Energy Consumption in Copper Smelting: a New Asian Horse in the Race

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Energy Consumption in Copper Smelting: a New Asian Horse in the Race JOM, Vol. 67, No. 5, 2015 DOI: 10.1007/s11837-015-1380-1 Ó 2015 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Energy Consumption in Copper Smelting: A New Asian Horse in the Race P. COURSOL,1,5 P.J. MACKEY,2 J.P.T. KAPUSTA,3 and N. CARDONA VALENCIA4 1.—5N Plus Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada. 2.—P.J. Mackey Technology, Inc., Kirkland, QC, Canada. 3.—BBA Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada. 4.—Deltamet Consulting, Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada. 5.—e-mail: [email protected] After a marked improvement in energy consumption in copper smelting dur- ing the past few decades, technology development has been slowing down in the Americas and in Europe. Innovation, however, is still required to further reduce energy consumption while complying with stringent environmental regulations. The bottom blowing smelting technology being developed in China shows success and promise. The general configuration of the bath smelting vessel, the design of high-pressure injectors, and the concentrate addition system are described and discussed in this article with respect to those used in other technologies. The bottom blowing technology is shown to be operating at a temperature in the range of 1160–1180°C, which is the lowest reported temperature range for a modern copper smelting process. In this article, it is suggested that top feeding of filter cake concentrate, which is also used in other technologies, has a positive effect in reducing the oxidation potential of the slag (p(O2)) while increasing the FeS solubility in slag. This reduction in p(O2) lowers the magnetite liquidus of the slag, while the in- creased solubility of FeS in slag helps toward reaching very low copper levels in flotation slag tailings. The application of high-pressure injectors allows for the use of high levels of oxygen enrichment with no requirements for punch- ing. Using a standard modeling approach from the authors’ previous studies, this article discusses these aspects and compares the energy consumption of the bottom blowing technology with that of other leading flash and bath smelting technologies, namely: flash smelting, Noranda/Teniente Converter, TSL (Isasmelt [Glencore Technology Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, Aus- tralia]/Outotec), and the Mitsubishi Process (Mitsubishi Materials Corpora- tion, Tokyo, Japan). technology configurations, remains an important INTRODUCTION topic for copper smelters. One of the biggest business stories of 2014 was The first published concept of bottom blowing the huge drop in the price of oil. Thus, the West smelting for nonferrous metals dates back to 1974 Texas Intermediate oil price dropped amid an oil and the paper by Paul E. Queneau and Reinhardt surplus and lower demand by almost 50% from ap- Schuhmann1 titled ‘‘The Q-S Continuous Oxygen proximately $100/barrel in the middle of 2014 to Converter.’’ The authors explained that the Q-S around $50/barrel by early 2015. For a large energy oxygen process invention was a response to the consumer such as a copper smelter, this provided challenges of the time (first oil crisis resulting in some relief to ever rising operating costs. However, high oil prices and pressure to fix sulfur dioxide analysts expect some rebound in the oil price later gases) to increase process efficiency by a systematic this year or into 2016. Hence, energy consumption use of oxygen with a substantial corresponding in smelting, examined in this article for a number of reduction in fossil fuel usage. Queneau and 1066 (Published online March 18, 2015) Energy Consumption in Copper Smelting: A New Asian Horse in the Race 1067 Schuhmann adopted the following key concepts in The number of SKS lead reactors in China quickly their process design: grew after 2002; Stephens7 reported that the SKS lead furnace had been described ‘‘as the smelting Continuity—to limit capital and operating costs section of a QSL reactor.’’ As for the SKS copper Autogenous—by using oxygen to lower energy 5 furnace, Kaixi Jiang et al. described it as similar in and fossil fuel consumption design to the Noranda Reactor, contrasting with the Single off-gas of minimal volume—to lower costs fact that ‘‘the air in the copper matte layer is blown of sulfur fixation into the furnace via the oxygen guns set in the Bottom blowing—to attain optimal solid–liquid– furnace bottom.’’ These oxygen ‘‘guns’’ are essen- gas contact tially Savard–Lee-type shrouded injectors with Countercurrent flow of matte and slag—to compressed air as shrouding gas. The process at achieve bath oxidation and slag reduction in a Dongying is now known as the bottom blowing single vessel smelting (BBS) process. Several other copper smel- An elongated, kiln-like vessel—to improve heat ters in China have since adopted the SKS/BBS and mass transfer. technology. It has also been reported that the tech- In 1989, Queneau2 provided historical insights into nology is being evaluated as an alternative for some the conceptual phase of the Q-S process develop- copper smelters in Chile. ment mentioning that a key driver that triggered The goal of this article is to discuss the SKS/BBS the search for a new nonferrous smelting process technology features and to evaluate the energy re- was the invention of the Savard–Lee shrouded in- quirements for this technology compared with other jector and its success in steel refining. In fact, modern smelting technology. To do so, the approach Queneau and Schuhmann3 had filed their patent in used by Kellogg and Henderson8 and Coursol 1973 and entered into a collaborative agreement et al.9,10 is used. In this approach, all technologies with Savard, Lee, and Canadian Liquid Air that are compared on the same basis, with the same same year, forming QSOP Inc. (Queneau–Schuh- concentrate, flux and coal composition, this allows mann Oxygen Process). evaluating both the electrical and thermal energy With a lack of interest from the copper industry, required to operate a smelter from concentrate to QSOP found support from Werner Schwartz of anode for a given technology. Lurgi, leading to a QSOP-Lurgi agreement in 1974 for the development of the QSL (Queneau–Schuh- BOTTOM BLOWING SMELTING mann–Lurgi) lead smelting reactor. After 15 years TECHNOLOGY (SKS/BBS) of efforts in the laboratory and in pilot and demon- General Description stration plants, including further developments of the Savard–Lee injectors, the QSL became the first The SKS/BBS reactor, as shown in Fig. 1,isa bottom blown smelting vessel commercialized in cylindrical vessel with gravity top feeding of wet nonferrous pyrometallurgy with lead smelting re- concentrate through several ports. The injectors are actors installed in 1990 in Canada (Trail Smelter of all located on one side of the furnace, whereas the Cominco Ltd.), Germany (Stolberg Smelter of Ber- off-gas mouth, matte, and slag tap holes are on the zelius), and China (Baiyin Smelter of CNIEC), and opposite side. This arrangement creates a two-zone in 1991 in Korea (Onsan Smelter of Korea Zinc). A bath: an agitated oxidation zone below the feed more complete story of the QSL development from ports and a quiescent settling zone above the matte patent to commercial implementation was reported tap hole. Two auxiliary burners are located on each by Kapusta and Lee.4 end wall and are used during start-up or stand-by. The Chinese industry developed its own bottom The mouth is small compared with existing bath blowing reactor in the 1990s. China Nonferrous smelting reactors because operating at high oxygen Metal Industry’s Foreign Engineering and Con- struction Co. Ltd. and China ENFI Engineering (ENFI) first piloted their ShuiKouShan (SKS) lead smelting technology in 1999 at the ShuiKouShan lead smelter in Hunan Province. Commercial engi- neering and construction took place in 2001 and successful commissioning in 2002. The SKS copper process was first adopted in 2001 and commissioned commercially at the Sin Quyen Copper Complex in Vietnam in 2008 with a capacity of just 10,000 t/a of anode copper. The second implementation of the technology, and first in China, took place in 2008 at the Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd. (Dongying) with an original copper concentrate smelting capacity of 32 dry t/h or 55,000 t/a of an- 5,6 Fig. 1. Schematics of SKS/BBS copper process from Yao and ode copper. Jiang.11 1068 Coursol, Mackey, Kapusta, and Valencia enrichment produces lower volumes of process off- reactor and Teniente converter operations. The gases. original design capacity of the Dongying furnace Cui et al.12 provided a complete description of the was 55,000 t/a of anode copper at 55% oxygen, and bottom blown oxygen smelting process at Dongying. its current capacity has reached 100,000 t/a as the The cylindrical furnace is 4.4 m in diameter by oxygen enrichment reached 75%. 16.5 m in length. The oxygen ‘‘lances’’ are positioned The inherent low level of nitrogen in the blast is in two rows at the bottom of the furnace with five frequently perceived as a weakness of high-oxygen lances in the lower row at 7° to the vertical and the injection due to the diminished mixing of the bath. A four lances in the upper row at 22°. This provides a comparison with the operating oxygen top-blown– 15° angle between the two rows. A photograph of the nitrogen-bottom stirred vessel at Vale’s Copper Cliff Dongying furnace is given in Fig. 2. smelter in Sudbury is opportune at this point. The oxygen lances or guns used to inject the blast Marcuson, Diaz, and Davies reported the use of five are Savard–Lee-type shrouded injectors with simi- porous plugs, each with nitrogen flow rates of lar design and configuration as the original QSL 14 Nm3/h.16 The total flow rate of nitrogen for stir- injectors developed by Lurgi and Air Liquide in the ring was 70 Nm3/h, which was evidently sufficient 1970s.4 The tips of the injectors are built with a to provide stirring in a 135-t semiblister bath (cor- gear-like design as shown on Fig.
