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Downloaded for Non-Commercial Or Learning Purposes Without Any Charge and Permission The copyright © of this thesis belongs to its rightful author and/or other copyright owner. Copies can be accessed and downloaded for non-commercial or learning purposes without any charge and permission. The thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted as a whole without the permission from its rightful owner. No alteration or changes in format is allowed without permission from its rightful owner. ASSESSMENT OF POST-HARVEST FISH LOSSES AMONG SMALL-SCALE FISHERMEN IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA ADELAJA OLUSUMBO ADEOLU BUKOLA DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA October 2018 ASSESSMENT OF POST-HARVEST FISH LOSSES AMONG SMALL-SCALE FISHERMEN IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA By ADELAJA OLUSUMBO ADEOLU BUKOLA Thesis Submitted to School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia, In Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for a Post Graduate degree from the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), I agree that the Library of this university may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by my supervisor(s) or in their absence, by the Dean of School of Economics, Finance and Banking where I did my thesis. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts of it for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the UUM in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Request for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Dean of School of Economics, Finance and Banking Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok Kedah Darul Aman v ABSTRACT Post-harvest losses need to be addressed in order to ensure balance of food demand and supply. Small-scale fisheries has been identified as one of the sectors with high post- harvest losses among food production sub-sectors. In Nigeria, small-scale fisheries sub- sector has been neglected despite its significant contribution to local fish production. Hence, this study aims to estimate the magnitude of post-harvest losses, their handling practices, possession of storage facilities and analyse the factors that influence post- harvest fish losses among small-scale fishermen in Nigeria particularly in Ondo State. A survey was conducted on 400 small-scale fishermen from 20 fishermen communities along the coastal area of Ondo State. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage and standard deviation; fish loss model for three dominant marine fish species {croaker (Pseudotolithus spp.), catfish (Arius spp.) and shrimp (Nematopalaemon spp.)}; and multiple regression model. The findings show that small- scale fishermen lack access to ice, suitable covering materials and storage facilities in the process of transporting fish from the fishing ground to the landing site. The fishermen incur average post-harvest fish losses of 8.15 percent for croaker, 7.76 percent for catfish and 7.57 percent for shrimp. Regression model indicates that variables such as age, educational level, fishing experience, credit facilities, fish training, duration of fishing cycle, storage facilities and transportation facilities are statistically significant in determining post-harvest fish losses in the study area. Consequently, the government should provide suitable infrastructural facilities such as ice blocks, covering materials and storage facilities to small-scale fisheries to reduce post-harvest losses. The government should formulate suitable policies to develop the small-scale fisheries sub-sector, and fishermen should be trained on the appropriate post-harvest handling techniques to enhance the livelihood of small-scale fishermen. Keywords: small-scale fisheries, food security, post-harvest losses, fish species, fish loss model vi ABSTRAK Kerugian pascatangkapan perlu ditangani untuk memastikan keseimbangan permintaan dan bekalan makanan. Perikanan berskala kecil telah dikenal pasti sebagai salah satu sektor yang mengalami kerugian pascatangkapan yang tinggi antara sub-sektor pengeluaran makanan. Di Nigeria, sub-sektor perikanan berskala kecil telah dipinggirkan walaupun ia memberi sumbangan yang penting kepada pengeluaran ikan tempatan. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini bertujuan menganggar magnitud kerugian pascatangkapan, amalan pengendalian, pemilikan kemudahan penyimpanan dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kerugian pascatangkapan di kalangan nelayan berskala kecil di Negeria terutamanya di Negeri Ondo. Soal selidik telah dijalankan terhadap 400 orang nelayan berskala kecil daripada 20 komuniti nelayan sepanjang kawasan perairan Negeri Ondo. Data telah dianalisis menggunakan statistik diskriptif seperti kekerapan, peratusan dan sisihan piawai; model fish loss untuk tiga spesis ikan laut dominan {ikan croaker (Pseudotolithus spp.), ikan duri (Arius spp.) dan udang (Nematopalaemon spp.)