General Disease Finder

This overview will help to fi nd patterns in the different sections

Cushing’s disease, steroid ; Addison’s disease, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Aldosteronism Tetanic muscles CN: VII AIDS : infl ammatory, immune mediated, treatment related : infl ammatory, treatment related Neoplastic: lymphoma (direct invasion) Opportunistic infections: CMV, toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcus , HSV Candida, Varicella, Histoplasma, TBC, Aspergillus CMV polyradiculomyelopathy Herpes zoster radiculitis Syphilitic Treatment related: /myopathy Ddl, ddC, foscarnet, isoniazid Zidovudine Polyneuropathy (distal, rarely proximal) Alcohol Mononeuropathy Ð (compression) Myopathy Acute necrotizing myopathy and myoglobinuria Chronic proximal weakness Hypokalemic paralysis Myoglobinuria Compartment syndromes (prolonged compression) Familial amyloid polyneuropathies Amyloid Transthyretin Neuropathy Sensorimotor neuropathy Autonomic (continued)

E.L. Feldman et al., Atlas of Neuromuscular Diseases, 299 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1605-0, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 300 General Disease Finder

Autonomic involvement Primary/secondary Apolipoprotein A-1 Polyneuropathy, painful, hearing loss Gelsolin type V, VII, and other CN Mild polyneuropathy Primary amyloidosis (AL) Deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in tissue Adrenal dysfunction Aldosteronism AIDS Alcoholism Amyloid Painful neuropathy Autonomic involvement Muscle amyloid – “muscle amyloidosis” Amyloidoma (trigeminal root) Secondary or reactive amyloidosis (AA) Chronic infl ammatory diseases, rheumatoid diseases, osteomyelitis Deposition of acute phase plasma protein, serum amyloid A Painful neuropathy Autonomic involvement Carpal tunnel syndrome Muscle amyloid Amyloidoma (trigeminal root) Secondary or reactive amyloidosis (AA) Chronic infl ammatory diseases, rheumatoid diseases, osteomyelitis Deposition of acute phase plasma protein, serum amyloid A: polyneuropathy Not signifi cant Cobalamin defi ciency, polyneuropathy Anemia Lead poisoning polyneuropathy Thalassemia: muscle cramps, myalgia, muscle atrophy Pure red cell anemia: autoimmune disease associated with Malpositioning Anesthesia Upper extremity (70 %): mononeuropathies of brachial, radial, ulnar, or median nerves Lower extremity (30 %): mononeuropathies of peroneal, sciatic, or femoral nerves Regional: epidural or spinal anesthesia may cause cauda equina lesions Local : drug toxicity, local hematoma, vasoconstriction, needle injury, infection Cardiac bypass operations: nerve stretch, hypothermia, phrenic nerve lesions Tourniquet palsy Neuromuscular transmission disorders induced by muscle relaxants Peripheral: axillary or femoral artery puncture (brachial plexus and femoral nerve) Angiography Brachial artery: Cerebral angiography: femoral nerve lesions Femoral nerve lesion in inguinal arterial puncture or hematoma CIDP transplant Infl ammatory myopathies MG Polyneuropathy Local damage; sacral plexus General Disease Finder 301

Facial nerve lower branch Carotid surgery Hypoglossal nerve Vagal recurrent nerve Horner syndrome Cranial nerves (meningeal carcinomatosis, base of the skull metastasis, nerve infi ltrations, radiation injury) Cancer Mononeuropathies (pressure, toxic, following operations), rarely infi ltration, or metastasis (meningeal carcinomatosis, compression or infi ltration of roots, multiple spinal metastasis), cauda equina syndrome Polyneuropathies: treatment related (CIPN), rarely autoimmune, paraneoplastic, rarely infi ltrative Myopathies: cachexia, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, necrotizing, , amyloid deposition sarcopenia, type 2 fi ber atrophy Neuromuscular transmission: MG and thymoma, LEMS, and () cancer Antineoplastic treatment-associated polyneuropathy: platinum derivates (cisplatinum carboplatin, oxaliplatin) Acute neurotoxicity, oxaliplatin Taxanes (suramin) Vinca alkaloids Bortezomib Epithelons Steroid myopathy Radiation: cranial nerve, optic nerve Plexopathies (brachial, lumbar, sacral) Aortic disease: left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy; femoral nerve lesion (ruptured aneurysm, aortic surgery); Circulatory disorders obturator nerve, hematoma in psoas muscle; radiculopathies, compression of L4 and L5 and S1 and S2 by terminal aorta Ischemic monomelic: predominately sensory with causalgia-like pain Cholesterol-lowering drugs: myopathy, cramps (fenofi brate, bezafi brate, clofi brate, gemfi brozil, nicotinic acid lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin) Embolism Ð compartment syndrome Intermittent claudication Ischemic neuropathy, angiopathic neuropathies Muscle hemorrhage, hemophiliacs; anticoagulants, retroperitoneal, buttock, arm, calf Neuropathy by fi stula Ð hemodialysis and mononeuropathies Monomelic neuropathy Nerve compression by hematoma (femoral nerve, lumbar plexus, ) Carotid surgery Temporary aortic occlusion (surgery) Venous occlusion Ð phlegmasia cerulea dolens Cranial nerve lesions Coma Critical illness myopathy Critical illness neuropathy Compartment syndromes Mononeuropathies (malpositioning, pressure palsy) Steroid myopathy Thick fi lament myopathy (continued) 302 General Disease Finder

Hip and joint surgery: sciatic and femoral nerve lesions Complications of medical and Hypothermia: polyneuropathy surgical treatment Injection into nerves: mononeuropathies Nerve blockade Intramuscular injections Knee surgery: peroneal nerve, ramus infrapatellaris Shoulder surgery Mononeuropathies due to body position: plexus, radial, ulnar, median, peroneal, femoral nerve lesions Muscle: drug-induced myopathy, acute hypokalemic paralysis, necrotizing myopathy, subacute and chronic myopathies, ischemic injury during surgery Neuromuscular transmission: drug-induced MG Neuromuscular blocking agents Postoperatively: GBS, postoperative apnea, Radiation: spinal cord and nerve plexus (brachial, lumbar and sacral plexus) mononeuropathies Spinal anesthesia: nerve roots, epidural hemorrhage, abscess, paraplegia, sensory loss Adhesive arachnoiditis Surgical trauma: neck surgery, mastectomy (thoracodorsal, long thoracic, axillary nerve), median sternotomy, pelvic surgery (sciatic, obturator, femoral, ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric nerve) Tourniquet paralysis Autonomic neuropathy Diabetes mellitus Cranial mononeuropathies Mononeuropathies (carpal tunel syndrome) Muscle infarction (lumbar) Polyneuropathy, several distinct types Thoracic (truncal) radicular lesions Disuse myopathy Immobilization Muscle atrophy Mononeuropathies: pressure palsies Heroin: nerve compression (coma), trauma from injection, brachial and lumbosacral Drugs and addiction Plexopathies Compartment syndromes Phenylcyclidine: rhabdomyolysis Cocaine: rhabdomyolysis Hypercalcemia: muscle weakness Electrolyte disorders Hypocalcemia: tetany Hypokalemic paralysis Hypokalemic myopathy Hyperkalemic paralysis Hyperkalemia: potassium-retaining diuretics Hypermagnesemia muscle weakness Hypomagnesemia muscle weakness Hypernatremia: muscle weakness Hyponatremia: muscle weakness Churg-Strauss syndrome Eosinophilic syndromes Eosinophilic fasciitis Eosinophilic polymyositis Eosinophilia myalgia syndromes (parasitic infections) Acute abdomen: porphyria, lead poisoning Ð polyneuropathy Gastrointestinal disorders Chronic : malabsorption neuropathies, Whipple’s disease, celiac disease Celiac disease: myopathy Crohn’s disease: polymyositis Whipple’s disease: macrophagic myofasciitis Vitamin B 12 defi ciency General Disease Finder 303

