DOCSLIB.ORG

OF SPACE Law

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
OF SPACE Law JOURNAI J OF SPACE LAW VOLUME 29, NUMBERS 1 & 2 2003 JOURNAL OF SPACE LAw UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF LAw A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO SPACE LAW AND THE LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISING OUT OF HUMAN ACTMTIES IN OUTER SPACE. VOLUME 29 2003 NUMBERS! &2 Editor·in-Chief Professor Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz Executive Editor Jacqueline Etil Serrao, J.D., LL.M. Articles Editors Business Managers Alicia Andrews Tracy Bowles Greg Atwood Leslie Vowell Price Spencer Beard Maria Nikolaevna Bjornerud Project Transition Manager Tracy Bowles Kevin Melchi Chris Brannon Laura Dyer Senior StaffAssistant Cory Lancaster Julie Baker Creighton Lancaster All correspondence with reference to this publication should be directed to the Journal of Space Law, P.O. Box 308 University of Mississippi Law Center, UniversitY, Mississippi 38677, [email protected], tel: 1.662.915.6857, or fax: 1.662.915.6921. Journal of Space Law. The subscription rate for 2003 and 2004 is $100 U.S. for U.S. domestic/individual; $120 U.S. for U.s. domestic/organization; $105 U.s. for non-U.SJindividual; $125 U.S. for non-U.SJorganization. Single is­ sues may be ordered at $70 per issue. For non-U.S. airmail, add $20 U.S. Please see subscription page at back of this volume. Copyright © Journal of Space Law 2003. Suggested abbreviation: J. Space L. JOURNAL OF SPACE LAw UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF LAw A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO SPACE LAW AND THE LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISING OUT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN OUTER SPACE. VOLUME 29 2003 NUMBERS 1 &2 CONTENTS In Memory of Dr. Stephen Gorove...................................................... iii Foreword ............................................. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz v Articles The Application of Intellectual Property Rights to Outer Space Activities ....................................... Ruwantissa Abeyratne 1 Satellite Servicing On-Orbit by Automation and Robotics: Legal and Regulatory Considerations ................ Tare C. Brisibe 21 Cooperation After the Storm: A Right Step in Satellite Trade Regulation .......................................... Patrick J. Donovan 31 International Law Governing the Acquisition and Dissemination of Satellite Imagery ......................... Ram Jakhu 65 The Jus Ad Bellum In Spatialis: The Exact Content and Practical Implications of the Law on the Use of Force In Outer Space .......................................................... Ricky J. Lee 93 Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications: An Overview ................ Victor S. Yeshchunov 121 and Victoria D. Stovboun i Appended Agreements: Agreement on the establishment of the "INTERSPUTNIK" International System and Organization of Space Communications....................... 131 Protocol on the Amendments to the Agreement on the Establishment of the INTERSPUTNIK International System and Organization of Space Communications................................................... 147 Operating Agreement ofthe INTERSPUTNIK International Organization of Space Communications ................................................... 162 Commentary The Generational-Technological Gap In Air and Space Law - A Commentary ................................................. Gbenga Oduntan 185 Book Reviews ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW AND THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPACE LAW OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTICAL FEDERATION By Stephen E. Doyle ...................... Reviewed by Sylvia Ospina 205 SKY STATIC: THE SPACE DEBRIS CRISIS By Antony Milne ........................ Reviewed by John F. Graham 209 Bibliography: Case Developments and Recent Publications Space Law Cases and Publications Since 2000 .......... .Tracy Bowles 213 Books............................................................................................. 213 Articles .......................................................................................... 216 Notes/Comments .......................................................................... 218 Cases ............................................................................................. 219 11 -- In Memoriam -- This volume is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Stephen Gorove 1917 - 2001 Journal oJ Space Law Founder Chair, Editorial Board and Advisors 1973 - 2001 III FOREWORD THE JOURNAL OF SPACE LAW: THE NEW CENTURY Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz' The 29th volume of the JOURNAL OF SPACE LAw marks both an ending and a beginning. It is the first volume to be published since the passing of the JOURNAL'S founder and editor, Dr. Stephen Gorove. Dr. Gorove founded the JOURNAL in 1973 and under his guidance, it developed into the most respected space law journal in the world. For more than a quarter of a century, space law legislators, academics, students, practitioners, poli­ cymakers, and those aspiring to join their ranks, have consulted the JOURNAL for the best and most recent thinking on space law and its development. Now, in 2003, the JOURNAL will continue under new direction but with the same goal established by Dr. Gorove: to provide a dedicated forum to address the legal prob­ lems arising out of human activities in space. A more auspicious time to do