}; dan model regresi berganda. Hasil kajian menunjukkan nelayan berskala kecil mengalami kesukaran mendapatkan ais, kemudahan penutup dan simpanan yang sesuai semasa proses mengangkut ikan daripada kawasan tangkapan ikan ke tapak pendaratan. Nelayan menanggung kerugian pascatangkapan sebanyak 8.15 peratus bagi ikan croaker, 7.76 peratus bagi ikan duri dan 7.57 peratus bagi udang. Model regresi menunjukkan pemboleh ubah seperti umur, tahap pendidikan, pengalaman menangkap ikan, kemudahan pinjaman, latihan menangkap ikan, tempoh kitaran tangkapan ikan, kemudahan simpanan dan kemudahan pengangkutan adalah signifikan secara statistik dalam menentukan kerugian pascatangkapan ikan dalam kajian ini. Oleh yang demikian, kerajaan perlu menyediakan kemudahan infrastruktur yang sesuai seperti blok ais, kemudahan penutup dan simpanan untuk perikanan berskala kecil bagi mengurangkan kerugian pascatangkapan. Kerajaan juga perlu menggubal dasar-dasar yang sesuai bagi membangunkan sub-sektor perikanan berskala kecil, dan nelayan pula perlu diberi latihan tentang teknik-teknik pengendalian pascatangkapan yang sesuai bagi meningkatkan taraf hidup nelayan berskala kecil. Kata kunci: perikanan berskala kecil, jaminan makanan, kerugian pascatangkapan, spesis ikan, model fish loss vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All glory and adoration to Almighty God, the giver of understanding and knowledge for the successful completion of this study. Without Him nothing can be achieved. My special thanks goes to my supervisors; Dr. Roslina binti Kamaruddin and Dr. Lee Wen Chiat for their kindness, motivation and constructive guidance rendered to me throughout the course of my programme. Thank you for your priceless ideas that have helped me to attain this feat. My sincere gratitude is extended to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shaufique Sidique, Prof. Dr. Kuperan Viswanathan, Prof. Dr. Ali Jamal, Prof. Datuk Dr. Amir Hussin Baharuddin and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bakti Hassan Basri for their comments and suggestions during my Viva and Proposal Defence session. My appreciation goes to UUM faculty members and students for their support throughout my stay in UUM. The efforts and cooperation of small-scale fishermen and fisheries officials in Ondo State, Nigeria during my field survey are also commendable. Without their support this study would not have been a success. Thank you. Finally, my appreciation goes to my husband, Dr. Ashley-Dejo, Samuel for his love, support and effort in managing the home front during my absence. To my wonderful parents, Mr. and Mrs. A. T. Adelaja, siblings; Mr. Adetayo Adelaja, Mrs. Deniran, Mr. Abidoun Adelaja, Miss Deola and my niece Oluwatosin; to my in-laws, Chief and Mrs. Ashley-Dejo, Mr. and Barrister (Mrs.) Aregbesola, Mr. and Mrs. Ashley-Dejo, Mr. Deniran and Mrs. Adelaja for your financial support and prayers during my programme. Thank you all. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ii CERTIFICATION OF THESIS WORK iii PERMISSION TO USE iv ABSTRACT vi ABSTRAK vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xv LIST OF ACRONYMS xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Fisheries Sector in context of Food Security 2 1.3 Fisheries Sector in Nigeria 5 1.4 Nigeria Small-scale/Artisanal Fisheries Sector in the context of Value Chain 7 1.5 Problem Statement 17 1.6 Research Questions 20 1.7 Research Objectives 21 1.8 Significance of the Study 21 1.9 Scope of the Study 23 1.10 Organization of the Thesis 24 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Post-harvest Losses in Small-Scale/Artisanal Fisheries 25 2.2.1 Types of Post-harvest Losses 27 2.2.2 Causes of Post-harvest Fish Losses 29 2.3 Post-harvest Fish Loss situation all over the World 32 2.4 Post-harvest Fish Losses situation in Nigeria 39 2.5 Small-scale/Artisanal Fishers 41 2.6 Related Theories 43 2.6.1 Goldratt’s Theory of Constraint 44 ix 2.6.2 Theory of Infrastructure 49 2.6.3 Livelihood Theory 51 2.6.3.1 Sustainable Livelihood Approach Framework 53 2.6.4 Generic Predictive Model/Fish Loss Model (TECA-FAO initiatives) 60 2.7 Empirical Studies on Different Techniques involved in Small-scale/Artisanal Fisheries Sector 61 2.7.1 Fish Handling Practices 61 2.7.2 Processing and Preservation Techniques 65 2.7.3 Storage Facilities 75 2.7.4 Transportation System 76 2.8 Review of Empirical Literatures on Post-harvest Fish Losses 77 2.9 The Strength, Weakness and Literature Gaps of Past
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