Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12 Contribution to the knowledge of pestalotioid fungi of Iran

Arzanlou M1*, Torbati M2, Khodaei S3, and Bakhshi M3

1Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran. 2MSc Student of Plant Pathology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran. 3PhD Student of Plant Pathology (Mycology), Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran.

Arzanlou M, Torbati M, Khodaei S, Bakhshi M 2012 – Contribution to the knowledge of pestalotioid fungi of Iran. Mycosphere 3(5), 871–878, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/3/5/12

Pestalotioid fungi, generally comprising Bartalinia, Monochaetia, Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Sarcostroma, Seimatosporium, Truncatella, are coelomycetous genera with saprobic, endophytic or plant pathogenic life styles residing in the (). Little is known about the biodiversity of pestalotioid fungi in Iran. We provide a literature-based checklist for the pestalotioid fungi known to occur on different plant species in Iran. Two species, Bartalinia pondoensis and Pestalotiopsis neglecta are characterised based on morphological and molecular data from bamboo and rock samples, respectively. This is the first record of the genus Bartalinia from Iran and first report on the occurrence of B. pondoensis on bamboo and first report of P. neglecta on rock sample worldwide.

Key words – appendage – coelomycetes – Pestalotiopsis – Seimatosporium

Article Information Received 18 September 2012 Accepted 21 September 2012 Published online 16 October 2012 *Corresponding author: Mahdi Arzanlou – e-mail – [email protected]

Introduction Pestalotioid fungi are anamorphic forms (Espinoza et al. 2008, Tanaka et al. 2011, in the family Amphisphaeriaceae (Xylariales), Arzanlou et al. 2012), endophytes or with both which are characterized by appendage-bearing endophytic and pathogenic stages in their life conidia (coelomycetes) (Barr 1975, 1990, Kang cycle (Wei et al. 2005, 2007, Liu et al. 2006, et al. 1998, 1999) and encompass several Tejesvi et al. 2009, Watanabe et al. 2010), genera viz. Bartalinia Tassi, Ciliochorella saprobes (Liu et al. 2008), or rarely causing Sydow, Discosia Libert, Monochaetia diseases in humans (Sutton 1999, De Hoog et (Saccardo) Allescher, Monochaetiopsis Jeewon al. 2000). & K.D. Hyde, Pestalotia De Notaris, For most pestalotioid genera the Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Sarcostroma Cooke, teleomorph remains unknown and Seimatosporium Corda, Seiridium and mainly relies on morphological criteria of Truncatella Steyaert (Tanaka et al. 2011). conidia. The most important features for Members of these genera possess diverse life generic delineation include conidium septation styles ranging from pathogens on plant species (number of septa), lack or presence / shape and

871 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12

Figs 1–6 – Bartalinia pondoensis. 1 Colony morphology on PDA. 2 Conidia and conidiogenous cells. 3–6 Conidia. – Scale bars (3, 6 = 20 µm, 4–5 = 10 µm). branching pattern of appendages, pigmentation literature. Most of the quoted works are the of median cell (Jeewon et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, result of field research by Iranian mycologists, Kang et al. 1998, 1999, Barber et al. 2011). although a small number of reports have been However, the morphological criteria used for documented by foreign investigators. The list the delineation of pestalotioid fungi are in Table 1 includes pestalotioid species insufficient and overlap among different genera together with their host species from which (Lee et al. 2006, Barber et al. 2011). With the they have been collected. The fungal aid of DNA sequence data, taxonomy of nomenclature and taxonomy follows Index pestalotioid fungi has undergone drastic Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/na- revision (Jeewon et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, Kang mes/names.asp) and MycoBank et al. 1998, 1999, Lee et al. 2006) and now the (http://www.mycobank.org/). boundaries of the genera are more clear (Lee et Additional fungal isolates were al. 2006, Tanaka et al. 2011). recovered from apparently healthy bamboo Little is known on the biodiversity of stems, and rock sample during 2010. Isolation pestalotioid fungi of Iran. With this paper we was made from bamboo stems following provide a check list for the already known routine plant pathology methods. For the rock pestalotioid fungi from Iran and characterize sample, isolation was made using soil dilution two pestalotioid species from Iran based on technique on 2% malt extract agar (MEA, morphological and molecular data, which Fulka, Hamburg, Germany), supplemented represent new records for Iran. with 2 ml of 20 % lactic acid/liter. Single-spore cultures were deposited in the Culture Materials and Methods Collection of Tabriz University (CCTU). Colony morphology including colour, shape, List of species and growth rate was determined after 2 weeks The list of pestalotioid fungi was of incubation on PDA at 25 °C in darkness. compiled using reports available in the Squash mounts and handmade sections