so would be hard to imagine. In the first years of the 21st Century, the world witnessed the launch of Nigeria's NigeriaSatl, a remote sensing satellite and a 14-orbit, 21-hour, 23-minute mission of the ShengZhou-5 which carried the first Chinese Taikonaut into space, making China the third nation to place a· human in space. These mis­ sions exemplify the emergence of the next generation of space- * Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz is the Editor-in-Chief of the JOURNAL OF SPACE LAw. She is also a professor of space law and remote Bensing law and the Director of the Na­ tional Remote Sensing and Space Law Center at the University of :Mississippi School of Law. Prof. Gabrynowicz was the recipient of the 2001 Women in Aerospace Outstanding International Award and is a member of the International Institute of Space Law and the American Bar Association Forum on Air and Space Law. She may be reached at www.spacelaw.olemiss.edu. v faring nations. The space community has recognized that newly - active and recently advancing space nations require expertise and guidance to develop their domestic space law and legal in­ stitutions. In 1999, the Third United Nations Conference on the Ex­ ploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) noted "[t]he need for effective laws and policies on space activi­ ties, not just on an international level but also on the national level, [and it] is becoming clear to the increasing number of States now actively involved in the field of space." In 2001, the American Astronautical Society concluded that, The accessibility to and integration into our daily lives of nu­ merous co=ercial applications in space, including satellite telephony, direct-to-home television, high-speed Internet con­ nectivity, telemedicine, distance learning, remote sensing of the Earth, global positioning and navigation and materials processing, are a testament to that fact. Yet for private entities and investors to expand their business models and to reach for the next new application, they will need to see predictable, transparent and flexible international and domestic legal frameworks within which they may operate their businesses and protect their investments. As the newly -active space nations begin their domestic space activities and space law development, their more experi­ enced counterparts are addressing more advanced operational and legal problems. Complex, long-term international missions are raising issues of follow-on technologies; on-orbit human and robotic sustainability; and the on-going utilization, implementa­ tion and evolution of space assets. Multilateral agreements like the Intergovernmental Space Station Agreement and the Inter­ national Charter for Space and Major Disasters are representa­ tive of the newer space law instruments that are emerging to reflect the multi-year, international missions that characterize the post-Apollo era. Taken together, these events-and the response of the law that they invoke-demonstrate that on the civil side of space activities both the newer and more established spacefaring na­ tions share two strong commonalities: de facto international cooperation and the increase of hybrid public-private activities. vi The Nigerian satellite was built by a British company and launched atop a Russian rocket. Russian legacy technology pro­ vided the foundation for improvement by the Chinese. The In­ ternational Space Station integrated, and continues to inte­ grate, the technology and processes of 16 nations. The nascent Earth monitoring system facilitated by the International Char­ ter employs the technology and. personnel of six major space agencies and their supporting companies. A constant theme of all of these activities is the web of legal issues generated by the use of publicly and/or privately developed assets for commercial and/or national projects. Many of these issues are mirrored on the military side of space activities as welL One of the best examples of this is the Initial Joint Polar-Orbiting Operational Satellite System and its concomitant intergovernmental agreement, in which both the U.S. military and civil weather authorities are engaged, along with their European counterparts. The intentional reliance on commercial remote sensing systems for national security pur­ poses by Israel and the United States is another example. The outcome of the relative roles of the U.S. Global Positioning Sys­ tem and the planned European
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Telecommunications Regulation - Competition - ICT Access in the Asia Pacific Region
    Telecommunications Regulation - Competition - ICT Access in the Asia Pacific Region Prepared by Hon David Butcher February 2010 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................... - 1 - List of Tables ........................................................................................................... - 1 - List of Figures.......................................................................................................... - 2 - List of Appendixes................................................................................................... - 2 - List of Acronyms and Abbreviations........................................................................ - 2 - Glossary of Terms.................................................................................................... - 3 - 1. Introduction..................................................................................................... - 5 - 1.1 Background......................................................................................................- 5 - 1.2 Adapt to Change...............................................................................................- 6 - 2. Importance of Telecommunications ................................................................ - 7 - 2.1 Potential Market................................................................................................- 7 - 2.2 Economic Benefits.............................................................................................-