Compartment syndromes Ischemia/peripheral vascular Polyneuropathy occlusive Mononeuropathy GBS Hepatic disease Primary biliary cirrhosis: myopathy, neuropathy Hepatitis Polymyositis Polyneuropathy (hepatitis B, C) Panarteritis nodosa (hepatitis B) Demyelinating polyneuropathy Biliary cirrhosis Sensory polyneuropathy Hemophilia: Hematologic diseases Nerve compression (femoral nerve, hemorrhage into iliac muscle) compression Median nerve, radial nerve, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerve Complications of anticoagulation Brachial plexus lesions: hematomas in peripheral nerves (median nerve, femoral nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve) Polyneuropathy: POEMS syndrome Castleman’s syndrome Waldenstrom’s Paraproteinemia IgM (MAG) Lymphoma, HIV Median nerve mononeuropathy Hyperuricemia Polyneuropathy Radiculopathy Polyneuropathies: Hypnotic drugs Amitryptyline Glutethimide Imipramine Li+ carbonate Methaqualone Perazine Phenelzine Thalidomide Infl uenza, swine fl u: GBS Immunization Mumps: sensorineural deafness Oral polio: GBS Macrophagic myofasciitis (hepatitis A,B, tetanus) Rabies Serum sickness Toxoids: Diphtheria/tetanus: GBS Haemophilus infl uenzae: GBS Plasma-derived hepatitis B: GBS

(continued) 304 General Disease Finder

Bacterial meningitis: cranial nerve lesions Infections Hepatitis: A: GBS B: GBS, periarteritis nodosa C: Polyneuropathy (vasculitis) Herpes zoster: Cranial nerves: ophthalmic, trigeminal, Ramsay Hunt syndrome Postherpetic Leprosy: Leprous Lepromatous leprosy Skin, superfi cial nerves Sensory loss (cool areas) Ulnar: proximal to ulnar groove Median: proximal to carpal tunnel Peroneal nerve Lyme disease: Cranial nerves: VII (possibly bilateral) Radiculoneuritis (Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth syndrome) Polyneuropathy (unclear) Root involvement Truncal muscle weakness Neurosyphilis: Cranial nerves: pupillary abnormality Tabes dorsalis (“lightning pain”) Posterior nerve root, , bladder and sexual dysfunction Tuberculosis: Cranial nerves (meningitis): VI, III, IV Retrobulbar with myelitis Tuberculous arachnoiditis: radiculomyelopathy Tuberculomas Typhoid : multifocal neuropathy Parasitic infections: Amebic meningoencephalitis: olfactory nerve, smell Angiostrongyliasis: radiculomyeloneuritis Eosinophilic meningitis: cranial neuropathies, Onchocerciasis: blindness Paragonimus: optic atrophy Poliomyelitis: Muscle weakness Laryngeal and pharyngeal Facial diplegia “Postpolio syndrome” Trichinosis: Respiratory, cardiac and skeletal muscles Viral meningitis: Mumps: deafness Viral: Myopathy Herpes Rabies General Disease Finder 305

Postviral complications: Optic neuritis: measles, rubella, mumps, varicella zoster, infectious hepatitis, mononucleosis, rabies vaccine Cranial nerves: mumps GBS: CMV, enterovirus, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex, hepatitis B, HIV, infl uenza A and B, measles, rabies, rubella, smallpox vaccination Deafness and vertigo: mumps, measles, varicella, infl uenza, HSV Antimicrobial therapy: Emetine-induced myopathy Isoniazid neuropathy Ethambutol neuropathy Nitrofurantoin neuropathy Streptomycin ototoxicity Sulfonamide vasculitis Metronidazole neuropathy Cranial nerves: VI, VII, vagus Infl ammatory and immune Mononeuropathies, serum sickness; acute mononeuropathies: long thoracic, radial, suprascapular, diseases musculocutaneous, femoral, sciatic, anterior interosseus, intercostal, and phrenic nerves Polyneuropathy: Migratory recurrent polyneuropathy GBS CIDP Postinfectious and allergic neuropathies Chronic idiopathic neuritis Collagen vascular disease Myopathies: Dermato- and polymyositis Eosinophilic fasciitis Lupus Multiplex neuropathy Ð vasculitis Periarteritis nodosa Rheumatoid arthritis Miscellaneous: Sarcoid Behcet’s disease Lyme disease Alpha 1 lipoprotein defi ciency: polyneuropathy Lipid metabolism A-betalipoproteinemia: polyneuropathy Hyperlipidemia: polyneuropathy Statin neuropathy Statin myopathy Lung cancer: paraneoplastic disease (anti Hu) Lung disease Sarcoid Ð polyneuropathy Pneumonia: phrenic neuropathy COPD: neuropathy Churg-Strauss syndrome Cranial nerves: trigeminal Lupus, SLE Mononeuropathies (median, ulnar) Polyneuropathy (sensorimotor) (See rheumatoid disease) (continued) 306 General Disease Finder

See also cancer Lymphoma Nerve infi ltration Neurolymphomatosis Immune mediated neuropathies Focal nerve lymphoma Malnutrition-induced myopathy Malnutrition Polyneuropathy Posterolateral cord degeneration Sarcopenia Strachan’s syndrome Vitamin B12 defi ciency Susceptibility in several diseases: Malignant hyperpyrexia Central core disease Duchenne’s dystrophy congenita Muscle weakness in potassium: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia Mineral and electrolyte Tetany, hypocalcemia disorders Hypomagnesemia Fabry’s: corneal clouding Ophthalmologic Retinal microaneurysms: diabetes mellitus complications “Beaded retinal vasculature”: vasculitis Myotonic dystrophy : Refsum’s disease, , Bassen-Kornzweig disease Sicca syndrome: Sjögren’s syndrome Xerophthalmia: Sjögren’s syndrome, LEMS Optic disk : POEMS syndrome, CIDP, GBS Myopathy Osteomalacia Muscle pain: generalized, myalgia, ischemia, cramps, drugs Pain Neuropathic pain CRPS Phantom pain Neuralgia Cranial nerves: paraneoplastic retinal degeneration, cancer-associated retinopathy Paraneoplastic neuromuscular “Numb chin syndrome” syndromes (see also “cancer”) Polyneuropathy: Distal sensorimotor Sensory, subacute sensory neuronopathy Vasculitic neuropathy “Terminal” neuropathy Immune mediated Paraproteinemic neuropathies: of uncertain signifi cance (MGUS) Anti-MAG IgM POEMS syndrome Amyloid neuropathy Neuromuscular transmission: LEMS MG (thymoma) Neuromyotonia, Isaac’s syndrome Myopathy: Dermatomyositis, polymyositis Necrotizing myopathy Type 2 fi ber atrophy “Cachectic myopathy” General Disease Finder 307