872 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12 Table 1 Pestalotioid fungi known from Iran.

Species Hosts References Monochaetia - crataegi (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc. Crataegus sp. Ershad 1995 & D. Sacc. - concentrica (Berk. & Broome) Cydonia oblonga Mill. Ershad 1995 Sacc. & D. Sacc. - karstenni (Sacc. & Syd.) Sutton Camellia sp. Fatehi & Mirhosseini-Moghadam 1993 Pestalotiopsis Citrus aurantium L., C. limettoides Roohibakhsh & Ershad 1997 -citri (Mundk. & Khesw.) Ershad Tanaka, C. unshiu Marcow & Roohib. -funereoides Steyaert Camellia sinensis (L.) Kunteze, Fatehi & Mirhosseini-Moghadam Cedrus deodora (Rob. ex Lambert) 1993, Borhani & Moussazadeh Don, Cupressus arizonica Greene, C. 2004, Borhani et al. 2006, Ershad sempervirens L., C. sempervirens 1995, Khabiri 1952, Scharif & var. horizantalis (Mill.) Gord, Picea Ershad 1966 abies Degen, Prunus sp., Sequoia semepervirens Endl. -guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert Cyperus rotundus L. Farzaneh et al. 2006, Aghajani et Camellia sinensis (L.) al. 2010 Parrotia persica L. Fatehi & Mirhosseini-Moghadam Peterocaria fraxinifolia L. 1993 Juglans regia L. -longiseta (Speg.) K. Dai & Ts. Actinidia chinensis Planch., Camellia Mousakhah et al. 2008, Fatehi & Kobay. sinensis (L.) Kunteze Mirhosseini-Moghadam 1993 Khodaparast et al. 1993 -longisetula Guba Fragaria ananassa Duchense Sharifi et al. 2008 -macrospora (Cesati) Steyaert Corylus avellana L. Taherzadeh et al. 1998 -nattrassi Steyaert Camellia sinensis (L.) Kunteze Khodaparast and Hedjaroude 1994 -neglecta (Thümen) Steyaert Euonymus japonicas L., Rock Petrak 1956, Scharif & Ershad 1966, This study - smilacis (Schweinitz) Sutton Smilax sp. Khodaparast & Hedjaroude 1995 -theae (Sawada) Steyaert Camellia sinensis (L.) Kunteze Esfandiari 1947, 1948, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Viennot-Bourgin 1976 -uvicola (Speg.) Bissett Vitis vinifera L. ershad 1995 -sp. Rosa sp. Mirabolfathy & Ershad 2004 Seimatosporium Amygdalus communis L., Malus Ershad 2009, - fusisporum H.J. Swart & D.A. pumila L., Pistacia vera L., Punica Aminaee & Ershad 2008 Griffiths granatum L., Pyrus communis L., Rosa damascene L., Salix sp., Vitis vinifera L. - lonicerae (Cooke) Shoemaker Vitis sylvestris Gmel. Gräfenhan 2006 -lichenicola (Corda) Shoemaker Eucalyptus sp. Aghapour et al. 2010 & Müll - sp. Vitis sylvestris Gmel. Grafenhan 2006 Truncatella Olea europaea L. Arzanlou et al. 2012 -angustata (Pers.) Hughes mounted in sterile distilled water or lactic acid captured on an Olympus digital camera system were used for microscopic examinations. DP21 (Olympus Corporation, Japan) attached Dimensions of microscopic structures were to a BX 41 Olympus microscope. calculated based on 30 measurements for conidial morphology (shape, colour, and cell DNA phylogeny number), size (length and width), and the The isolates were grown on MEA for presence and size of apical and basal 10 days in dark and genomic DNA was appendages where possible. Photographs were extracted using the protocol of Moller et al.