Recommended publications
  • A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite)
    minerals Review A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite) Darius G. Wonyen 1,†, Varney Kromah 1,†, Borbor Gibson 1,† ID , Solomon Nah 1,† and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani 1,2,* ID 1 Department of Geology and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Liberia, P.O. Box 9020 Monrovia, Liberia; [email protected] (D.G.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-41-6830-9356 † These authors contributed equally to the study. Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 13 August 2018; Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract: It is well documented that flotation has high economic viability for the beneficiation of valuable minerals when their main ore bodies contain magnesium (Mg) carbonates such as dolomite and magnesite. Flotation separation of Mg carbonates from their associated valuable minerals (AVMs) presents several challenges, and Mg carbonates have high levels of adverse effects on separation efficiency. These complexities can be attributed to various reasons: Mg carbonates are naturally hydrophilic, soluble, and exhibit similar surface characteristics as their AVMs. This study presents a compilation of various parameters, including zeta potential, pH, particle size, reagents (collectors, depressant, and modifiers), and bio-flotation, which were examined in several investigations into separating Mg carbonates from their AVMs by froth flotation. Keywords: dolomite; magnesite; flotation; bio-flotation 1. Introduction Magnesium (Mg) carbonates (salt-type minerals) are typical gangue phases associated with several valuable minerals, and have complicated processing [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Calcination) 2
    Thermal Treatment of Catalysts Modern Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis Research Friederike C. Jentoft, October 31, 2003 Outline 1. Terminology (calcination) 2. Sample vs. oven set temperature 3. Self-generated atmosphere & self-steaming of zeolites 4. Combustion 5. Glow phenomenon & zirconia catalysts 6. Crystallization 7. Loss of surface area 8. Effect of additives 9. Solid-solid wetting 10.Reductive treatments & SMSI Steps of Catalyst Preparation v IUPAC defines 3 steps of catalyst preparation 1. Preparation of primary solid, associating all the useful compounds 2. Processing of that primary solid to obtain the catalyst precursor for example by heat treatment 3. Activation of the precursor to give the active catalyst (reduction to metal, formation of sulfides, deammoniation of zeolites) Heat Treatment of Intermediate Solids or Precursors v drying v thermal decomposition of salts (nitrates, ammonium salts) v calcination v product is a "reasonably inert solid" which can be stored easily Annealing v in a general meaning: a heating of a material over a long time span; strain and cracks in a crystalline solid can be removed Origin of the Term "Calcination" v latin "calx" = playstone limestone, (greek chálix) v burning of calcium carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (quicklime) -1 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ΔH(900°C)=3010 kJ mol v used to construct Giza pyramids (ca. 2800 A.C.), burning of limestone ("Kalkbrennen") mentioned by Cato 184 A.C. v performed in kilns (ovens) at 900°C v addition of air to sustain combustion + cool product Examples for
    [Show full text]
  • Softening Behaviour of Lead Sinter and Slag At
    Paper Title: THE ISA-YMG LEAD SMELTING PROCESS Paper Presented at: PbZn 2005 Conference, Kyoto, Japan Authors: Bill Errington & Philip Arthur, Xstrata Technology Jikun Wang & Ying Dong, Yunnan Metallurgical Group, Date of Publication: October, 2005 For further information please contact us at [email protected] www.isasmelt.com THE ISA-YMG LEAD SMELTING PROCESS Bill Errington and Philip Arthur Xstrata Technology, Level 4, 307 Queen Street,, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia [email protected] Jikun Wang and Ying Dong Yunnan Metallurgical Group, Kunming,Yunnan, P. R. China ABSTRACT The Yunnan Metallurgical Group (YMG) has constructed a new lead-zinc smelting/refinery complex at Qujing in Yunnan Province, China. The lead smelting process combines an ISASMELT™ smelting furnace with a YMG designed blast furnace. The ISASMELT furnace produces lead bullion plus a high-lead slag that is cast into lump form and fed to the blast furnace. YMG installed a blast furnace in the 1950's to treat high lead slag produced by earlier silver operations. This furnace later treated sinter. For the present project YMG carried out trials at the pilot and commercial scale before deciding on the final blast furnace design. The ISASMELT furnace design was based on the operation of the Lead ISASMELT Plant at Mount Isa. This paper describes the development and the operation of both the ISASMELT furnace and the YMG blast furnace. This combination of new technology and remodelled traditional technology provides an economical solution to achieving an environmentally acceptable lead smelter. Key words: ISASMELT process, lead smelting, lead slag, lead blast furnace www.isasmelt.com 2 INTRODUCTION The new YMG lead smelter forms one part of a new greenfield lead/zinc smelting and refinery complex located at Qujing in Yunnan Province in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
    PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Corrosion of Refractories in Lead Smelting Reactors
    CORROSION OF REFRACTORIES IN LEAD SMELTING REACTORS By LINGXUAN WEI B.Sc, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, China 1986 M.Sc, University of Science & Technology Beijing, China 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF METALS AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH .UMB1A DECEMBER 2000 ©Lingxuan Wei, ZO0O UBC Special Collections - Thesis Authorisation Form http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/thesauth.html In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. v 3 The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date lof 1 3/19/01 2:36 PM ABSTRACT Corrosion of refractories by slag is a complex phenomenon which, depending on the particular system, involves many processes, such as chemical wear (corrosion) and physical or mechanical wear (erosion), which may act synergistically. No single model can explain all cases of corrosion nor can it explain all corrosion mechanisms of a particular refractory in different environments, but the knowledge of the microstructure combined with the chemistry of the systems are necessary to understand the corrosion mechanism of a refractory material.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11: Beneficiation
    CHAPTER 11 Beneficiation – Comminution Sponsored by: SPONSOR PROFILE Through pioneering the introduction of modern process • project controls and reporting plants and associated technologies to remote and logistically • contract management challenging locations, Lycopodium Minerals Pty Ltd has • procurement and logistics management developed a successful track record in developing and • inspection and expediting commissioning major resource projects worldwide. • quality assurance/quality control Since its establishment in 1992, Lycopodium has become a • financial evaluations leading international engineering and project management • client representation. consultancy, with an enviable reputation for providing Engineering technically innovative and cost-effective engineering solutions. They are focused on the evaluation and development of projects • Conceptual through to detailed design in the fields of minerals processing, materials handling and • across all disciplines: earthworks, civil infrastructure. • structural, mechanical, piping • electrical, instrumentation, control Lycopodium Minerals has undertaken studies and projects across a broad range of commodities including gold (free, • systems, automation and infrastructure. gravity, refractory, preg robbing), base metals (concentrators, Process hydrometallurgy), iron ore, uranium, rare earths and industrial minerals. Their resume of projects reflects diversity in not • Metallurgical test work design only commodity, but client background, technology, scale of • management and interpretation
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium-Looping Performance of Steel and Blast Furnace Slags for Thermochemical Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power Plants
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by idUS. Depósito de Investigación Universidad de Sevilla Calcium-Looping performance of steel and blast furnace slags for Thermochemical Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power plants Jose Manuel Valverde a*, Juan Miranda-Pizarroa,c, Antonio Perejónb,c, Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménezc, Luis A. Pérez-Maquedac aFacultad de Fisica, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. bDepartamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C. Prof. García González 1, Sevilla 41071, Spain. cInstituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (C.S.I.C. - Universidad de Sevilla). C. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain. Abstract The Calcium Looping (CaL) process, based on the carbonation/calcination of CaO, has been proposed as a feasible technology for Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants. The CaL process usually employs limestone as CaO precursor for its very low cost, non-toxicity, abundance and wide geographical distribution. However, the multicycle activity of limestone derived CaO under relevant CaL conditions for TCES in CSP plants can be severely limited by pore plugging. In this work, the alternative use of calcium-rich steel and blast furnace slags after treatment with acetic acid is investigated. A main observation is that the calcination temperature to regenerate the CaO is significantly reduced as compared to limestone. Furthermore, the multicycle activity of some of the slags tested at relevant CaL conditions for TCES remains high and stable if the treated samples are subjected to filtration. This process serves to remove silica grains, which helps decrease the porosity of the CaO resulting from calcination thus mitigating pore plugging.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges Related to the Processing of Fines in the Recovery of Platinum Group Minerals (Pgms)