Myopathy, bulbar and respiratory weakness Parathyroid disease Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis Polyneuropathy Ocular myopathy In hypoparathyroidism: tetanic muscular reaction Acromegaly: entrapment neuropathies: median and Pituitary disease Proximal myopathy Polyneuropathy (proximal also respiration can be involved) Porphyria Ascending polyradiculopathy Drug side effects Optic neuritis Pregnancy Cranial nerves: Bell’s palsy Median neuropathy (CTS) Lumbosacral plexus: labor Lumbosacral plexus: fetal head, forceps Mononeuropathies: Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Obturator nerve Saphenous nerve Sciatic nerve Common peroneal nerve Innervation of sphincter muscle of the pelvic fl oor Myotonia and myotonic dystrophy, weakness may worsen (uterus contraction, labor) MG (relapse and remission) Arthrogryposis Immunotherapy and pregnancy Polyneuropathy : malnutrition GBS Relapse of CIDP Psoriatic myopathy Psoriasis See “lung” Pulmonary disease Polyneuropathy: Renal disorders Distal symmetric, sensory, motor Cramps, myokymia Restless leg syndrome Compressive neuropathies: ischemic myopathy related to shunt Amyloid deposition: nerve and muscle Multiplex mononeuropathies : aminoglycoside toxicity Myopathy (type 2 fi ber atrophy) Cachexia, inanition, electrolyte disturbances, rhabdomyolysis Ethanol intoxication Rhabdomyolysis Drug induced Electrolyte disturbances General anesthesia Heroin Multiple organ failure Narcotics Secondary entrapment Ð compartment syndromes Some myopathies (e.g., metabolic) (continued) 308 General Disease Finder

Raynaud’s syndrome Rheumatoid and connective Polyneuropathy: tissue Systemic lupus erythematosus Scleroderma (rare) Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome Mixed connective tissue disease (“Sharp syndrome”) Rheumatoid arthritis Sjögren’s syndrome with sensory ganglionopathy Relapsing polychondritis Trigeminal neuropathy Muscle: Dermatomyositis Polymyositis RA, scleroderma, penicillamine induced Eosinophilic myositis/fasciitis Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome Bechterew: cauda equina syndrome, thoracal radiculopathies Giant cell arteritis: cranial neuropathies, optic nerve, infarction of tongue, masticatory claudication Polymyalgia rheumatica: muscle pain Wegener’s disease: cranial neuropathies, neuropathy, vasculitis : , optic nerve, atrophy, optomotor, trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, otosclerosis Paget’s disease: anosmia, optic nerve, trigeminal, deafness, caudal and cranial nerves Therapy induced: Gold therapy: polyneuropathy, myokymia D penicillamine: MG, myositis : myopathy Chloroquine: myopathy Facial nerve (bilateral) Sarcoidosis Hypercalcemia Rhabdomyolysis Rheumatoid and connective tissue Myositis: proximal muscle atrophy Polyneuropathy (distal sensorimotor, small fi ber, and autonomic) Mononeuropathy Radiculopathy GBS Cachexia Sepsis Critical care myopathy Critical illness neuropathy Malnutrition and avitaminosis Neuromuscular transmission disorders by anesthetic drugs and aminoglycosides Septic myopathy Thick fi lament myopathy Therapy induced: steroid myopathy General Disease Finder 309

Angiokeratoma: Fabry’s disease Skin changes Cheilosis/glossitis: vitamin B and folate defi ciency Dupuytren’s contracture: alcoholic liver disease, diabetes mellitus Hair loss: thallium, alopecia areata (in autoimmune disease, also in MG), , thallium, lupus Erythema nodosum: leprosy, sarcoidosis, infl ammatory bowel disease : POEMS syndrome, adrenomyeloneuropathy, Hypopigmentation: POEMS syndrome, leprosy (patchy) : POEMS syndrome Mechanic’s hands: dermatomyositis Skin rash: dermatomyositis Purpura: vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, amyloidosis : Refsum’s disease Macroglossia: amyloidosis, hypothyroid Mees’ lines (nails): arsenic, thallium intoxication Photosensitivity: lupus, porphyria Raynaud’s syndrome Collagenosis, autoimmune disease Skin thickening: scleroderma, fasciitis Vitiligo: vitamin B defi ciency Cachexia Starvation Myopathy Sarcopenia Strachan’s syndrome Wernicke’s disease Chronic myopathy, type two fi ber atrophy Steroid therapy Acute myopathy in status asthmaticus Critical illness myopathy Hyperthyroidism Thyroid disease Basedow’s disease Entrapment mononeuropathy (CTS) Graves ophthalmopathy Hyperthyroid periodic paralysis (Asian, Chinese) MG and hyperthyrosis Thyroid myopathy Hypothyroidism Median neuropathy Myopathy (pseudomyotonia Ð Hoffman’s sign) Neuropathy Polyneuropathies: acrylamide (monomer), sensory Toxin exposure/working Heavy metals: lead, motor neuropathy (UE > LE) conditions Wrist and fi nger extensors Arsenic: distal axonopathy (GBS-like) Mercury: cranial nerves II, VIII, sensory Thallium: polyneuropathy, autonomic Tin: Organic solvents (n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, carbon disulfi de) Organophosphates: acetylcholinesterase inhibition Ð fasciculations, weakness, respiration Nicotinic effects: inhibition of neuropathy target esterase Ð distal axonopathy (TOCP) triorthocresyl phosphate Trichlorethylene: cranial neuropathies

(continued) 310 General Disease Finder

Amyloid deposition Ð autonomic Uremia Optic neuropathy Mononeuropathies Polyneuropathy Shunt monomelic neuropathies Color vision changes: sulfonamides, streptomycin, methaqualone, barbiturates, digitalis, thiazide diuretics, Visual disorders antihelminthic drugs, nalidixic acid, troxidone Optic neuropathy: chloramphenicol, isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol, sulfas, dapsone, chlorpropamide, chlorambucil, penicillamine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, morphine, MAO inhibitors, barbiturates Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): polyneuropathy, myopathy Vitamin defi ciency Vitamin B6: isoniazid neuropathy, median neuropathy Pyridoxine high dose: sensory neuropathy Vitamin B12 defi ciency: polyneuropathy, posterior column degeneration Vitamin D: muscle weakness, osteomalacia Vitamin E: myopathy Index