873 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12 (1992). The primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et × 3–4 µm, with basal and apical appendages, al. 1990) were used to amplify part of the the penultimate basal cell longer than the rest, nuclear rRNA operon spanning the 3’ end of hyaline or slightly pigmented, 2–4 µm long, 2 the 18S rRNA gene, the first internal median cells cylindrical, thick-walled, transcribed spacer (ITS1), the 5.8S rRNA gene, pigmented, 16–19 µm long (the second cell the second ITS region and the 5’ end of the 28S from the base 8–11 µm long, the third cell from rRNA gene. The reaction mixture and PCR the base 5–9 µm long, apical cell conic, conditions followed Arzanlou & Khodaei hyaline, 2–3 µm long, with a short tube (0.5–1 (2012a,b) and Arzanlou et al. (2012). The µm long) at the tip where branched appendages reaction was performed on a GeneAmp PCR are attached; apical appendage with 2–3 System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, branches attenuated toward tip, flexuous, (9–) CA) with cycling conditions consisting of 5 12–16 (–20) µm long; basal appendage single, min at 96 °C for primary denaturation, filiform, exogenous, 2–6 µm long. followed by 40 cycles of 94 ºC for 30 s, 52 ºC Material examined – IRAN, Bushehr for 30 s, 72 ºC for 60 s, with a final extension Province, Kangan, Assaluyeh, on stems of at 72 ºC for 7 min. The obtained sequences Bambusa sp. (Poaceae), 10 June 2009. Living were compared to the sequences available in culture CCTU 459. NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide (nr) database The ITS sequence data showed 100% using a megablast search. homology with the sequence data for Bartalinia pondoensis in GenBank. The Results sequence is available in GenBank with the A list containing four pestalotioid accession number JX854540. genera comprising 20 species is given in Table 1. The genus Pestalotiopsis with 12 species, Pestalotiopsis neglecta (Thümen) Steyaert, which have been collected from 22 plant Transaction of the British Mycological Society species, represents the highest number of 36: 83, 1953. Figs 7–11 pestalotioid fungi in Iran. For the genera Colonies on PDA, fast growing, Monochaetia and Seimatosporium only three attaining a diam of 85 mm after 7 days in dark species for each and for the genus Truncatella at room temperature, circular, with entire edge, only a single species have been reported from non-zonate. Conidiomata acervular, black, Iran. covered with black, slimy conidial masses protruding from the surface. Conidiophores Bartalinia pondoensis Marincowitz, hyaline and branched. Conidiogenous cells Gryzenhout & Wingfield, Mycotaxon 111: annellidic, hyaline and smooth. Conidia 312, 2010. Figs 1–6 fusiform or narrow fusiform, straight or Colonies on PDA fast growing, slightly curved with a tapering base, five-celled attaining a diam of 52 mm after 7 days in dark with three colored median cells, the upper two at room temperature, circular, with entire edge, cells being brown to yellow brown and the olivaceous grey, with greyish white margin, lowest cell being olivaceous. Conidia always covered with dense aerial mycelium. Mycelium smooth, up to 27 µm long and 9 µm wide, with immersed and superficial. Conidiomata a rounded apical end. The apical and basal cells pycnidial, immersed, globose, subglobose or hyaline, cylindrical to conic; median cells dark ellipsoidal, 200-225 × 200–260 µm, ostiolate, brown, with the two upper ones sometimes unilocular, scattered over the whole colony darker. Three to four apical (usually three) surface. Conidiophores reduced to appendages up to 27 µm long and one simple conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells basal appendage 7 µm long. discrete, ampulliform to lageniform, hyaline, Specimen examined – Iran, Guilan smooth, formed from the inner cells of the Province, Talesh, rock sample, July 2010. pycnidial wall, 4–7 µm long, Conidia fusiform, Living culture CCTU 12. The ITS sequence straight or slightly bent, predominantly 3–4- data was deposited in to GenBank with the euseptate, with no constrictions at septa, 20–25 accession number JX854541.