    [Show full text]
  • Handbookhandbook Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS) Handbook
    n International Telecommunication Union Mobile-satellite service (MSS) HandbookHandbook Mobile-satellite service (MSS) Handbook *00000* Edition 2002 Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2002 ISBN 92-61-09951-3 Radiocommunication Bureau Edition 2002 THE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Inquiries about radiocommunication matters Please contact: ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5800 Fax: +41 22 730 5785 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.itu.int/itu-r Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales and Marketing Division Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6141 English Telephone: +41 22 730 6142 French Telephone: +41 22 730 6143 Spanish Fax: +41 22 730 5194 Telex: 421 000 uit ch Telegram: ITU GENEVE E-mail: [email protected] The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ITU 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union HandbookHandbook Mobile-satellite service (MSS) Radiocommunication Bureau Edition 2002 - iii - FOREWORD In today’s world, people have become increasingly mobile in both their work and play.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbitration in Space-Related Disputes: a Survey of Industry Practices and Future Needs
    70th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Washington D.C., United States, 21-25 October 2019. Copyright ©2019 by the authors. All rights reserved. IAC-19,E7,2,3,x50661 Arbitration in Space-related Disputes: A Survey of Industry Practices and Future Needs Viva Dadwala*,**, Eytan Tepperb** a Faculty of Law, McGill University, 3644 Peel St, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1W9, [email protected] b Institute of Air & Space Law, McGill University, 3690 Peel Street Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1W9, [email protected] * Corresponding Author ** Both these authors contributed equally to this work Abstract To better understand the viability of arbitration in space-related disputes, we designed a survey that examines the use of arbitration clauses in contracts used by space companies, and if the use thereof is mandatory. More specifically, the survey gathers data on contracting parties’ preferred seats of arbitration, arbitration institutions, selection process for arbitrators, and choice of procedural and substantive rules. The survey also captures actual use of arbitration within space related disputes by collecting data on how often such arbitration clauses have been invoked and the number of disputes ultimately resolved by arbitration. Finally, the survey solicits industry preferences for the future development of arbitration as a form of dispute resolution in the space sector. The survey is built in a way that allows break down of results and comparing segments, inter alia, based on the type of contract (e.g., launch contract, insurance contract, investment contract, contract for supply of parts or services). The results of the survey will expose the demand for arbitration and the successes and barriers for the use thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to International Radio Regulations
    ICTP Lecture Notes INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RADIO REGULATIONS 3 – 21 February 2003 Editor S.M. Radicella The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RADIO REGULATIONS - First edition Copyright © 2003 by The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics The Abdus Salam ICTP has the irrevocable and indefinite authorization to reproduce and disseminate these Lecture Notes, in printed and/or computer readable form, from the author. ISBN 92-95003-23-3 Printed in Trieste by the Abdus Salam ICTP Publications & Printing Section Introduction to International Radio Regulations iii Introduction to International Radio Regulations v Introduction It is a pleasure for me to introduce these notes, which contain an overview of basic problems of the International Radio Regulations. Access to the existing information infrastructure, and to that of the future Information Society, depends critically on radio, especially in poor, remote and sparsely populated regions with under-developed telecommunication infrastructure. How the spectrum of radio frequencies is regulated has profound impact on the society, its security, prosperity, and culture. The radio regulations represent a very important framework for an adequate use of radio and should be known by all of those working in the field. The author of these notes Professor Ryszard (Richard) Struzak, Co-Director of the series of schools on Radio Use at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), is very well qualified to present the issue having been Vice-Chair of the Radio Regulations Board of International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). He is also former Co- Chair of the Spectrum Management/ Utilization Working Group of International Union of Radio Science (URSI).
