Hydrodynamic Aspects of Flotation Separation
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Making Decisions About Water and Wastewater for Aqueous Operation
Making Decisions about Water and Wastewater for Aqueous Operation John F. Russo Chapter 2.17 Handbook for Critical Cleaning Editor-in-Chief Barbara Kanegsberg Reprinted with permission from CRC Press www.crcpress.com INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................3 TYPICAL CLEANING SYSTEM............................................................................................................3 OPERATIONAL SITUATIONS OF TYPICAL USER ...............................................................................4 Determining the Water Purity Requirements .........................................................................................4 Undissolved Contaminants............................................................................................................4 Dissolved Contaminants...............................................................................................................4 Undissolved and Dissolved Contaminants........................................................................................5 Other Conditions...........................................................................................................................5 Determining the Wastewater Volume Produced .....................................................................................6 Source Water Trea tment .....................................................................................................................6 No -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
Refinery Wastewater Management Using Multiple Angle Oil-Water Separators
REFINERY WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT USING MULTIPLE ANGLE OIL-WATER SEPARATORS Kirby S. Mohr, P.E. Mohr Separations Research, Inc. 1278 FM 407 Suite 109 Lewisville, TX 75077 Phone: 918-299-9290 Cell: 918-269-8710 John N. Veenstra, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University Dee Ann Sanders, Ph.D., P.E. Oklahoma State University A paper presented at the International Petroleum Environment Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1998 ABSTRACT In this work, an overview of oil-water separation, as used in the petroleum refining industries, is presented along with case studies. Discussions include: impact of solids, legal aspects, and differing types of systems currently in use, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Performance information on separators is presented with an emphasis on new multiple angle coalescing plate technology for refinery wastewater management. Several studies are presented including a large (20,000 US GPM flow rate) system recently installed at a major US refinery. The separator was constructed by converting two existing API separators into four separators, and adding multiple angle coalescing plates to increase throughput and efficiency. A year of operating experience with this system indicates good performance and few problems. Other examples provide information on separators installed in the United States and other countries. Keywords: Oil-water separator, multiple angle, coalescence, refinery, wastewater management, petroleum, coalescing plate technology BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Oil has been refined for various uses for at least 1000 years. An Arab handbook written by Al-Razi, in approximately 865 A.D., describes distillation of “naft” (naphtha) for use in lamps and thus the beginning of oil refining (Forbes). -
Hydrometallurgy – the Basis of Radiochemistry
The Interaction Between Nuclear Chemistry and Hydrometallurgy A Strategy for the Future By Tor Bjørnstad and Dag Øistein Eriksen April 2013 A short history of radiochemistry • 1898: Marie and Pierre Curie discovered Po and Ra by chemical separations of dissolved uranium ore • 1923: de Hevesy uses 212Pb as a tracer to follow the absorption in the roots, stems and leaves of the broad bean • 1929: Ellen Gleditsch appointed professor in inorganic chemistry. Established radiochemistry in Norway in 1916. • 1938: Hahn proves fission of uranium as Ba is separated from irradiated uranium solution • 1940: First transurane produced: Np by McMillan and Abelson • Nuclear power requires separation of fission products Primus.inter.pares AS Nuclear chemistry has contributed to the development of hydrometallurgy The need for safe, remote handling of the laborious separations required in the nuclear sector boosted innovation in: • Solvent extraction: – Continuous, counter current process enabled large quantities to be processed – Contactors like mixer-settlers were developed • Ion exchange to perform difficult purifications Primus.inter.pares AS Hydrometallurgy and nuclear chemistry Nuclear (radio-)chemistry offers special methods useful in hydrometallurgy: • Use of radioactive tracers, i.e. radioactive isotopes of the elements studied – Particularly important in liquid-liquid extraction • Neutron activation can be used on all phases: solid, aqueous-, organic phases (and gas) • AKUFVE-method very efficient in measuring extraction kinetics • Many "hydrometallurgical" elements have suitable isotopes for use as tracers – In addition, e.g. Eu(III) can be used as tracer for Am(III), and 3+ 3+ Nd has equal ionic radius as Am Primus.inter.pares AS Some strategic metals • Lithium for batteries – Scarcity of Li may be a reality. -
New Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment: a Survey of Recent Patents Berrin Tansel*
Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering, 2008, 1, 17-26 17 New Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Survey of Recent Patents Berrin Tansel* Florida International University, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Center 3600, Miami, Florida 33174, USA Received: July 31, 2007; Accepted: September 19, 2007; Revised: November 12, 2007 Abstract: The concern over increasing needs for drinking water and awareness for development of systems to improve water quality both for drinking purposes and for effluents from wastewater treatment and industrial facilities have provided incentives to develop new technologies and improve performance of existing technologies. In this paper, the patents on treatment of water and wastewater approved during the period from 1999 to 2007 were reviewed. The patents surveyed were classified into two groups as technologies for water purification systems for drinking water, and technologies for treatment of wastewater. An assessment of the current and future outlook for development of new technologies, methods of treatment, equipment and instruments which can be used for water and wastewater treatment applications are presented. Keywords: Water treatment, water filtration, ultrapure water, wastewater treatment, ion exchange, disinfection, sorption, membrane filtration, nanofiltration, wastewater. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR DRINKING Water is an essential substance for living systems as it WATER allows the transport of nutrients and waste products in living The general treatment of drinking water takes place in systems. Research shows a clear correlation between several steps to remove dissolved and suspended solids. The diseases and the amount and types of fluids consumed, treatment processes may include processes such as floccu- health-promoting properties of nutrients which can be added to water, optimal intake levels, and consumption patterns. -
Characterization and Recovery of Copper from Smelting Slag
CHARACTERIZATION AND RECOVERY OF COPPER FROM SMELTING SLAG A. P. GABRIEL*, L. R. SANTOS*, A.C. KASPER*, H. M. VEIT* * Materials Engineering Department, Engineering School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazi SUMMARY: 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. EXPERIMENTAL. 2.1 Hazardousness test. 2.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 2.3 Leaching 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Hazardousness Test. 3.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 3.3 Leaching. 4. CONCLUSION. REFERENCES. 1. INTRODUCTION The generation of industrial solid waste constitutes an environmental problem that requires efforts for adequate disposal. Currently, in Brazil, solid waste management is standardized, with a classification determining the management according to its hazardous characteristics. ABNT NBR 10004 is a Brazilian Standard to solid waste and classifies its as: Class I (hazardous), Class II - A (non - hazardous and non - inert) and Class II - B (non - hazardous and inert) according to the concentration of elements that have potential risks to the environment and public health (ABNT NBR 10,004, 2004) A process with a large generation of wastes is the production of copper. Several studies in the last decades investigated routes to recovery copper and other metals of interest from the slag (solid waste from the foundry). In the case of primary production, the slag has copper contents between 0.5 and 2% and the volume generated is twice the refined metal (Schlesinger et al., 2011) In addition to primary copper production, there is a significant rate of the copper production from scrap/waste metal. Secondary copper production in Brazil in 2014 reached 23,600 tons, representing around 9% of domestic production. -
Hydrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Ores: a Review
Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2014, 2, 230-247 Published Online May 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmmce http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2014.23028 Hydrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Ores: A Review Alafara A. Baba1,2*, Lateef Ibrahim1*, Folahan A. Adekola1, Rafiu B. Bale2, Malay K. Ghosh3, Abdul R. Sheik3, Sangita R. Pradhan3, Olushola S. Ayanda4, Ismail O. Folorunsho2 1Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 2Department of Geology and Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 3Hydro & Electrometallurgy Department, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa Email: *[email protected], *[email protected] Received 26 January 2014; revised 2 March 2014; accepted 12 March 2014 Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Hydrometallurgy is the most suitable extractive technique for the extraction and purification of manganese as compared to all other techniques including biometallurgy and pyrometallurgical processes. In the hydrometallurgical processing of manganese from its ore, the leach liquors often contain divalent ions such as iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt and zinc along with other impurities which make manganese very difficult to separate. The processes employed for solu- tion concentration and purification in the hydrometallurgical processing of manganese include precipitation, cementation, solvent extraction and ion exchange. Solvent extraction also proves more efficient and it plays vital roles in the purification and separation of the manganese as com- pared to all other techniques. -
Liquid / Solids Separation in Wastewater Treatment & Biosolids Dewatering
LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT & BIOSOLIDS DEWATERING Chemical Products Lab Testing Plant Trials LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION APPLICATIONS Influent Water Clarification Process Water Recycling Primary Wastewater Clarification Secondary Clarification Sludge Thickening Sludge Dewatering LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION UNIT OPERATIONS Clarifiers (Many Types) WATER Filters (Many Types) OR WASTE Dissolved Air Flotation Units WATER Induced Air/Gas Flotation Units Belt Presses Centrifuges SLUDGE Screw Presses DEWATERING Plate and Frame Presses Vacuum Filters (Rotary & Horizontal) LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION PRODUCT TYPES Coagulants (+) Low Mol Wt Organic Inorganic Blended Flocculants (+ , ---, 0 ) High Mol Wt Dry Emulsion Solution OilOil----FreeFree Flocculants COAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTS Act on Insoluble Particles in Water Oils, Grease, Blood, Insoluble Organics, Clay, Silicates, Metal Oxides/Hydroxides Dirt, Dust, Rust & Metal Filings Can Act on Charged Organic Compounds Anionic Surfactants, Soaps & Dispersants Do Not Act on Most Dissolved Solids Salts, Acids, Nonionic Surfactants, Ammonia or Soluble Organic Compounds such as Sugar, Alcohols, etc. SUSPENSION CHEMISTRY THE KEY TO EFFECTIVE LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION SUSPENDED SOLIDS VARIABLES Surface Charge MOST Charge Density Particle Size IMPORTANCE Composition Particle Density Particle Shape LEAST MICROSCOPIC FORCES ELECTROSTATIC BROWNIAN VAN DER WAALS GRAVITY Colloidal Particle in Water +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Almost all Particles +++ -
Copper Hydrometallurgy and Extraction from Chloride Media
COPPER HYDROMETALLURGY AND EXTRACTION FROM CHLORIDE MEDIA JAN SZYMANOWSKI SK96K0015 Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PI. Sktodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland The development of copper hydrometallurgy is presented and various processes proposed for copper recovery from sulphide concentrates are discussed. Leaching, extraction and stripping are considered, including reagents and processes. The extraction of copper from chloride solutions is discussed. Various extractants are presented and their use for copper transfer from chloride solutions to the organic phase and back to chloride and to sulphate solutions is discussed. Hydrometallurgy is used for copper recovery for more than 300 years. Already in 1670 the mine waters were treated with iron to precipitate copper. However, two hundred years were needed to process oxide ores by vat leaching and copper cementation with iron. The development most important to copper hydrometallurgy, both with respect to the growing number of its applications and for its future potential, has been solvent extraction (SX). 1 It started in 1968 in a small scale and in about 1974 in a large scale of about 100 000 tones/year copper. These operations have served as a stimulus for at least of 30 copper plants, recovering nearly 800 000 tonnes/year of copper with the application continuing to increase. New processes are now developed to recover copper from sulphide ores and concentrates, including CLEAR Process and CUPREX Process. Chloride-based processes play a key role in the metallurgical and chemical industries. 2 One of the most important factors responsible for the significant role of chloro-based processes is the ease of chlorine recycling. -
Simulation of the Open Sky Seawater Distillation
Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2013, 3, 68-88 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2013.32012 Published Online May 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/gsc) The Best Available Technology of Water/Wastewater Treatment and Seawater Desalination: Simulation of the Open Sky Seawater Distillation Djamel Ghernaout Chemical Engineering Department, Saad Dahlab University of Blida, Blida, Algeria Email: [email protected] Received March 16, 2013; revised April 18, 2013; accepted April 26, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Djamel Ghernaout. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT This review suggests the concept of the best available technology of water/wastewater treatment and seawater desalina- tion which is in fact a simulation of the seawater distillation at the open sky: coagulation in salty water aerated basin/ coagulation using seawater as coagulant solution with distillation using stored solar energy followed by waterfall on a natural mountain. This natural, green, and technico-economical technology is composed of three steps: the first one is coagulation which may be achieved: 1) in salty water aerated basin (air stripping, AS; dissolved air flotation, DAF) where the raw water is “diluted” in seawater; or 2) in “conventional” coagulation using seawater as coagulant solution instead of alum/ferric salts. The first option seems to be more natural as it simulates river water dilution in seawater and the second one is more practical for “rapid” water consummation. For colloids and microorganisms’ removal, double- layer compression and charge neutralisation, as main coagulation and disinfection mechanisms, would be involved in the first and second options, respectively. -
Dissolved Air Flotation
PPU Umwelttechnik GMBH PPU Umwelttechnik GMBH is a technology company based in Bavaria, Germany. We develop unique wastewater treatment processes, including physical, biological, chemical, filtration and oxidation steps. We offer products, and complete tailor made solutions for any industrial/municipal application. We manufacture all of our products and solutions at our factory in Bavaria. ClearFox® ClearFox® is the brand name for the range of products and solutions manufactured by PPU. ClearFox® products are exported all over the world. Systems are currently installed and operating in Africa, Europe, Middle East, Russia/CIS and Asia. The ClearFox® brand is globally recognised as a specialist provider of solutions for wastewater treatment Contact Us Carl-Kolb-Str. 6 95448 Bayreuth, Germany DAF +49 (0) 921150 63 99 0 [email protected] Dissolved air www.clearfox.com flotation Advanced physical and chemical industrial wastewater treatment The next generation of DAF, bringing an established process technology to the next level, with higher efficiencies and lower costs Reference Projects A unique, highly efficient dissolved air flotation process smaller footprint, high efficiency and lower chemical usage than conventional DAF systems ClearFox Advanced DAF A compact and efficient solution for all industrial wastewaters from 1-500m3/hr Highly efficient pollutant removal for a range of industries and sectors including: - Food and beverage, - Pharmaceutical UK - Food and Beverage Egypt - Oil and Gas Germany - Landfill - Oil and gas, - PET, A modular DAF installed to reduce Specialist DAF modules for the A high rate DAF used in conjunction - Wood, COD, BOD and TSS from a fish cleaning of produced water from with other ClearFox solutions for - Landfill, factory in the UK with 5m3/hr oil drilling sites across Egypt. -
The Metallurgy of Antimony
Chemie der Erde 72 (2012) S4, 3–8 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemie der Erde journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/chemer The metallurgy of antimony Corby G. Anderson ∗ Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy, George S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States article info abstract Article history: Globally, the primary production of antimony is now isolated to a few countries and is dominated by Received 4 October 2011 China. As such it is currently deemed a critical and strategic material for modern society. The metallurgical Accepted 10 April 2012 principles utilized in antimony production are wide ranging. This paper will outline the mineral pro- cessing, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical concepts used in the industrial Keywords: primary production of antimony. As well an overview of the occurrence, reserves, end uses, production, Antimony and quality will be provided. Stibnite © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Tetrahedrite Pyrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy Electrometallurgy Mineral processing Extractive metallurgy Production 1. Background bullets and armory. The start of mass production of automobiles gave a further boost to antimony, as it is a major constituent of Antimony is a silvery, white, brittle, crystalline solid that lead-acid batteries. The major use for antimony is now as a trioxide exhibits poor conductivity of electricity and heat. It has an atomic for flame-retardants. number of 51, an atomic weight of 122 and a density of 6.697 kg/m3 ◦ ◦ at 26 C. Antimony metal, also known as ‘regulus’, melts at 630 C 2. Occurrence and mineralogy and boils at 1380 ◦C.