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Copper - Gold Exploration in the Middleback Ranges; Source(S) of Fluids and Metals

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Copper - Gold Exploration in the Middleback Ranges; Source(S) of Fluids and Metals Copper - Gold Exploration in the Middleback Ranges; Source(s) of Fluids and Metals. Thesis submitted by Ben Cave BSc. (UofA) October, 25th 2010. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours in the Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration, Department of Geology and Geosciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia. [email protected] Moola Prospect Source(s) of Metals and Fluids TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 4 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Geological setting 6 1.2 Project Aims 6 1.3 Topography and Vegetation 6 1.4 Stratigraphy 6 1.4.1 Mesoarchaean 6 1.4.2 Mesoarchaean- Palaeoproterozoic 7 1.4.3 Palaeoproterozoic 7 1.4.4 Mesoproterozoic 8 1.5 Structural Setting 9 1.6 Copper Mineralisation in the Area 10 2 Methodology 11 2.1 Field work 11 2.2 Petrography 11 2.3 Whole rock geochemistry 11 2.3.1 Major element analysis. 11 2.3.2 Trace element analysis 12 2.3.3 Rare earth element analysis. 12 2.4 Radiogenic isotopes 12 2.4.1 Neodymium, Samarium and Strontium isotopes 12 2.5 Electron Probe Micro Analysis of sulphides and oxides 13 2.6 Sulphur isotope 13 3 Core logging 13 3.1 Lithologies 13 3.2 Alteration 14 3.3 Mineralisation 15 4 Results 15 4.1 Petrography 15 4.1.1 Host rocks 15 4.1.2 Alteration 18 4.1.3 Myola Volcanics 19 4.1.4 Ore petrography 20 4.2 Whole rock geochemistry 21 4.2.1 Major elements 21 4.2.2 Trace elements 22 4.2.3 Rare Earth Elements 22 4.2.4 Compositional changes during alteration and mineralisation 22 4.3 Sulphur isotopes 23 4.4 Radiogenic isotopes 24 4.4.1 Neodymium (εNd) and Samarium (Sm) 24 4.4.2 Strontium (Sr) 24 4.5 Electron Probe Micro Analysis 24 4.5.1 Sulphides 24 4.5.2 Iron oxides 25 5 Interpretation of results 27 2 B. Cave 5.1 Host rocks 27 5.2 Alteration 28 5.3 Mineralisation and ore paragenesis 29 5.4 Sources of fluids 30 5.5 Sources of metals 30 6 Discussion 31 6.1 Iron oxide copper-gold alteration in the Gawler Craton 31 6.2 Alteration geochemistry of iron oxide copper-gold deposits and fertility of the region 32 7 Conclusion 33 Acknowledgements 33 References 34 Figures 37 Tables 78 Appendix A 105 Appendix B 122 3 Moola Prospect Source(s) of Metals and Fluids ABSTRACT The Moola Prospect of the Middleback Ranges, South Australia is an epigenetic, hypothermal copper-gold prospect that displays several clear genetic affinities with IOCG deposits/prospects in the Gawler Craton, although from this study alone classification of the mineralisation is imprudent. A broad study on the mineral paragenesis and geochemistry of the deposit was carried out on a single drill core provided by OneSteel, the holder of the tenement encompassing the Moola Prospect. The mineralisation, characterised by pyrite + chalcopyrite, hematite and magnetite, is hosted by the Palaeoproterozoic metavolcanic / volcaniclastic, Myola Volcanics and an unnamed, undated fine-grained microgranite that intrudes the Myola Volcanics. This unnamed, undated microgranite, displays geochemical and petrological similarities with the Myola Volcanics from which it‘s thought to be partial derived from its anatexis; likely being a Wertigo Granite equivalent. Four alteration assemblages were observed in the Moola Prospect drill core and placed into the following paragenic sequence; Na (Ca-Fe) characterised by the formation of albite; sericite replacing K- feldspar and plagioclase and alteration increasing towards sericite veining; chlorite with alteration increasing towards chlorite-mica±epidote veins; late stage quartz, quartz-carbonate, carbonate flooding, that hosts mineralisation. Ore mineral paragenesis occurs in an overlapping sequence; the first mineral precipitated was magnetite that was later extensively martitised, with hematite followed by pyrite and minor heamatite + pyrite, pyrite + chalcopyrite, then chalcopyrite. Later supergene alteration altered the chalcopyrite to native copper and malachite. Sphalerite precipitation couldn‘t be constrained from petrological evidence alone. Iron oxide and sulphide chemistry, and sulphur isotopes from the sulphides support this paragenesis, and constrains precipitation of sphalerite between the pyrite only and chalcopyrite only phases. Iron oxide chemistry also revealed the presence of illmentite in the core, however could only constrain illmentite precipitation as, coeval to after haematite precipitation. Sulphur isotopes revealed evidence for an additional late stage pyrite precipitation, after the chalcopyrite only phase. Bulk rock composition was quite variable with some altered samples showing strong enrichments of Fe2O3, SiO2, CaO, K2O, Na2O SO3, MnO, P2O5 and MgO. Strong enrichment of CaO and/or SiO2 in some of the altered samples, but not others, suggests that the quartz-carbonate alteration represented by this geochemical signature is sporadic in nature. Depletion in SiO2 in some of the altered samples could also represent the consumption of silica during the Na-Ca-Fe alteration event. Enrichment of SO3 in the altered samples likely directly represents alteration related to the precipitation of sulphide ore minerals. Trace element and rare earth element compositional changes from alteration shows enrichments of Cu, U, Pb, Li, B, Mn and V likely relating to alteration associated with mineralisation. εNd (1590Ma) values of the Moola Prospect together with εNd (1590Ma) versus whole rock Cu concentration and Co: Ni ratios of pyrite, indicates a crustal derived, with minor mantle input for the sources of metals. Sulphur isotopes and trace element whole rock geochemistry indicates a primitive/ magmatic fluid source is responsible for alteration and/ or mineralisation. 