    [Show full text]
  • Positioning Using IRIDIUM Satellite Signals of Opportunity in Weak Signal Environment
    electronics Article Positioning Using IRIDIUM Satellite Signals of Opportunity in Weak Signal Environment Zizhong Tan, Honglei Qin, Li Cong * and Chao Zhao School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China; [email protected] (Z.T.); [email protected] (H.Q.); [email protected] (C.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-1381-0629-638 Received: 9 December 2019; Accepted: 25 December 2019; Published: 27 December 2019 Abstract: In order to get rid of the dependence of the navigation and positioning system on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), radio, television, satellite, and other signals of opportunity (SOPs) can be used to achieve receiver positioning. The space-based SOPs based on satellites offer better coverage and availability than ground-based SOPs. Based on the related research of Iridium SOPs positioning in the open environment, this paper mainly focuses on the occluded environment and studies the Iridium SOPs positioning technique in weak signal environment. A new quadratic square accumulating instantaneous Doppler estimation algorithm (QSA-IDE) is proposed after analysing the orbit and signal characteristics of the Iridium satellite. The new method can improve the ability of the Iridium weak signal Doppler estimation. The theoretical analysis and positioning results based on real signal data show that the positioning based on Iridium SOPs can be realized in a weak signal environment. The research broadens the applicable environment of the Iridium SOPs positioning, thereby improving the availability and continuity of its positioning. Keywords: signals of opportunity positioning; Iridium; weak signal; instantaneous Doppler 1. Introduction The new methods for receiver positioning based on abundant and various frequency signals have emerged in recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • DESIGN of a LOW-COST AUGMENTATION NAVIGATION SYSTEM: the UNITED KINGDOM’S IMMEDIATE ANSWER to the GALILEO BREXIT
    DESIGN OF A LOW-COST AUGMENTATION NAVIGATION SYSTEM: THE UNITED KINGDOM’s IMMEDIATE ANSWER TO THE GALILEO BREXIT CONUNDRUM Lawal S Lasisi Satellite Applications and Development, Nigerian Communications Satellite Ltd, Obasanjo Space Center, affiliated to Federal University of Technology, Minna-Nigeria. e-mail: [email protected]; +2348023151587. Chatwin R Chris Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Informatics, Room 2B07, Shawcross Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton-UK, BN1 9QT e-mail: [email protected]; +441273678901. ABSTRACT United Kingdom’s Brexit from the European Union implies restricted access to the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) System - Galileo; with no access to the secured and encrypted signal used for defense and government purposes, which is restricted to European Union (EU) members. To mitigate this issue, the United Kingdom can, as a matter of urgency, launch a payload on a national military Communications Satellite to provide Navigation Overlay Services for the United Kingdom territory, surrounding waters and neighboring ally countries to meet the requirements of: Defense systems, Aviation, Maritime requirements and the effectiveness of Location-based Services for Emergencies and Crisis management etc. This paper describes the design of a navigation overlay service system as a hoisted payload on a national satellite and the required supporting ground infrastructure, highlighting various applications, services and solutions. Keywords: Brexit, Communications Satellite, Defence, European Union (EU), Galileo, GNSS, Military, Precision Point Positioning, SBAS. 1 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS) The United States Global Positioning System (GPS) marked the beginning of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). After the First World War, radio time signals offered alternative technology for determination of the Greenwich Time line and thus longitude at sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2103.06251V2 [Nlin.CD] 24 May 2021 Resonant Terms Are Algebraically Computed up to the 4Th Degree and Order
    DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MOLNIYA SATELLITE CONSTELLATION: LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF THE SEMI-MAJOR AXIS J. DAQUIN, E.M. ALESSI, J. O'LEARY, A. LEMAITRE, AND A. BUZZONI Abstract. We describe the phase space structures related to the semi-major axis of Molniya-like satellites subject to tesseral and lunisolar resonances. In particular, the questions answered in this contribution are: (i) we study the indirect interplay of the critical inclination resonance on the semi-geosynchronous resonance using a hierarchy of more realistic dynamical systems, thus discussing the dynamics beyond the integrable approximation. By introducing ad hoc tractable models averaged over fast angles, (ii) we numerically demarcate the hyperbolic structures