A parasympathetic nervous system , 292 Abdominal wall innervation sympathetic nervous system , 291–292 anterior wall , 148, 149 autonomic testing , 292–294 clinical symptoms , 148 diabetic autonomic neuropathy , 296 external oblique muscle , 149 orthostatic hypotension , 294–296 fascia , 151 PoTS , 296–297 internal oblique muscle , 149 refl ex syncope , 296 lower cupula , 149 sudomotor tests , 294 muscular and sensory innervation , 147 TLOC , 292 muscular components , 150 Axillary nerve dysfunction , 107–108 nerves , 150 posterior abdominal wall , 149, 150 rectus abdominis , 149 B rostral cupula , 150 Becker (BMD) , 257–258 transverse abdominal muscle , 149 Bell’s palsy , 56–58 upper cupula , 149 Benign tumors , 183–184 Abducens nerve disease , 54–55 BMD. See Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) Accessory nerve disease , 62–64 Botulism , 68, 243–244 Acoustic nerve disease , 58–59 Brachial plexus Acute brachial neuritis , 92 anatomy , 88–89 Acute disc herniation surgery , 83 diagnosis , 96, 98 Acute infl ammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) , 207–209 differential diagnosis , 96–97 Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) , 209 lesion types , 89 Acute motor axonal neuropathy , 207–208 pathogenesis Acute paralytic poliomyelitis (APP) , 288–290 acute brachial neuritis , 92 AIDP. See Acute infl ammatory demyelinating Burner syndrome , 96 polyneuropathy (AIDP) chronic neuralgic amyotrophy , 91–92 Alcohol polyneuropathy , 215–216 HNPP , 90 Allograft , 25 immunotherapy , 92 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Lyme disease , 93–94 AMSAN. See Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) multifocal motor neuropathy , 92–93 Amyloid neuropathy , 197–198 neonatal brachial plexopathy , 90 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) neurofi bromas , 94, 96 anatomy and pathophysiology , 283 pancoast tumor , 94–96 diagnosis , 284–285 Parsonage- , 92 differential diagnosis , 285 radiation fi brosis , 94, 97 epidemiology , 283 rucksack paralysis , 93 fALS , 284 prognosis , 98 features and prognosis of , 284 signs , 89–90 signs , 283–284 symptoms , 89 symptoms , 283 therapy , 97–98 treatment , 285 Bruns-Garland syndrome , 83 Ankylosing spondylitis , 75 Burner syndrome , 96, 108 Anterior , 178, 179 Aortic aneurysm , 104 APP. See Acute paralytic poliomyelitis (APP) Autograft , 25 C Autoimmune testing , 15–16 Calcaneal nerve dysfunction , 181 (ANS) Cardiovascular refl ex tests , 292 anatomy deep breathing , 293 autonomic CNS structures , 291 tilt table , 293–294 enteric nervous system , 292 Valsalva maneuver , 293

E.L. Feldman et al., Atlas of Neuromuscular Diseases, 311 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1605-0, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 312 Index

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 defi ciency (CPT2) , 271–272 CNM. See (CNM) Carotid sinus syncope (CSS) , 296 Cobalamin neuropathy , 213 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) , 116, 117 Colchicine myopathy , 273 Cauda equina symptoms Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) , 39 anatomy , 84–85 Congenital fi ber-type disproportion (CFD) , 265, 266, 268 diagnosis , 85 Congenital myasthenic syndromes , 241 differential diagnosis , 85 Congenital myopathies pathogenesis , 85 clinical presentation , 265–266 signs , 85 diagnosis , 266–267 symptoms , 85 differential diagnosis , 267 therapy , 85 pathogenesis , 266 Central core disease (CCD) , 265–268 prognosis , 268 Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) , 265–268 therapy , 267–268 Cervical plexopathy , 87 Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) Cervical plexus clinical presentation , 252 anatomy , 87 diagnosis , 253 clinical presentation , 87 differential diagnosis , 253 diagnosis , 88 pathogenesis , 252 differential diagnosis , 88 prognosis , 254 pathogenesis , 87–88 therapy , 253 symptoms , 87 CPT2. See Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 therapy , 88 defi ciency (CPT2) Cervical radiculopathy Cranial mononeuropathies , 38 anatomy , 73 Cranial nerves C8 radiculopathy , 74 abducens nerve , 54–55 diagnosis , 76 accessory nerve , 62–64 differential diagnosis , 76 acoustic nerve , 58–59 meningeal carcinomatosis , 74 anatomy , 43 pathogenesis , 75–76 examination in coma , 67–68 prognosis , 76 facial nerve , 55–58 signs , 75 glossopharyngeal nerve , 60–61 symptoms , 73–74 hypoglossal nerve , 64–65 treatment , 76 lesions site , 69–70 Cervical spondylosis , 75 oculomotor nerve , 45–48 CFD. See Congenital fi ber-type disproportion (CFD) olfactory nerve , 43–44 Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome , 271, 272 optic nerve , 44–45 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) oral cavity , 65–67 causes , 221 painful conditions , 67 diagnosis , 221, 222, 225 pupil , 68 differential diagnosis , 221, 223 trigeminal nerve , 49–53 epidemiology , 220–221 trochlear nerve , 48–49 pathophysiology , 221 vagus nerve , 61–62 signs , 221, 223–224 vestibular nerve , 59–60 symptoms , 221, 222 Critical illness myopathy , 274 therapy , 221, 223 Critical illness neuropathy (CIP) , 202–203 Chemotherapy-induced neuropathies (CIPN) CRPS. See Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) chemotherapeutic drugs , 233–234 CSS. See Carotid sinus syncope (CSS) clinical presentation , 232 CTDs. See Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) pathogenesis , 232 CTS. See Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) signs , 233 Cutaneous forearm nerves , 130–132 symptoms , 232–233 Chronic infl ammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) clinical presentation , 210 D diagnosis , 211 DAN. See Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) differential diagnosis , 211 DBM. See Distal desmin body myofi brillar myopathy (DBM) pathogenesis , 211 Demyelinating neuropathy , 212 prognosis , 212 Dermatomyositis (DM) signs/symptoms , 210 clinical presentation , 248, 249 therapy , 211 diagnosis , 248–249 Chronic neuralgic amyotrophy , 91–92 differential diagnosis , 249 CIDP. See Chronic infl ammatory demyelinating pathogenesis , 248 polyneuropathy (CIDP) prognosis , 250 CIP. See Critical illness neuropathy (CIP) therapy , 249–250 CIPN. See Chemotherapy-induced neuropathies (CIPN) dHMN. See Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN) CMT. See Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) Diabetic amyotrophy , 101 Index 313