4 B. Cave 1. INTRODUCTION The Moola Prospect is located on the northeastern edge of the Eyre Peninsula, approximately 60 kilometers southwest of Whyalla, South Australia, within the historic Iron Ore mining district the Middleback Ranges (Figs. 1, 2). The Middleback Ranges consist of Palaeoproterozoic rocks interleaved with mid to late Archaean basement which is overlain or intruded by Mesoproterozoic rocks. This region has been the focus of recent exploration drilling by OneSteel targeting iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) style mineralisation in their Middleback tenements. The Middleback area contains several major crustal scale structures running approximately north south, thought to be splays of the Kalanjala Shear Zone (KSZ). These structures are associated with small historical workings of the Cu-Bi Murninnie Mine and several small Cu-Au prospects in the region. The Moola Prospect mineralisation is hosted within a sequence of volcanics, thought to be the Palaeoproterozoic Myola Volcanics. The Myola Volcanics has very limited previous work published on them, in regards to geochemistry, alteration within the region, isotopic signatures. No information is available on the nature and paragenesis of the mineralisation and sources of fluids and metals at the Moola Prospect. The relationship to other deposits in the broader region is also unknown, with the Moonta-Wallaroo Cu-Au mines and the large IOCGs of the northeastern Gawler Craton possibly having genetic affinities to the Moola Prospect. There is considerable scope to investigate these properties and compare this prospect to known IOCG mineralisation in the Gawler Craton, to assess the nature of the deposit and fertility of the region for IOCG mineralisation. Since the discovery of the world class Olympic Dam deposit in 1975 and subsequent classification of it as a new class of deposit; termed iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), IOCG deposits have been a major focus for exploration in many regions of the world including the Gawler Craton due to the promising size and grades of larger deposits. The IOCG group of deposits, were initially defined following the discovery of the Olympic Dam deposit, and have since been used to describe a broad range of deposit styles with many authors (Williams et al. 2005; Groves et al. 2010) arguing that the term IOCG has been used to liberally to include several low Ti iron oxide- associated deposits i.e. iron oxide (P-rich), iron oxide (F- and REE- rich), Fe or Cu-Au skarn, high-grade iron oxide Au ± Cu, carbonate-hosted (Cu-, REE, and F-rich), and IOCG sensu stricto deposits (Groves et al. 2010). Iron oxide copper gold deposits of the Gawler Craton are characterised by their extensive polymetallic enrichment consisting primarily of Cu, Au, Ag, U and REE, which are hosted within hydrothermal breccias, vein stockworks, and disseminations under strong structural control (Hitzman 2000; Hitzman & Valenta 2005; Corriveau 2006). Extensive hydrothermal alteration halo‘s, associated with this style of mineralisation consists of focussed potassic, hydrolytic and iron oxide alteration with a larger regional sodic-calcic footprint (Skirrow et al. 2002; Barton & Johnson 2004). The Gawler Craton IOCG deposits are commonly, spatially and temporally associated with the Mesoproterozoic Hiltaba Suite granitoids, which is an extensive series of granitoids that is often cited as the source of metals and fluids in proximal deposits (Ferris et al. 2002; Pollard 2006; Cerlienco 2009). The ore bearing fluids of IOCG deposits are generally highly saline, being of meteoric, metamorphic or magmatic origin (Barton & Johnson 2004). The host rock is variable, and is not a defining characteristic of these deposits, although it does determine in part the chemistry and mineralogy produced by hydrothermal activity (Hitzman et al. 1992). Numerous models for tectonic setting are proposed for this broad class of deposit (Hitzman 2000; Skirrow 2008). The Gawler Craton has been the focus of exploration for IOCG style mineralisation in South Australia since the discovery of the world-class Olympic Dam deposit. This has led to the discovery of the Prominent Hill deposit, as well as many prospective and sub economic IOCG occurrences throughout the Olympic Cu-Au province including Oak Dam, Emmie Bluff, Carrapateena, Acropolis, Hillside and Punt Hill prospects (Bastrakov et al.
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