    minerals Review Challenges Related to the Processing of Fines in the Recovery of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) Kirsten C. Corin 1,* , Belinda J. McFadzean 1, Natalie J. Shackleton 2 and Cyril T. O’Connor 1 1 Centre for Minerals Research, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, P Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; [email protected] (B.J.M.); [email protected] (C.T.O.) 2 Minerals Expertise Tech Pty Ltd., Germiston 2007, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In order to increase the recovery of PGMs by flotation, it is necessary to optimise the liberation of the key minerals in which the platinum group elements (PGEs) are contained which include sulphides, arsenides, tellurides, and ferroalloys among others, while at the same time ensuring the optimal depression of gangue minerals. In order to achieve this, comminution circuits usually consist of two or three stages of milling, in which the first stage is autogeneous, followed by ball milling. Further liberation is achieved in subsequent stages using ultra-fine grinding. Each comminution stage is followed by flotation in the so-called MF2 or MF3 circuits. While this staged process increases overall recoveries, overgrinding may occur, hence creating problems associated with fine particle flotation. This paper presents an overview of the mineralogy of most of the more significant PGM ores processed in South Africa and the various technologies used in comminution circuits. The paper then summarises the methodology used in flotation circuits to optimise recovery Citation: Corin, K.C.; McFadzean, of fine particles in terms of the collectors, depressants, and frothers used.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Comminution Method on Particle Damage and Breakage Energy
    EFFECT OF COMMINUTION METHOD ON PARTICLE DAMAGE AND BREAKAGE ENERGY Michael Moats, Jan Miller, Chen-Lun Lin and Raj Rajamani Department of Metallurgical Engineering University of Utah Outline • Our Department • High Pressure Grinding • Particle Damage Characterization • Breakage Energy • Application to Simulant Development Department of Metallurgical Engineering • University of Utah is located in Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Mtns. • Only stand alone Metallurgical Engineering department remaining in the U.S. • Traditional curriculum with critical mass of professors – Mineral Processing – Chemical Metallurgy – Physical Metallurgy High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) HPGR consists of a pair of counter rotating rolls, one fixed and the other floating. The feed is introduced to the gap in between the rolls and they compress the bed of particles. The grinding force applied to the crushing zone is controlled by a hydro-pneumatic spring on the floating roll. Speeds of the rolls are also adjustable to obtain optimum grinding conditions. Comparison of HPGR and AG/SAG Mills Aspect HPGR AG/SAG Mill Grinding Mechanism Inter-particle compression Impact, attrition and compression Residence Time Low-single pass High (feed migrates through length of mill) Wet/Dry Grinding Dry-Low moisture Predominantly wet milling Availability >90% -2-4 change outs pa >90% -1-2 change outs pa Size regulated feed Required Yes-strongly affects stud breakage AG-No, SAG-Sometimes Critical material size Not required Required Product particle Yes (beneficial for downstream Negligible micro-cracking processes Maximum Throughput 2000tph 4000tph Footprint Small Large Specific power 1-5kWh/t 5-12kWh/t Operating cost Overall plant 20% lower Overall plant 20% higher Capital Cost 25% lower 25% higher Delivery time Substantially faster Substantially longer Variation in feed hardness Single parameter variable High losses •Reference: Koenig, R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrometallurgy – the Basis of Radiochemistry