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) , 195, 206 Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) , 197, 198 Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) , 284 clinical presentation , 193 Fasciculations , 5 diagnosis , 193–194 Femoral nerve dysfunction differential diagnosis , 192, 194 anatomy , 159 pathogenesis , 193 causes , 160 prognosis , 195 diagnosis , 160 syndrome/signs , 193, 194 differential diagnosis , 160 therapy , 194 hip , 160–161 Diabetic mononeuritis multiplex (DMM) , 195–196 prognosis , 160 Diabetic polyradiculopathy (DPR) , 195–196 signs , 159–160 Diabetic truncal neuropathy , 78–79 symptoms , 159 Disc herniation , 75 therapy , 160 Distal desmin body myofi brillar myopathy (DBM) , 264, 265 Femoral neuropathy , 33 Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN) , 226, 227 FSHD. See Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) Distal myopathies , 264–265 Functional ambulation category (FAC) , 28 Distal posterior interosseus nerve syndrome , 129 Distal symmetric polyneuropathy , 196–197 DM. See Dermatomyositis (DM) G DMD. See Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) Ganglionopathy , 38, 39 DMM. See Diabetic mononeuritis multiplex (DMM) Genitofemoral nerve dysfunction , 153–154 Dorsal scapular nerve dysfunction , 136 Glossopharyngeal nerve disease , 60–61 DPR. See Diabetic polyradiculopathy (DPR) Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) Drug-induced neuropathy clinical presentation , 269 causes , 216, 217 diagnosis , 269–270 diagnosis , 216, 218 differential diagnosis , 271 differential diagnosis , 192, 218 pathogenesis , 269 epidemiology , 216 prognosis , 271 pathophysiology , 216 therapy , 271 signs/symptoms , 216, 217 Guillain-Barre syndrome , 207–209 therapy , 218 , 285, 286 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) clinical presentation , 255 diagnosis , 256 H differential diagnosis , 256 Hand, digital nerve dysfunction , 132–133 pathogenesis , 256 Hemorrhagic compartment syndrome , 103, 104 prognosis , 257 Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) therapy , 256–257 causes , 221 diagnosis , 221, 222, 225 differential diagnosis , 221, 223 E epidemiology , 220–221 Edrophonium test , 239 pathophysiology , 221 Electrotherapy , 31–32 signs , 221, 223–224 11-point Likert scale, 37 symptoms , 221, 222 Enteric nervous system (ENS) , 292 therapy , 221, 223 Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA) , 226 F Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) FAC. See Functional ambulation category (FAC) causes , 226 Facial nerve disease diagnosis , 226 anatomy , 55–56 differential diagnosis , 226–227 course of , 56 epidemiology , 225 diagnosis , 57 pathophysiology , 225 pathogenesis , 57, 58 signs , 226 prognosis , 58 symptoms , 225–226 signs , 56–57 therapy , 227 symptoms , 56 Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) , 225–227 therapy , 57 Herpes zoster neuropathy , 75, 78, 204 topographical lesions , 56 Hip arthroplasty , 158 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) Hip arthroscopy , 159 clinical presentation , 262–263 Hip trauma , 159 diagnosis , 264 HMSN. See Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) differential diagnosis , 264 HNA. See Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA) pathogenesis , 264 HNPP. See Neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) prognosis , 264 HoPP. See Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HoPP) therapy , 264 Horner’s syndrome , 68 314 Index

HSAN. See Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) prognosis , 261 immunodefi ciency virus-1 neuropathy , 203–204 therapy , 261 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP) , 278 Local pain syndromes , 159 Hypoglossal nerve disease , 64–65 dysfunction , 138–139 Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HoPP) , 279 Lumbar and sacral radiculopathy Hypothyroidism , 274–275 acute disc herniation surgery , 83 HyPP. See Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP) anatomy , 80 conservative treatment , 84 diagnosis , 83 I differential diagnosis , 83, 84 IBM. See Inclusion body myositis (IBM) myotomal distribution , 81 Ice cream headache , 9 pathogenesis , 81–83 Ice test , 239 prognosis , 84 Iliohypogastric nerve dysfunction , 151 radicular sensory fi ndings , 81 Ilioinguinal nerve dysfunction , 151–153 signs , 81 Iliopsoas abscess , 101 surgical techniques , 84 Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) , 251–252 symptoms , 80–81 Immune polyneuropathies , 15 Lumbar fusion , 83 Inclusion body myositis (IBM) , 250–251 Lumbar stenosis , 82–83 Intercostal nerve dysfunction , 145–146 Lumbosacral plexus Intercostal neuralgia , 79 anatomy , 99–100 Intercostobrachial nerve dysfunction , 146–147 diagnosis , 104 International Classifi cation of Functioning, Disability and Health differential diagnosis , 104 (ICF), 27 pathogenesis Isaacs’ syndrome , 244–245 aortic aneurysms , 104 Ischemic plexopathy , 102 cancer , 101 diabetic amyotrophy , 101 episodic weakness , 101 hemorrhagic compartment syndromes , 103, 104 J iliopsoas abscess , 101 Joplin’s neuroma , 180 ischemic plexopathy , 102, 103 malignant psoas syndrome , 102 maternal lumbosacral plexopathy , 102 K postoperative lumbosacral plexopathy , 102 Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS) , 268 radiation plexus lesion , 102 Kennedy syndrome , 285–286 retroperitoneal hematoma , 102, 104 Kiloh-Nevin syndrome , 113 prognosis , 104 symptom/sign , 101 therapy , 104 L Lumbosacral spinal stenosis syndrome , 81–82 Laing distal myopathy (LDM) , 264 Lumbosacral spondylosis , 82 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) Lyme disease causes , 242 brachial plexus , 93–95 diagnosis , 242–243 neuroborreliosis , 204–206 differential diagnosis , 243 Lymphatic drainage , 32 electrophysiology , 242 epidemiology , 241 pathophysiology , 241 M prognosis , 243 MADD. See Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation signs , 242 defi ciency (MADD) symptoms , 242 Malignant peripheral nerve tumors , 184–186 therapy , 243 Malignant psoas syndrome , 102 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve dysfunction , 161–163 Markesbery distal myopathy (MDM) , 264, 265 LDM. See Laing distal myopathy (LDM) Martin Gruber anastomosis , 113 Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and sign pain scale Maternal lumbosacral plexopathy , 102 (LANSS), 38 MCD. See Multi/minicore disease (MCD) LEMS. See Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) MCTD. See Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) Leprosy , 206–207 MDM. See Markesbery distal myopathy (MDM) Lesser occipital nerve , 87 Medial plantar proper digital nerve syndrome , 180 LGMD. See Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) Median nerve dysfunction Likert scale , 28 anatomy , 112–113 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) causes , 116–117 clinical presentation , 259–260 clinical syndrome , 113, 116 diagnosis , 260–261 diagnosis , 117, 120 differential diagnosis , 261 differential diagnosis , 117 pathogenesis , 260 distal nerve bifurcation , 113 Index 315

