnik entific and Technical (19 – 30 April 2021) and first served” basis was unacceptable and, there- sputnik the second international conference the XIII international conference “SATELLITE Legal (31 May – 11 June 2021) Subcommittees. fore, it was necessary, with the involvement of #SpaceCom Digital Russia 2021 “Satellite RUSSIA & CIS: spacecrafts and satellite com- Intersputnik took part in the meetings as a per- ITU, to develop a regime guaranteeing equita- Communications Industry in the Era of Digi- munications on all orbits: market recovery in the manent observer at COPUOS. ble access to orbital positions for states. tal Transformation”. Satellite communications aftermath of COVID-19, integration into 5G, IoT experts shared experience in overcoming the and digital economy”. Experts exchanged opin- Without prejudice to the prevailing role of the Read more in the conference room paper on consequences of the pandemic. Participants ions on broadband services in geostationary and International Telecommunication Union – the the issue of equitable access of the developing in the discussion laid special emphasis on non-geostationary satellite systems, the use of UN specialized agency for information and states to submitted by the the new government concept of developing low-Earth-orbit constellations for IoT services, communications technologies – the Subcom- delegation of Iran (available at this link in Eng- TV and radio broadcasting in 2020-2025 and standardization of the satellite component of mittees reviewed the utilization of the geo- lish) and draft reports of the STSC (Part XIV) and bridging the digital divide in Russia. IMT-2020 and IoT, changes on the satellite direct- stationary orbit, including in the field of space LSC (Part V). to-home market, requirements of space startups, communications, and ways to ensure that it is and ways to keep the satellite sector stable. used rationally and equitably.

24 25 2033 2032 2031 2030 2029 INTERSPUTNIK TODAY 2028 TOPIC OF THE NEXT2027 ISSUE – WE TURN 50! 5 business areas 2026 2025 2024 Lease of satellite capacity 2023 Largest choice of geostationary orbit satellite resource Ksenia Drozdova 2022 (Russia) 2021 of various satellite systems 2020 2019 Orbit and spectrum resource 2018 2017 Intersputnik filed 46 satellite networks in 29 geostationary 2016 orbital positions and 2 non-geostationary satellite networks 2015 2014 2013 Business Development Program Vadim Belov 2012 Investment fund for the implementation of innovative space (Russia) 2011 projects – $ 4,500,000 2010 2009 Štefan Kollár 2008 (Czechia) Full-scale solutions 2007 Your own facilities for global satellite telecommunications 2006 2005 2004 OpenTeleport 2003 Josef Dolecki Platform for sales of teleport services and telecommuni 2002 (Poland) 2001 cations equipment 2000 1999 Gennady Kudryavtsev 1998 (Russia) István Kovács 1997 (Hungary) Founded in 1971 under the Agreement on the Establishment of the Intersputnik International System and 1996 Organization of Space Communications, Intersputnik is an international intergovernmental organization 1995 headquartered in Moscow. The organization’s mission is to contribute to the consolidation and expansion of 1994 1993 Eduard Večerek economic, scientific, technological and cultural relations using satellite telecommunications, video and audio () broadcasting and to support cooperation and coordination of the efforts of the member countries aimed 1992 at designing, procuring, operating and expanding an international satellite telecommunications system. 1991 1990 Intersputnik can be joined by the Government of any state that shares the principles of Intersputnik’s activity. Boris Chirkov (USSR) 1989 Today, the organization has twenty six member countries. 1988 1987 Intersputnik’s core activity is to make available to interested customers the world over geostationary satellite Spartak Kurilov 1986 Roberto Valdés Darias capacity used to offer a full range of satellite telecommunications services. At present, Intersputnik provides (USSR) 1985 () access to satellite resources of major satellite telecommunications systems, including ABS, Azerspace, 1984 Eutelsat, , SES, Express, and Yamal. To offer full-scale services encompassing the establishment and 1983 operation of satellite telecommunications networks, including ground infrastructure, Intersputnik founded 1982 Isatel, its Russian subsidiary company. 1981 1980 Yuri Krupin Owing to its status of an intergovernmental satellite organization and according to its technological policy, (USSR) 1979 Intersputnik files with the International Telecommunication Union satellite networks on various orbits, which 1978 may be further used in cooperation with the Organization’s member states and other partners in order to 1977 1976 implement projects aimed at establishing national satellite telecommunications systems. 1975 1974 More information on Intersputnik is available at intersputnik.int 1973 1972 15

26 INTERSPUTNIK INTERNATIONAL ORGANIATION OF SPACE COMMUNICATIONS 2nd Smolensky per., 1/4, 121099, Moscow, Russia Phone: +7 (495) 641-44-22 : +7 (495) 641-44-40 [email protected] www.intersputnik.int

Pre-launch sales Own frequency Installation Business OpenTeleport of capacity resource on GSO and operation development of all global of ground program satellite fleets infrastructure

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