    The Interaction Between Nuclear Chemistry and Hydrometallurgy A Strategy for the Future By Tor Bjørnstad and Dag Øistein Eriksen April 2013 A short history of radiochemistry • 1898: Marie and Pierre Curie discovered Po and Ra by chemical separations of dissolved uranium ore • 1923: de Hevesy uses 212Pb as a tracer to follow the absorption in the roots, stems and leaves of the broad bean • 1929: Ellen Gleditsch appointed professor in inorganic chemistry. Established radiochemistry in Norway in 1916. • 1938: Hahn proves fission of uranium as Ba is separated from irradiated uranium solution • 1940: First transurane produced: Np by McMillan and Abelson • Nuclear power requires separation of fission products Primus.inter.pares AS Nuclear chemistry has contributed to the development of hydrometallurgy The need for safe, remote handling of the laborious separations required in the nuclear sector boosted innovation in: • Solvent extraction: – Continuous, counter current process enabled large quantities to be processed – Contactors like mixer-settlers were developed • Ion exchange to perform difficult purifications Primus.inter.pares AS Hydrometallurgy and nuclear chemistry Nuclear (radio-)chemistry offers special methods useful in hydrometallurgy: • Use of radioactive tracers, i.e. radioactive isotopes of the elements studied – Particularly important in liquid-liquid extraction • Neutron activation can be used on all phases: solid, aqueous-, organic phases (and gas) • AKUFVE-method very efficient in measuring extraction kinetics • Many "hydrometallurgical" elements have suitable isotopes for use as tracers – In addition, e.g. Eu(III) can be used as tracer for Am(III), and 3+ 3+ Nd has equal ionic radius as Am Primus.inter.pares AS Some strategic metals • Lithium for batteries – Scarcity of Li may be a reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Calcination of Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement Using Pyrite-Rich Cyanide Tailings
    crystals Article Calcination of Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement Using Pyrite-Rich Cyanide Tailings Kaiwei Dong 1, Feng Xie 1,*, Wei Wang 1,*, Yongfeng Chang 1, Chunlin Chen 2 and Xiaowei Gu 3 1 School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110004, China; [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (Y.C.) 2 CSIRO Minerals Resources, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; [email protected] 3 Science and Technology Innovation Center of Smart Water and Resource Environment, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110004, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.X.); [email protected] (W.W.); Tel.: +86-24-8367-2298 (F.X. & W.W.) Received: 23 September 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020; Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract: Pyrite-rich cyanide tailings (CTs) are industrial hazardous solid wastes arising from the gold mining industry. Every year, hundreds of millions of tons of cyanide tailings are produced and discharged to tailings dams. It is of great significance to dispose of cyanide tailings harmlessly and resourcefully. The feasibility of calcination of calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement clinker using pyrite-rich cyanide tailings as Fe2O3 and SO3 sources was investigated for this paper. The behavior of pyrite during the calcination of cyanide tailings under various calcination conditions and the properties of calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinker were examined. The results show that it is feasible to produce calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinker using pyrite-rich cyanide tailings. The optimal conditions for the calcination of calcium sulphoaluminate cement using pyrite-rich cyanide tailings are confirmed.
    [Show full text]
  • Comminution of Copper Ores with the Use of a High-Pressure Water Jet
    energies Article Comminution of Copper Ores with the Use of a High-Pressure Water Jet Przemyslaw J. Borkowski Faculty of Geo Engineering Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] Received: 4 November 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020; Published: 28 November 2020 Abstract: The article presents research on the comminution of copper ore in a self-constructed mill using high-pressure water jet energy to investigate the usefulness of such a method for comminuting copper ore. As a result, ore particles are obtained that are characterized by appropriate comminution and a significant increase in their specific surface, in turn allowing for potential further processing of the mineral. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of copper ore comminution, primarily taking into account the unit energy consumption and the efficiency of the milling process, clearly indicates that the energy absorption of hydro-jet material comminuting is lower than during mechanical grinding, e.g., in a planetary ball mill. The applicability of the technique depends on the brittle nature of the host rock, e.g., it is especially appropriate for sandstone and shale ores. Keywords: copper ore comminution; hydro-jet mill; high-pressure water jet 1. Introduction Shredding processes are widely used in various fields of raw material processing. Such procedures are carried out in order to lower the costs of maintaining the cutter discs used in Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) operating in hard rock formations [1]. They are also used to obtain fine-grained particles, sometimes even nanoparticles [2] or those that have an increased specific surface, which can be especially useful in pharmaceuticals [3].
    [Show full text]