Martin Gruber anastomosis , 113 long thoracic nerve , 138–139 therapy , 118, 120 pectoral nerve , 143, 145 ulnar-median anastomosis , 113 phrenic nerve , 133–135 Median neuropathy , 32 pudendal nerve , 155–157 Medical Research Council (MRC) scale , 27, 28 shoulder innervation , 140–143 Metabolic diseases subscapular nerve , 137–138 diabetic autonomic neuropathy , 195 superior and inferior gluteal nerves , 154–155 diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy suprascapular nerve , 136–137 clinical presentation , 193 thoracic spinal nerves , 145 diagnosis , 193–194 thoracodorsal nerve , 139–140 differential diagnosis , 192, 194 upper extremities pathogenesis , 193 axillary nerve , 107–108 prognosis , 195 forearm posterior cutaneous nerve , 131, 132 syndrome/signs , 193, 194 hand, digital nerves , 132–133 therapy , 194 median nerve , 112–121 distal symmetric polyneuropathy, renal disease musculocutaneous nerve , 109–111 clinical presentation , 196 nerves around elbow , 111, 112 diagnosis , 197 nervus cutaneus antebrachii lateralis , 130, 131 differential diagnosis , 197 nervus cutaneus antebrachii medialis , 131 pathogenesis , 196 radial nerve , 126–130 prognosis , 197 ulnar nerve , 120–126 signs/symptoms , 196 Morton’s neuroma , 179–180 therapy , 197 Motor diseases DMM/DPR , 195–196 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , 283–285 MGUS. See Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined poliomyelitis/post-polio syndrome (see Post-polio signifi cance (MGUS) syndrome (PPS)) MIDM. See Miyoshi distal myopathy (MIDM) spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy , 285–286 Miller Fisher syndrome , 209–210 spinal muscular atrophies , 286–287 Minnesota neuropathic symptoms index (MNSI) , 38 disease syndrome , 230 Mitochondrial myopathies , 268 Motricity index , 27 Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) , 252, 253 MRC scale. See Medical Research Council (MRC) scale Miyoshi distal myopathy (MIDM) , 264, 265 Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) , 92–93, 212–213 MMN. See Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) Multi/minicore disease (MCD) , 265, 266, 268 MNSI. See Minnesota neuropathic symptoms index (MNSI) Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation defi ciency Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined signifi cance (MADD), 271–272 (MGUS), 199 neuropathy , 198–199 Mononeuropathies , 38–39 Muscle and myotonic diseases lower extremities Becker muscular dystrophy , 257–258 anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome , 178, 179 congenital myopathies , 265–268 calcaneal nerves , 181 connective tissue diseases , 252–254 femoral nerve , 159–161 critical illness myopathy , 274 hip , 158–159 dermatomyositis , 248–250 interdigital neuroma and neuritis , 179–180 distal myopathies , 264–265 Joplin’s neuroma/medial plantar proper digital nerve Duchenne muscular dystrophy , 255–257 syndrome , 180 electrophysiology , 247 knee , 168–169 facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy , 262–264 lateral femoral cutaneous nerve , 161–163 fatty acid metabolism , 271–272 obturator nerve , 157–158 gene defects , 248 peripheral nerve tumors , 182–186 glycogen storage diseases , 269–271 peroneal nerve , 169–172 histology , 247–248 plantar nerves , 181–182 hyperkalemic periodic paralysis , 278 posterior cutaneous femoral nerve , 163–164 hypokalemic periodic paralysis , 279 posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome , 177–178 hypothyroidism , 274–275 saphenous nerve , 161 immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy , 251–252 sciatic nerve , 164–168 immunohistochemistry , 247–248 sural nerve , 176–177 inclusion body myositis , 250–251 , 172–176 limb-girdle muscular dystrophy , 259–261 truncal mononeuropathies mitochondrial myopathies , 268 abdominal wall innervation , 148–151 , 275–277 breast , 147 myotonic dystrophy , 258–259 dorsal scapular nerve , 136 , 277–278 genitofemoral nerve , 153–154 polymyositis , 248–250 iliohypogastric nerve , 151 toxic myopathy , 272–274 ilioinguinal nerve , 151–153 viral myopathy , 254–255 intercostal nerves , 145–146 Muscle cramps , 7 intercostobrachial nerve , 146, 147 Musculocutaneous nerve dysfunction , 109–111 316 Index

Myasthenia gravis differential diagnosis , 206 causes , 235, 237 epidemiology , 204 diagnosis , 238–239 pathophysiology , 205 differential diagnosis , 239 signs/symptoms , 205 electrophysiology , 238 therapy , 206 epidemiology , 235 Neurolysis , 26 medication , 239 Neuromuscular disease myasthenic crisis , 235 clinical methodology , 1–3 pathophysiology , 235 clinical phenomenology pregnancy , 240–241 fasciculations , 5 prognosis , 241 motor function , 4–8 signs , 235, 237, 238 muscle cramps , 7 symptoms , 235, 236 muscle tone , 8 therapy , 239–240 myoedema , 6 Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) , 254 myokymia , 5–6 Myoedema , 6 myotonia , 7 Myokymia , 5–6 neuromyotonia , 6 Myotonia congenita , 7 neuropathic tremor , 7 clinical presentation , 275–276 painful legs and moving toes , 7 diagnosis , 276 pseudoathetosis , 7 differential diagnosis , 276 refl ex testing , 7–8 pathogenesis , 276 rippling muscle , 6–7 prognosis , 277 sensory symptoms , 8–11 therapy , 276–277 EMG techniques , 14 Myotonic dystrophy (DM) , 258–259 evidence based medicine , 1 genetic testing , 16 laboratory tests , 14–16 N motor NCV studies , 12 NDM. See Nonaka distal myopathy (NDM) MRI , 1, 16–19 Neck-tongue syndrome , 87 muscle biopsy , 19 (NM) , 265–264 nerve biopsy , 19, 20 Neoplastic neuropathy , 231–232 patient evaluation , 2–3 Nerve and muscle rehabilitation peripheral nerve , 2 autonomic symptoms treatment , 32 physical examination , 3–5 electrotherapy , 31–32 regional anesthetic procedures , 19–20 endurance training , 30 Schwann cell cytoplasm , 2 exercise therapy , 28–29 sensory information , 3 femoral neuropathy , 33 sensory NCV studies , 12–14 lymphatic drainage , 32 sensory qualities , 11 massage techniques , 32 autonomic function , 10–11 median neuropathy , 32 clinical pitfalls , 11 myopathies , 34 gait , 11 neural plasticity , 27, 30–31 ice cream headache , 9 occupational therapy , 30 Kehr’s sign , 9 orthoses , 30 myalgia , 9–10 outcome measurements , 27–29 negative symptoms , 8 peroneal neuropathy , 33 neuropathic pain , 10 plexopathies , 33 positive symptoms , 8 polyneuropathies , 33–34 radicular/peripheral nerve distribution , 9 primary nerve surgery , 31 Raynaud’s phenomenon , 9 strength training , 29–30 small fi ber neuropathy , 9 symptoms and treatment goals , 27, 28 Tinel-Hoffmann sign , 9 thermotherapy , 32 ultrasound imaging , 1, 16–19 tibial neuropathy , 33 Neuromuscular transmission (NMT) disorder , 32–33 botulism , 243–244 ultrasound , 32 congenital myasthenic syndromes , 241 wrist cock-up splint , 30 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome , 241–243 Nerve biopsy , 194 myasthenia gravis (see Myasthenia gravis) Nerve entrapment syndrome , 141 neuromyotonia , 244–245 Nerve grafting , 25 Neuromyotonia , 6, 244–245 Nervus auricularis magnus , 87 Neuronopathy , 38, 39 Neuralgic amyotrophy , 90, 92 Neuropathic pain , 10 Neural plasticity , 27, 30–31 ablation , 41 Neuroborreliosis augmentative neurostimulation , 41 causes , 205 cranial mononeuropathies , 38 diagnosis , 205 CRPS , 39 Index 317