organising the long-term dynamics via Fast Lyapunov Indicators cartography. Based on the publicly available two-line elements space orbital data, (iii) we identify two satellites, namely Molniya 1-69 and Molniya 1-87, displaying fingerprints consistent with the dynamics associated to the hyperbolic set. Finally, (iv) the computations of their associated dynamical maps highlight that the spacecraft are trapped within the hyperbolic tangle. This research therefore reports evidence of actual artificial satellites in the near-Earth environment whose dynamics are ruled by manifolds and resonant mechanisms. The tools, formalism and methodologies we present are exportable to other region of space subject to similar commensurabilities as the geosynchronous region. 1. Introduction The present manuscript is part of a recent series of papers [1, 6] dedicated to astrodynamical properties of Molniya spacecraft. It is well-known that the Molniya orbit provides a valuable dynamical alternative to the geosynchronous orbit, suitable for communication satellites to deliver a service in high-latitude countries, as it is actually the case for Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Satellite Communications Technology and Systems
    International Technology Research Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC Panel Report on Global Satellite Communications Technology and Systems Joseph N. Pelton, Panel Chair Alfred U. Mac Rae, Panel Chair Kul B. Bhasin Charles W. Bostian William T. Brandon John V. Evans Neil R. Helm Christoph E. Mahle Stephen A. Townes December 1998 International Technology Research Institute R.D. Shelton, Director Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and ITRI Series Editor 4501 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21210-2699 WTEC Panel on Satellite Communications Technology and Systems Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States Government. Dr. Joseph N. Pelton (Panel Chair) Dr. Charles W. Bostian Mr. Neil R. Helm Institute for Applied Space Research Director, Center for Wireless Deputy Director, Institute for George Washington University Telecommunications Applied Space Research 2033 K Street, N.W., Rm. 304 Virginia Tech George Washington University Washington, DC 20052 Blacksburg, VA 24061-0111 2033 K Street, N.W., Rm. 340 Washington, DC 20052 Dr. Alfred U. Mac Rae (Panel Chair) Mr. William T. Brandon President, Mac Rae Technologies Principal Engineer Dr. Christoph E. Mahle 72 Sherbrook Drive The Mitre Corporation (D270) Communications Satellite Consultant Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922 202 Burlington Road 5137 Klingle Street, N.W. Bedford, MA 01730 Washington, DC 20016 Dr. Kul B. Bhasin Chief, Satellite Networks Dr. John V. Evans Dr. Stephen A. Townes and Architectures Branch Vice President Deputy Manager, Communications NASA Lewis Research Center and Chief Technology Officer Systems and Research Section MS 54-2 Comsat Corporation Jet Propulsion Laboratory 21000 Brookpark Rd.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Communication with the Merge on Television Communication
    Special Issue - 2018 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Confcall - 2018 Conference Proceedings Satellite Communication with the Merge on Television Communication Ayyasamy.T Deepika.S Keerthana. K Head of the Department UG Scholar UG Scholar Dept of Aeronautical Dept of Aeronautical Dept of Aeronautical Srinivasan Engineering College, Srinivasan Engineering College, Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur-621 212 Perambalur-621 212 Perambalur-621 212 Abstract - In the context of a worldwide communications with run-down batteries, and leftover rocket boosters all network, satellite communications systems are very important. contribute to the count. This online catalogs of satellite has Satellite communications links add capacity to existing almost 26,000 entries! communications capabilities and provide additional alternate Although anything that is in orbit around Earth is technically routings for communications traffic. Satellite links, as one of a satellite, the term "satellite" is typically used to describe a several kinds of long-distance links, interconnect switching centers located strategically around the world. They are part of useful object placed in orbit purposely to perform some the defense communication systems (DCS) network. One specific mission or task. We commonly hear about weather important aspect of the satellite communications network is that satellites, communication satellites and scientific satellite it continues in operation under conditions that sometimes render other methods of communications inoperable. Because of this, II. HELPFUL HINTS satellites make a significant contribution to improved reliability of Navy communications .When satellite television first hit the A.Types of Classification market in the early 1990s, home dishes were expensive metal • Weather satellites help meteorologists predict the units that took up a huge chunk of yard space.
