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Aniba Rosaeodora (Var antibiotics Article Aniba rosaeodora (Var. amazonica Ducke) Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antitrypanosomal Activity Amanda Mara Teles 1 , João Victor Silva-Silva 2, Juan Matheus Pereira Fernandes 2,Kátia da Silva Calabrese 2,* , Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva 3 , Silvio Carvalho Marinho 4 , Adenilde Nascimento Mouchrek 5, Victor Elias Mouchrek Filho 5 and Fernando Almeida-Souza 2,3,* 1 Pós-Graduação em Saúde do Adulto, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; [email protected] (J.V.S.-S.); [email protected] (J.M.P.F.) 3 Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, 65055-310 São Luís, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Laboratório de Óleos Essenciais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65065-545 São Luís, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65065-545 São Luís, Brazil; [email protected] (A.N.M.); [email protected] (V.E.M.F.) * Correspondence: calabrese@ioc.fiocruz.br (K.d.S.C.); [email protected] (F.A.-S.) Abstract: Aniba rosaeodora is one of the most widely used plants in the perfumery industry, being used as medicinal plant in the Brazilian Amazon. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of A. rosaeodora essential oil and its biological activities. A. rosaeodora essential oil presented linalool Citation: Teles, A.M.; Silva-Silva, J.V.; (93.60%) as its major compound. The A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool showed activity against Fernandes, J.M.P.; Calabrese, K.d.S.; all the bacteria strains tested, standard strains and marine environment bacteria, with the lower Abreu-Silva, A.L.; Marinho, S.C.; minimum inhibitory concentration being observed for S. aureus. An efficient antioxidant activity Mouchrek, A.N.; Filho, V.E.M.; of A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool (EC50: 15.46 and 6.78 µg/mL, respectively) was evidenced Almeida-Souza, F. Aniba rosaeodora by the inhibition of the 2,2-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical. The (Var. amazonica Ducke) Essential Oil: antitrypanosomal activity of A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool was observed at high concentra- Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, tions against epimatigote forms (inhibitory concentration for 50% of parasites (IC50): 150.5 ± 1.08 Antioxidant and Antitrypanosomal and 198.6 ± 1.12 µg/mL, respectively), and even higher against intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi Activity. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 24. (IC50: 911.6 ± 1.15 and 249.6 ± 1.18 µg/mL, respectively). Both A. rosaeodora essential oil and https://doi.org/10.3390/ linalool did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect in BALB/c peritoneal macrophages, and both reduced nitrite antibiotics10010024 levels in unstimulated cells revealing a potential effect in NO production. These data revealed the Received: 27 November 2020 pharmacological potential of A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool, encouraging further studies. Accepted: 28 December 2020 Published: 30 December 2020 Keywords: rosewood; linalool; marine bacteria; ABTS; Trypanosoma cruzi; cytotoxicity; nitrite; ni- tric oxide Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- ms in published maps and institutio- nal affiliations. 1. Introduction In recent decades, many studies have concentrated on the search for potential an- timicrobials, with an increase in the worldwide spending on finding new antimicrobial agents. Faced with bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment as well as the discovery of Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Li- censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. new pathogens, the need for new antimicrobials arises [1]. This article is an open access article There are promising reports of different plant-derived natural phytochemicals, and a distributed under the terms and con- growing interest in exploring their potential [2]. Medicinal plants have been used around ditions of the Creative Commons At- the world for various purposes, just as their active chemical compounds have been used to tribution (CC BY) license (https:// combat various diseases. Essential oils are well known for their pharmacological activities, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ including antibacterial [3] and trypanocidal activity [4], and may represent a promising 4.0/). source of new natural drugs. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010024 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics Antibiotics 2021, 10, x 2 of 17 Antibiotics 2021, 10, 24 2 of 16 been used to combat various diseases. Essential oils are well known for their pharmaco- logical activities, including antibacterial [3] and trypanocidal activity [4], and may repre- sent a promising source of new natural drugs. AnibaAniba rosaeodorarosaeodora Ducke, Lauraceae is a large treetree thatthat reachesreaches 3030 mm inin height,height, withwith yellow-brownyellow-brown bark bark (hence (hence the the name name rosewood) rosewood and) growsand grows in the in Amazon the Amazon region region (Figure 1(FigureA) [ 5]. Rosewood1A) [5]. Rosewood essential essential oil (Figure oil (Figure1B) is widely 1B) is widely used inused the in perfumery the perfumery industry industry and and its extractionits extraction for industrialfor industrial purposes purposes began began in the in interior the interior of the stateof the of state Pará ,of Brazil, Pará, around Brazil, 1930around [6]. 1930 All parts [6]. All of theparts tree of are the fragrant, tree are althoughfragrant, onlyalthough the trunk only woodthe trunk is harvested wood is andhar- hydrodistilledvested and hydrodistilled to obtain rosewood to obtain oil, rosewood a valuable oil, product. a valuable The product. species The has beenspecies used has in been the Amazonused in the as Amazon a medicinal as a plant medicinal to control plant epileptic to control seizures, epileptic to seizures, compose to regional compose fragrances regional andfragrances as an ornamental and as an ornamental plant [7]. plant [7]. FigureFigure 1.1. Aniba rosaeodora treetree ((AA)) andand essentialessential oiloil ((BB).). RosewoodRosewood oiloil is is a a colorless colorless to to pale pale yellow yellow liquid liquid with with a woody a woody floral floral fragrance, fragrance, contain- con- ingtaining monoterpenic monoterpenic alcohol alcohol linalool linalool as the as main the main constituent. constituent. It is ofIt is interest of interest to the to flavor the flavor and fragranceand fragrance industries industries because because it is transformed it is transformed into several into several valuable valuable derivatives derivatives [8]. There [8]. areThere few are reports few reports of pharmacological of pharmacological properties proper of Rosewoodties of Rosewood oil associated oil associated with its chemical with its profile.chemical These profile. properties These properties are the result are the of resu thelt synergism of the synergism of all the of moleculesall the molecules present pre- in thesent oil in orthe reflect oil or the reflect activity the activity of its major of its compound major compound linalool, linalool presenting, presenting antibacterial antibacte- and antifungalrial and antifungal [9,10], antioxidant [9,10], antioxidant [11] and [11] antiprotozoan and antiprotozoan properties properties [12]. [12]. AvailableAvailable datadata onon thethe biologicalbiological activityactivity ofof rosewoodrosewood essentialessential oiloil areare quitequite limited,limited, becausebecause mostmost studiesstudies havehave focusedfocused onon linalool,linalool, itsits mainmain constituentconstituent [[13].13]. Thus,Thus, thisthis workwork aimsaims toto evaluateevaluate thethe chemicalchemical compositioncomposition ofof AnibaAniba rosaeodorarosaeodora essentialessential oiloil extractedextracted inin thethe AmazonAmazon biome,biome, asas wellwell asas itsits antibacterial,antibacterial, antioxidantantioxidant andand trypanocidaltrypanocidal activity.activity. 2. Results 2. Results 2.1. Physical and Chemical Characterization of A. rosaeodora Essential Oil 2.1. Physical and Chemical Characterization of A. rosaeodora Essential Oil The yield of A. rosaeodora essential oil obtained from dried leaves thin branches was 2.8%.The The yield oil showed of A. rosaeodora a yellow essential color and oil a cleanobtained appearance from dried (Figure leaves1B), thin and branches presented was a density2.8%. The of oil 0.89 showed g/mL ata yellow 25 ◦C, color and a and refractive a clean index appearance (ND 25) (Figure of 1.459. 1B), It and was presented soluble in a ethanoldensity 70%of 0.89 in a g/mL ratio ofat 1:2.25 °C, Chemical and a compoundsrefractive index identified (ND 25) and of quantified 1.459. It inwasA. soluble rosaeodora in essentialethanol 70% oil are in a presented ratio of 1:2. in theChemical chromatogram compounds (Figure identified2) and Tableand quantified1. Three compounds in A. rosaeo- weredora essential identified oil and are enumerated presented in accordingly the chroma withtogram elution (Figure order 2) and and Table retention 1. Three time. com- The majorpounds constituent were identified of A. rosaeodoraand enumeratedessential accordingly oil was linalool with withelution 93.60%. order Inand ad dition,retentionα- terpinolenetime. The major and constituent linalool cis-oxide of A. rosaeodora were identified essential and oil quantifiedwas linalool at with
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