diagnosis , 37–38 OPMD. See Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) ganglionopathy/neuronopathy , 38, 39 Optic nerve disease , 43–44 molecular mechanisms , 37 Orthostatic hypotension (OH) , 294–296 peripheral mononeuropathies , 38–39 Osteosclerotic myeloma , 199–200 pharmacological treatment options Overlap myositis (OM) , 253 anticonvulsants , 40 capsaicin , 40 corticosteroid injection , 40 P dosage and titration schedule , 40 Panplexopathy , 89 intrathecal delivery , 41 Paramyotonia congenita , 277–278 lidocaine , 40 Paraneoplastic neuropathy local anesthetics , 40, 41 clinical presentation , 227–229 mexiletine , 40 diagnosis , 229–230 opioids , 40 differential diagnosis , 230 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors pathogenesis , 229 (SNRIs), 40 signs , 229 tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressant medications , 40 symptoms , 228–229 plexopathies , 39 therapy , 230 radiculopathy , 39 Paraproteinemias Neuropathic tremor , 7 critical illness neuropathy , 202–203 Neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) , 90 MGUS , 199 Neutral lipid storage disease and myopathy multiple myeloma neuropathy , 198–199 (NLSDM), 271, 272 POEMS syndrome , 199–200 Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis vasculitis neuropathy , 200–202 (NLSDI), 271, 272 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia , 199 9-hole peg test , 28 Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) , 292 NM. See Nemaline myopathy (NM) Parosmia and anosmia , 43, 44 NMT disorder. See Neuromuscular transmission Parsonage-Turner syndrome , 92 (NMT) disorder PBS. See Phantom breast syndrome (PBS) Nonaka distal myopathy (NDM) , 264, 265 PCD. See Primary carnitine defi ciency (PCD) Notalgia paresthetica , 79 Pectoral nerve dysfunction , 143, 145 Nutritional neuropathy Peripheral mononeuropathies , 38–39 cobalamin neuropathy , 213 Peripheral nerve amyloidosis , 197, 198 post-gastroplasty neuropathy , 213 Peripheral nerve surgery pyridoxine neuropathy , 192, 214 clinical presentation , 23 Strachan’s syndrome , 214 end-to-end coaptation , 23–24 thiamine neuropathy , 214–215 end-to-side coaptation , 25 tocopherol neuropathy , 192, 215 nerve grafting , 25 nerve transfer , 26 neurolysis , 26 O timing , 23, 24 Obturator nerve dysfunction , 157–158 Peripheral nerve tumors , 182, 183 Occipital neuralgia , 87 benign tumors , 183–184 Occupational therapy , 30 malignant peripheral nerve tumors , 184–186 Oculomotor nerve disease tumor-like disorders , 184 anatomy , 45, 46 Peroneal nerve dysfunction cavernous sinus , 46 anatomy , 169 clivus and plica petroclinoidea , 46 causes , 169–171 diagnosis , 47 diagnosis , 171 differential diagnosis , 47 differential diagnosis , 171 extracranial pathway/orbit , 46 prognosis , 171, 172 fascicular lesions , 46 signs , 169, 170 intracranial pathway , 46 symptoms , 169 nuclear lesions , 46 therapy , 171 orbital lesion , 46, 47 Peroneal neuropathy , 33 paresis , 45 Phantom breast syndrome (PBS) , 147 pathogenesis , 47–48 Phrenic nerve dysfunction prognosis , 47 anatomy , 133 signs , 46 causes , 133 symptoms , 46 diagnosis , 133–135 therapy , 47 differential diagnosis , 135 transtentorial herniation , 46 lesion, frequent sites , 133 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) , 261–262 symptoms , 133 OH. See Orthostatic hypotension (OH) therapy , 135 Olfactory nerve disease , 43–44 PIN. See Posterior interosseus nerve (PIN) Oligoneuropathies , 38–39 Plantar nerve dysfunction , 181–182 318 Index

Plexopathies , 33, 39 nutritional neuropathy brachial plexus (see Brachial plexus) cobalamin neuropathy , 213 cervical plexus/cervical spinal nerves post-gastroplasty neuropathy , 213 anatomy , 87 pyridoxine neuropathy , 192, 214 clinical presentation , 87 Strachan’s syndrome , 214 diagnosis , 88 thiamine neuropathy , 214–215 differential diagnosis , 88 tocopherol neuropathy , 192, 215 pathogenesis , 87–88 paraproteinemias symptoms , 87 critical illness neuropathy , 202–203 therapy , 88 MGUS , 199 lumbosacral plexus (see Lumbosacral plexus) multiple myeloma neuropathy , 198–199 thoracic outlet syndromes POEMS syndrome , 199–200 arterial , 98–99 vasculitis neuropathy , 200–202 disputed neurogenic , 99 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia , 199 traumatic , 99 proximal symmetric polyneuropathy , 191 true neurogenic , 98 toxic neuropathy venous , 99 industrial agents , 192, 216, 218–219 PMS. See Postmastectomy syndrome (PMS) metals , 219–216 POEMS syndrome , 199–200 Porphyria , 227 Poliomyelitis , 287–290 Posterior cutaneous femoral nerve dysfunction , 163–164 Polymyositis (PM) Posterior interosseus nerve (PIN) , 129 clinical presentation , 248, 249 Posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome , 177–178 diagnosis , 248–249 Post-gastroplasty neuropathy , 213 differential diagnosis , 249 Postmastectomy syndrome (PMS) , 147 pathogenesis , 248 Postoperative lumbosacral plexopathy , 102 prognosis , 250 Post-polio syndrome (PPS) , 287 therapy , 249–250 anatomy and pathophysiology , 288 Polyneuropathies , 33–34, 38 causes , 289 alcohol polyneuropathy , 215–216 diagnosis , 289–290 amyloid neuropathy , 197–198 differential diagnosis , 290 cancer epidemiology , 288 chemotherapy-induced neuropathies , 232–234 signs , 288–289 lymphoma/leukemia , 230–231 symptoms , 288 motor neuron disease syndrome , 230 therapy , 290 neoplastic neuropathy , 231–232 Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) , 296–297 paraneoplastic neuropathy , 227–230 PPS. See Post-polio syndrome (PPS) terminal neuropathy , 230 Primary carnitine defi ciency (PCD) , 271, 272 classic stocking-glove distribution , 191, 193 , 113–114 clinical presentation , 191, 192 Pseudoathetosis , 7 differential diagnosis , 191, 192 Pseudoradicular symptoms , 82 drug-induced neuropathy , 216–218 PSNS. See Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) hereditary neuropathy Psoas/iliacus syndrome , 103 dHMN , 226, 227 Pudendal nerve dysfunction , 155, 158 HMSN (see Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy Pyridoxine neuropathy , 192, 214 (HMSN)) HNA , 226 HNPP , 225–227 Q HSAN , 225–227 Quadrilateral space syndrome , 108, 141 porphyria , 227 Quantitative sensory testing (QST) , 28 infectious neuropathy Quantitative sudomotor refl ex test (QSART) , 294, 295 herpes zoster neuropathy , 204 human immunodefi ciency virus-1 neuropathy , 203–204 leprosy , 206–207 neuroborreliosis , 204–206 R infl ammatory neuropathy Radial nerve dysfunction acute motor axonal neuropathy , 207–208 anatomy , 126 AIDP , 207–209 clinical syndrome , 126–130 AMSAN , 209 diagnosis , 130 CIDP , 210–212 differential diagnosis , 130 demyelinating neuropathy , 212 therapy and management , 130 Miller Fisher syndrome , 209–210 , 129 multifocal motor neuropathy , 212–213 Radiculomyelitis , 75 metabolic diseases Radiculomyeloneuropathy , 75–76 diabetic autonomic neuropathy , 195 Radiculopathy , 39 distal symmetric polyneuropathy , 196–197 cauda equina symptoms DMM/DPR , 195–196 anatomy , 84–85 DPN (see Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN)) diagnosis , 85 Index 319