874 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12

Figs 7–11 – Pestalotiopsis neglecta. 7 Colony morphology on PDA. 8 Conidia and conidiogenous cells. 9–11 Conidia. – Scale bars = 10 µm.

Discussion neglecta from a rock sample in northern Iran. The short check list of pestalotioid The morphological and molecular data clearly fungi provided in this paper highlights the fit with the description of Pestalotiopsis paucity of knowledge on the diversity of neglecta. pestalotioid fungi in Iran. A search of We hope that this work will stimulate MycoBank (September 2012; other researchers to study the diversity of www.mycobank.org) revealed 258 names for pestalotioid fungi in Iran. Pestalotiopsis, 127 names for Monochaetia, 78 names for Seimatosporium and 23 names for Acknowledgements Truncatella. The genus Pestalotiopsis is the The authors are grateful to the Research most commonly encountered pestalotioid Deputy of the University of Tabriz and the Stu- in Iran with only 12 species occurring dienstiftung Mykologie for financial support. on 22 plant species. Many of the pestalotioid species represent important plant pathogens; References while, some are well known for their secondary metabolites used in pharmaceutical industry Aghajani MA, Maleki Ziarati H, Aghapour B. (Aly et al. 2010, Xu et al. 2010). Hence, there 2010 – Report of new hosts for is an urgent need to explore biodiversity of Pestalotiopsis guepinii in Iran. pestalotioid genera in Iran. Proceedings of the 19th Iranian Plant With this paper we have described Protection Congress, vol II, 31 Jul.–3 Bartalinia pondoensis as a new record for Iran Aug., Tehran, Iran: 33. from a Bambusa sp. based on morphological Aghapour B, Ahmadpour A, Fotouhifar KhB. and molecular data. The morphology of our 2010 – Seimatosporium lichenicola in isolates was in full agreement with the Iran. Proceedings of the 19th Iranian description provided by Marincowitz et al. Plant Protection Congress, vol II, 31 (2010). We also characterized Pestalotiopsis Jul.–3 Aug., Tehran, Iran: 40.