    [Show full text]
  • European Space Policy Based on an Historical Perspective of the Involvement of the European Union (EU) in the Field
    European space Historical perspective, specificpolicy aspects and key challenges IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Vincent Reillon Members' Research Service January 2017 — PE 595.917 EN This publication aims to provide an overview of European space policy based on an historical perspective of the involvement of the European Union (EU) in the field. The in-depth analysis focuses on the role played by the different EU institutions and the European Space Agency in defining and implementing a space policy in Europe and the current issues and challenges. PE 595.917 ISBN 978-92-846-0552-1 doi:10.2861/903178 QA-04-17-069-EN-N Original manuscript, in English, completed in January 2017. Disclaimer The content of this document is the sole responsibility of the author and any opinions expressed therein do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. It is addressed to the Members and staff of the EP for their parliamentary work. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. © European Union, 2017. Photo credits: © Atlantis / Fotolia. [email protected] http://www.eprs.ep.parl.union.eu (intranet) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank (internet) http://epthinktank.eu (blog) European space policy Page 1 of 35 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the 1950s, development of the space sector in Europe was limited to investments made by individual Member States (France, Italy, the United Kingdom). The failure of the first European partnerships in space activities in the 1960s led to the establishment of the European Space Agency (ESA), an intergovernmental institution, in 1975.
    [Show full text]
  • Eutelsat S.A. €300,000,000 3.125% Bonds Due 2022 Issue Price: 99.148 Per Cent
    EUTELSAT S.A. €300,000,000 3.125% BONDS DUE 2022 ISSUE PRICE: 99.148 PER CENT The €300,000,000 aggregate principal amount 3.125% per cent. bonds due 10 October 2022 (the Bonds) of Eutelsat S.A. (the Issuer) will be issued outside the Republic of France on 9 October 2012 (the Bond Issue). Each Bond will bear interest on its principal amount at a fixed rate of 3.125 percent. per annum from (and including) 9 October 2012 (the Issue Date) to (but excluding) 10 October 2022, payable in Euro annually in arrears on 10 October in each year and commencing on 10 October 2013, as further described in "Terms and Conditions of the Bonds - Interest"). Unless previously redeemed or purchased and cancelled in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Bonds, the Bonds will be redeemed at their principal amount on 10 October 2022 (the Maturity Date). The Issuer may at its option, and in certain circumstances shall, redeem all (but not part) of the Bonds at par plus any accrued and unpaid interest upon the occurrence of certain tax changes as further described in the section "Terms and Conditions of the Bonds - Redemption and Purchase - Redemption for tax reasons". The Bondholders may under certain conditions request the Issuer to redeem all or part of the Bonds following the occurrence of certain events triggering a downgrading of the Bonds as further described in the Section "Terms and Conditions of the Bonds — Redemption and Purchase - Redemption following a Change of Control". The obligations of the Issuer in respect of principal and interest payable under the Bonds constitute direct, unconditional, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Issuer and shall at all times rank pari passu among themselves and pari passu with all other present or future direct, unconditional, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Issuer, as further described in "Terms and Conditions of the Bonds - Status".
    [Show full text]
  • The Air Force Role in Developing International Outer Space Law
    The Air Force Role in Developing International Outer Space Law DELBERT R. TERRILL JR., Colonel, USAFR Air Force History and Museums Program Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama May 1999 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release, distribution unlimited. ii For USAFA ’70 Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii FOREWORD . ix ABOUT THE AUTHOR . xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xiii INTRODUCTION . xv 1 GERMINATION OF OUTER SPACE AS A LEGAL CONCEPT . 1 Eisenhower, a Nuclear Pearl Harbor, and Air Force Balloons . 3 “Space-for-Peace” and the International Geophysical Year . 6 Who Would Be First in Space? . 10 Notes . 13 2 AIR FORCE OPPOSITION TO INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON SPACE . 19 Early Air Force Actions Affecting Outer Space Law . 19 Air Force Actions before and after Sputnik . 27 Project RAND: Supporting the Air Force Position . 35 Notes . 39 3 AIR FORCE AS A BACKSEAT “DRIVER” IN SPACE LAW DEBATES . 45 Internal DOD Strife and Movement toward a National Outer Space Policy . 46 Air Force as a Background Player in the Sovereignty Debate . 54 Notes . 60 v Chapter Page 4 PROJECT WEST FORD . 63 Notes . 67 5 MAJ GEN ALBERT M. KUHFELD AND AIR FORCE LEADERSHIP OF SPACE LAW DEVELOPMENT . 69 Notes . 78 6 THE 1972 LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CONVENTION . 81 Notes . 89 EPILOGUE . 93 Appendices A Air Staff Reaction to Project RAND Report Dated 28 October 1957 .
    [Show full text]