differential diagnosis , 85 rotator cuff tears , 141–142 pathogenesis , 85 scapular winging , 142, 143 signs , 85 sensory innervation , 141 symptoms , 85 shoulder impingement syndrome , 142 therapy , 85 6-minute walk test (6MWT), 28 cervical radiculopathy Sjögren’s syndrome , 15, 252 anatomy , 73 SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis , 76 SMA. See Spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) differential diagnosis , 76 SNS. See Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) pathogenesis , 75–76 Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) prognosis , 76 anatomy and pathophysiology , 285 signs , 75 caused by , 285 symptoms , 73–74 diagnosis , 286 treatment , 76 differential diagnosis , 286 lumbar and sacral radiculopathy epidemiology , 285 acute disc herniation surgery , 83 , 285 anatomy , 80 therapy , 286 conservative treatment , 84 Spinal atrophy , 286, 288 diagnosis , 83 Spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) differential diagnosis , 83 anatomy and pathophysiology , 286 myotomal distribution , 81 causes , 286–287 pathogenesis , 81–83 diagnosis , 287 prognosis , 84 differential diagnosis , 287 radicular sensory fi ndings , 81 epidemiology , 286 signs , 81 signs , 286–288 surgical techniques , 84 symptoms , 286, 287 symptoms , 80–81 therapy , 287 thoracic radicular nerves Spondylolisthesis , 83 anatomy , 77–78 Sprengel syndrome , 139 diagnosis , 79 SSc. See Systemic sclerosis (SSc) differential diagnosis , 79 SSN. See Sensory neuronopathy (SSN) pathogenesis , 78–79 S S R T . See Sympathetic skin response test (SSRT) prognosis , 79 Strachan’s syndrome , 214 signs , 78 Subscapular nerve dysfunction , 137–138 symptoms , 78 Sudomotor tests , 294 therapy , 79 Superior and inferior gluteal nerve dysfunction , 154, 155 Ramsey Hunt syndrome , 57, 58 Supinator syndrome , 129 Raynaud’s phenomenon , 9 Suprascapular nerve dysfunction , 136–137 R e fl ex syncope , 296 Sural nerve dysfunction , 176–177 Retroperitoneal hematoma , 102, 104 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) , 291–292 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , 252 Sympathetic skin response test (SSRT) , 294 Rippling muscle , 6–7 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) , 252 Rivermead motor assessment , 28 Systemic sclerosis (SSc) , 252 Rucksack paralysis , 93

T S Table tilt test , 295 Saphenous nerve dysfunction , 161 Tennis elbow pain , 112, 128 SBMA. See Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) Thermotherapy , 32 Sciatic nerve dysfunction Thiamine neuropathy , 214–215 anatomy , 164 Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS) causes , 165–168 arterial , 98–99 diagnosis , 165 disputed neurogenic , 99 differential diagnosis , 168 traumatic , 99 signs , 165 true neurogenic , 98 symptoms , 164–165 venous , 99 therapy and prognosis , 168 Thoracic radicular nerve disease Sensory neuronopathy (SSN) , 228–230 abdominal muscle weakness , 77 SF-12 health survey , 28 anatomy , 77–78 SF-36 health survey , 28 diagnosis , 79 Shoulder impingement syndrome , 142 differential diagnosis , 79 Shoulder innervation , 144 herpes zoster , 78 complex structure and function , 140 pathogenesis , 78–79 muscles , 141 prognosis , 79 nerve entrapment syndrome , 141 signs , 78 neuronal structures , 140 symptoms , 78 quadrilateral space syndrome , 141 therapy , 79 320 Index

Thoracic spinal nerves , 145 ilioinguinal nerve , 151–153 Thoracodorsal nerve dysfunction , 139–140 intercostal nerves , 145–146 Tibial nerve dysfunction intercostobrachial nerve , 146–147 anatomy , 172, 173 long thoracic nerve , 138–139 causes , 173–176 pectoral nerve , 143, 145 diagnosis , 174–175 phrenic nerve , 133–135 differential diagnosis , 175 pudendal nerve , 155–157 prognosis , 176 shoulder innervation , 140–144 signs , 173 subscapular nerve , 137–138 symptoms , 172–173 superior and inferior gluteal nerves , 154, 155 therapy , 175 suprascapular nerve , 136–137 Tibial neuropathy , 33 thoracic spinal nerves , 145 Timed get up and go test (TUG) , 28 thoracodorsal nerve , 139–140 TLOC. See Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) TUG. See Timed get up and go test (TUG) Tocopherol neuropathy , 192, 215 Tongue atrophy , 235, 238, 283, 285, 286 TOS. See Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS) U Toxic myopathies Ulnar nerve dysfunction clinical presentation , 272–273 anatomy , 120–122 diagnosis , 273 causes , 122, 124, 125 differential diagnosis , 273 conservative therapy , 125 pathogenesis , 273 diagnosis , 122, 124 prognosis , 274 differential diagnosis , 124–126 therapy , 273 prognosis , 126 Toxic neuropathy signs , 121–123 industrial agents , 192, 216, 218–219 surgery , 125–126 metals , 219–220 symptoms , 121 Toxic optic neuropathy , 45 Ulnar neuropathy , 32–33 Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) , 292 Trigeminal nerve disease anatomy , 49–50 diagnosis , 53 V features , 51, 53 VACD. See Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase metastasis with lesions , 51 defi ciency (VACD) neurologic examination , 51 Vagus nerve disease , 61–62 pathogenesis , 50–52 VAS. See Visual analog scale (VAS) signs , 50 Vasculitic neuropathy , 200–202 symptomatic , 51, 53 Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase defi ciency (VACD) , symptoms , 50 271–272 therapy , 53 Vestibular nerve disease , 59–60 tic douloureux , 51 Viral myopathy , 254–255 Trochlear nerve disease , 48–49 Visual analog scale (VAS) , 28 Truncal mononeuropathies abdominal wall innervation , 147–151 breast , 147 W dorsal scapular nerve , 136 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia , 199 genitofemoral nerve , 153–154 Wegner’s granulomatosis , 201, 202 iliohypogastric nerve , 151 Welander distal myopathy (WDM) , 260, 261