The Meaning of Ornaments in the Hindu and Buddhist Temples on the Island of Java (Ancient - Middle - Late Classical Eras)

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The Meaning of Ornaments in the Hindu and Buddhist Temples on the Island of Java (Ancient - Middle - Late Classical Eras) Jurnal RISA (Riset Arsitektur) ISSN 2548-8074, www.unpar.ac.id Volume 01, Nomor 02, edisi April 2017; hal 170-191 THE MEANING OF ORNAMENTS IN THE HINDU AND BUDDHIST TEMPLES ON THE ISLAND OF JAVA (ANCIENT - MIDDLE - LATE CLASSICAL ERAS) 1Andre Halim. ² Dr. Rahadhian Prajudi Herwindo, ST., MT. ¹ Student in the Bachelor’s (S-1) Study Program in Architecture at Parahyangan Catholic University ² Senior lecturer in the Bachelor’s (S-1) Study Program in Architecture at Parahyangan Catholic University Abstract- As one of the relics of the Classical Era, temples and shrines have been known as a means of worshipping the gods and goddesses or one’s ancestors, especially in the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Observers often regard the ornaments of these temples as mere visual art objects, as eye candy that may beautify their outward appearance. However, when examined more closely, these ornaments carry a certain meaning in each of the temples. The aim of this research study is to explore the deeper significance of these ornaments and their location. This research can be classified as qualitative, using the descriptive-analytical method. Employing the Purposive Sampling method regarding ornamentation, eleven temples have been selected that meet the research requirements. Both Hinduism and Buddhism have been known to make a division into three worlds, namely the lower, middle and upper spheres. This division has also shaped the elements of temples into their respective head, body and legs/feet. Further categorization yields six motifs, all of which can be found in temples in various shapes, consisting of several types of ornament that embellish the three elements mentioned above. Each of the motifs carries a variety of meanings. In this research study, the relationship between the meanings and their exact location (placement) is analyzed, indicating that they are in keeping with the division into three worlds, but then again there are ones that do not follow that pattern, and still others that are not affected at all. Development of the physical shape of the ornaments has occurred in several ornaments, but the majority of the changes in their physical shape has left no impact on the meaning contained within these ornaments. Keywords: temple, ornament, meaning, placement, physical shape MAKNA ORNAMEN PADA BANGUNAN CANDI HINDU DAN BUDDHA DI PULAU JAWA (ERA KLASIK TUA – KLASIK TENGAH – KLASIK MUDA) ¹ Andre Halim. ² Dr. Rahadhian Prajudi Herwindo, ST., MT. ¹ Mahasiswa S1 Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Katolik Parahyangan. ² Dosen Pembimbing S1 Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Katolik Parahyangan. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] 170 The Meaning of Ornaments in The Hindu and Buddhist Temples… Abstrak- Candi sebagai salah satu peninggalan arsitektur jaman Klasik, terutama dalam agama Hindu dan Buddha dikenal sebagai sarana pemujaan dewa atau nenek moyang. Seringkali orang memandang ornamen pada candi hanya sebagai objek seni visual, sebagai ‘pemanis’ yang mempercantik penampilan dari candi. Padahal jauh lebih dalam ornamen tersebut mengandung makna tertentu pada masing-masing bentuknya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui makna ornamen dan perletakannya pada candi. Penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling mengenai ornamen, dapat dipilih sebelas candi yang memenuhi syarat untuk digunakan sebagai objek penelitian. Dalam agama Hindu dan Buddha dikenal pembagian tiga dunia, yakni dunia bawah, dunia tengah, dan dunia atas. Pembagian tiga dunia ini terwujud pada elemen candi, yakni kepala, badan, dan kaki candi. Elemen ornamen dapat digolongkan menjadi enam motif, dimana semuanya ditemukan pada candi dengan berbagai jenis dan bentuk ornamen menghiasi ketiga elemen