875 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12 Aly AH, Debbab A, Kjer J, Proksch P. 2010 – Centralbureau voor Schimmel cultures, Fungal endophytes from higher plants: a 1126 p. prolific source of phytochemicals and Ershad D, 1995 – Fungi of Iran. Ministry of other bioactive natural products. Fungal Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Diversity 41, 1–16. Education and Extension Organization. Aminaee MM, Ershad D. 2008 – First report of No 10, 847 p. Seimatosporium fusisporum from Iran. Ershad D. 2009 – Fungi of Iran. 3rd edition, Rostaniha 9 (1): 125-127 (in Persian) & Iranian Research Institution of Plant 61 (in English). Protection, 531 p. Arzanlou M, Khodaei S. 2012a – Phenotypic Esfandiari E. 1947 – Les maladies des plantes and molecular characterization of culti es et des arbres fruitiers des Chaetopyrena penicillata from Iran with regions subtropicales du nord de Iʼ Iran. description of a hyphomycete Applied Entomology and Phytopathology synanamorph. Mycosphere 3, 73–77. 5, 1–21 Arzanlou M, Khodaei S. 2012b – Bipolaris Esfandiari E. 1948 – Troisiѐme liste des fungi spicifera isolates with unusual conidial ramassés en Iran. Applied Entomology germination pattern on sunflower from and Phytopathology 8, 1–15. Iran. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 2, Espinoza JG, Briceño EX, Keith LM, Latorre 64–68. BA. 2008 – Canker and twig dieback of Arzanlou M, Torbati M, Jafary H. 2012 – Fruit blueberry caused by Pestalotiopsis spp. rot of olive (Olea europaea) caused by and a Truncatella sp. in Chile. Plant Truncatella angustata. Plant Pathology & Disease 92, 1407–1414. Quarantine 2, 117–123. Farzaneh M, Javan-Nikkhah M, Fotoohifar KB, Barber PA, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Pascoe Karimmojeeni H. 2006 – First report of IG, Keane P. 2011 – Reassessing pathogenic Coelomycetes on Cyperus Vermisporium (Amphisphaeriaceae), a rotundus and Xanthium strumarium, from genus of foliar pathogens of eucalypts. Iran. Proceedings of the 17th Iranian Plant Persoonia 27, 90–118. Protection Congress, vol. II, 2–5 Sept., Barr ME. 1975 – Pestalosphaeria, a new genus Karaj, Iran: 423. in the Amphisphaeriaceae. Mycologia 67, Fatehi J, Mirhosseini–Moghadam SA. 1993 – 187–194. Pestalotiopsis species on tea in Iran. Barr ME. 1990 – Prodromus to nonlichenized, Proceedings of the 11th Iranian Plant pyrenomycetous members of class Protection Congress, 28 Aug.–2 Sept., Hymenoascomycetes. Mycotaxon 39, Karaj, Iran: 170. 43–184. Gräfenhan T. 2006 – Epidemiologie und Borhani A, Moussazadeh S. 2004 – Study on biologische Bekämpfung latenter the hosts and pathogenicity of Rebholzkrankheite. Dissertation, Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät on some soft wood species in der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 138 Mazenderan Province. Proceedings of the p. 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Jeewon R, Liew ECY, Hyde KD. 2002 – vol II, 28 Aug.–1 Sep., Tabriz, Iran: 441. Phylogenetic relationships of Borhani A, Khorankeh S, Alimosazadeh S. Pestalotiopsis and allied genera inferred 2006 – Etiology and rate of die back on from ribosomal DNA sequences and Pieca abies in Toska Cheshmaeh morphological characters. Molecular forestation area (Galogah-Mazenderan). Phylogenetics and Evolution 25, 378– Proceedings of the 17th Iranian Plant 392. Protection Congress, vol. II, 2–5 Sept., Jeewon R, Liew ECY, Simpson JA, Hodgkiss Karaj, Iran: 396. IJ, Hyde KD. 2003 – Phylogenetic De Hoog GS, Guarru J, Gene J, Figueras MJ. significance of morphological characters 2000 – Atlas of Clinical fungi. in the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis

876 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and appendage-bearing conidia from Evolution 27, 372–383. Pondoland, South Africa. Mycotaxon Jeewon R, Liew ECY, Hyde KD. 2004 – 111, 309–322. Phylogenetic evaluation of species Mirabolfathy M, Ershad D. 2004 – Twig and nomenclature of Pestalotiopsis in relation cane canker of rose in the greenhouse of to host association. Fungal Diversity 17, central area of Iran. Iranian Journal of 39–55. Plant Pathology 40, 347–348 (in Persian) Kang JC, Kong RYC, Hyde KD. 1998 – & 84–85 (in English). Studies on the Amphisphaeriales. 1. Moller EM, Bahnweg G, Geiger HH. 1992 – A Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto) and its simple and efficient protocol for isolation phylogenetic relationships inferred from of high molecular weight DNA from 5.8 S rDNA and ITS2 sequences. Fungal filamentous fungi, fruit bodies, and Diversity 1, 147–157. infected plant tissues. Nuclear Acid Kang JC, Hyde KD, Kong RYC. 1999 – Research 20, 6115–6116. Studies on Amphisphaeriales: the Mousakhah M, Rajabi R, Amirkiali Gh, Barari Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto). A, Nick M. 2008 – First report of Mycological Research 103, 53–64. Pestalotiopsis longiseta , the associated Khabiri E. 1952 – Contribution a la mycoflore fungus with Kiwi leaf spot in Gilan. de l Iran .Premiere liste, Revue Proceedings of the 18th Iranian Plant Mycologique 17, 154-157. Protection Congress, vol. II, 24–27 Aug., Khodaparast SA, Hedjaroude GhA. 1994 – Hamedan, Iran: 57. Incidence of a new Pestalotiopsis species Petrak F. 1956 – Iranische Pilze. Sydowia 10, in association with grey blight of tea in 1–17. Gilan. Iran. J. Plant Path. 30:79-80 (in Roohibakhsh A, Ershad D. 1997 – An Persian) &33 (in English). investigation on mycoflora of citrus Khodaparast SA, Hedjaroude GhA. 1995 – necrotic leaf spots in western part of Occurrence of Pestalotiopsis smilacis Mazenderan. Iranian Journal of Plant (Schw.) Sutton in Iran. Proceedings of Pathology 33, 94–110 (in Persian) & 34– the 12th Iranian Plant Protection 37 (in English). Congress. 2–7 Sept., Karaj, Iran: 367. Scharif G, Ershad D. 1966 – List of fungi Khodaparast SA, Hedjaroude GhA, Zad J, cultivated plants, shrubs and trees of Iran. Eshpahri F, Okhovat M. 1993 – Studies Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Pests and on fungi isolated from tea in Iran. Diseases Research Institute, Evin, Proceedings of 11th Iranian Plant Tehran. Protection Congress. 28 Aug.–2 Sept., Sharifi K, Javadi-Estabanati AR, Mahdavi M. Rasht, Iran: 171. 2008 – A new Pestaloiopsis species for Lee S, Crous PW, Wingfield MJ. 2006 – the mycoflora of Iran. Rostaniha 9(2): Pestalotioid fungi from Restionaceae in 260 (in Persian) & 118 (in English). the Cape Floral Kingdom. Studies in Sutton DA. 1999 – Coelomycetous fungi in Mycology 55, 175–187. human disease. A review: clinical Liu AR, Wu XP, Xu T, Guo LD, Wei JG. 2006 entities, pathogenesis, identification and – Notes on endophytic Pestalotiopsis therapy. Revista Iberoamericana de from Hainan, China. Mycosystema 25, Micologia 16, 171–179. 389–397. Taherzadeh M, Mir Hosseini-Moghaddam SA, Liu L, Tian RR, Liu SC, Chen XL, Guo LD, Ershad D, Zakiei Z, Elahinia SA. 1998 – Che YS. 2008 – Pestaloficiols A–E, Isolation of the fungi from hazelnut and bioactive cyclopropane derivatives from their loss and economic importance. the plant endophytic fungus Pestalo- Proceedings of the 13th Iranian Plant tiopsis fici. Bioorganic and Medicinal Protection Congress, vol. II, 23–27 Aug., Cemistry 16, 6021–6026. Karaj, Iran: 229. Marincowitz S, Gryzenhout M, Wingfield MJ. Tanaka K, Endo M, Hirayama K, Okane I, 2010 – New and rare coelomycetes with Hosoya T, Sato T. 2011 – Phylogeny of

877 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/12 Discosia and Seimatosporium, and southern China. Mycosystema 24, 481– introduction of Adisciso and Immersidis- 493. cosia genera nova. Persoonia 26, 85–98. Wei JG, Xu T, Guo LD, Liu AR, Zhang Y, Pan Tejesvi MV, Tamhankar SA, Kini KR, Rao XH. 2007 – Endophytic Pestalotiopsis VS, Prakash HS. 2009 – Phylogenetic species associated with plants of Podo- analysis of endophytic Pestalotiopsis carpaceae, Theaceae and Taxaceae in species from ethnopharmaceutically southern China. Fungal Diversity 24, 55– important medicinal trees. Fungal 74. Diversity 38, 167–183. White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW. 1990 Viennot-Bourgin G. 1976 – Personal – Amplification and sequencing of fungal communication. Ministre de I Agricuture, ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Institut National Agronomique, In: PCR-Protocols and Applications – A Laboratoire de Botanique et Pathologic Laboratory Manual (eds N Innis, D Végétale, Paris, France. Gelfand, J Sninsky, TC White). Watanabe K, Motohashi K, Ono Y. 2010 – Academic Press, New York, 315–322. Description of Pestalotiopsis pallido- Xu J, Ebada SS, Proksch P. 2010 – theae: a new species from Japan. Pestalotiopsis a highly creative genus: Mycoscience 51, 182–188. chemistry and bioactivity of secondary Wei JG, Xu T, Guo LD, Pan XH. 2005 – metabolites. Fungal Diversity 44, 15–31. Endophytic Pestalotiopsis species from

878