candi. Masing-masing motif memiliki makna yang beragam. Dalam penelitian ini kemudian dianalisis hubungan antara makna dengan penempatannya, bahwa terdapat makna yang sesuai mengikuti pembagian tiga dunia, ada makna yang tidak sesuai, ada pula yang tidak terpengaruh dengan penempatan tersebut. Perkembangan wujud fisik ornamen terjadi pada beberapa ornamen, namun mayoritas perubahan wujud fisik bentuknya tidak mempengaruhi makna dalam ornamen tersebut. Kata-kata kunci: candi, ornamen, makna, perletakan, wujud fisik 1 PENDAHULUAN Dalam sejarah perkembangan Nusantara, pada abad ke-5 hingga abad ke-14 kerajaan Hindu dan Budha banyak berkembang di wilayah Indonesia bagian barat, khususnya di pulau Jawa. Kerajaan tersebut mewariskan banyak peninggalan bersejarah, dari segi arsitektur salah satunya ialah candi. Fungsi candi sebagai tempat pemujaan dewa atau leluhur identik dengan elemen- elemen ornamen yang menghiasi sebagian maupun seluruh bagian candi. Elemen ornamen yang merupakan fasad pada bangunan candi tidak hanya sebagai elemen penghias visual saja, tetapi mengandung arti tertentu sesuai prinsip Hindu-Buddha dan era didirikannya candi. Makna tersebut yang seringkali tidak diketahui banyak orang, dan fenomena ini menjadi menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut. Dalam perwujudannya, perletakan ornamen tidak dapat diletakan sembarang. Terdapat alasan-alasan tertentu yang didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip agama Hindu dan Buddha. Contoh apabila melihat pada beberapa objek candi, dapat ditemukan ornamen yang hanya terdapat di bagian tertentu saja, antara kepala, badan, kaki, maupun keduanya bahkan pada seluruh elemen candi. Perletakan ornamen tersebut pun menghasilkan makna yang spesifik, perbedaan penempatan ornamen akan mengakibatkan perbedaan makna pula. Perwujudan bentuk ornamen pun dapat berbeda secara fisik, ditinjau dari era klasik tua, klasik tengah dan klasik muda. Perubahan wujud fisik tersebut bisa saja dapat merubah makna sebelumnya atau bisa juga memiliki makna yang tetap atau sama. Melalui latar belakang ini, penelitian difokuskan kepada bagaimana makna ornamen pada bangunan candi Hindu dan Buddha di pulau Jawa. Penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Analisa dilakukan dengan melakukan pematriksan antara objek studi dengan teori dan prinsip, akan menghasilkan jawaban bagaimana perletakan ornamen pada elemen candi dan apa makna yang terkandung didalamnya, juga perubahan wujud fisik bentuk ornamennya. Objek studi penelitian yang digunakan adalah candi candi peninggalan Hindu dan Buddha yang berada di pulau Jawa, dengan objek penelitian: Candi Arjuna (Dieng), Candi Bima (Dieng), 171 The Meaning of Ornaments in The Hindu and Buddhist Temples… Candi Blandongan (Batujaya), Candi Siwa (Prambanan), Candi Ijo, Candi Borobudur, Candi Kalasan, Candi Penataran, Candi Kidal, Candi Jago, dan Candi Cetho. 2 TEORI ORNAMEN DALAM ARSITEKTUR CANDI Ornamen berasal dari kata Ornare (bahasa Latin) yang berarti menghiasi. Ornamen merupakan karya seni yang sengaja dibuat untuk menambah nilai estetis dari suatu benda dengan tujuan untuk menambah nilai finansial dari benda tersebut. Ornamen terbagi menjadi enam motif: (1) Motif Geometris. Motif tertua dari ornamen adalah bentuk geometris, memanfaatkan unsur-unsur dalam ilmu ukur seperti garis-garis lengkung dan lurus, lingkaran, segitiga, segiempat, bentuk meander, swastika, dan lain-lain. (2) Motif Floral.PengFiguran motif tumbuh-tumbuhan dapat diwujudkan baik dengan gaya natural maupun stilirisasi, jenis tumbuhan yang dijadikan obyek juga berbeda tergantung dari lingkungan tempat motif tersebut diciptakan. (3) Motif Fauna. Penggambaran binatang dalam ornamen sebagian besar merupakan hasil gubahan/stilirisasi, namun masih dikenali bentuk dan jenis binatangnya. Dalam visualisasinya bentuk binatang terkadang hanya diambil pada bagian tertentu (tidak sepenuhnya) dan dikombinasikan dengan motif lain. (4) Motif Manusia.Manusia sebagai salah satu obyek dalam penciptaan motif ornamen mempunyai beberapa unsur, baik secara terpisah seperti kedok atau topeng, dan secara utuh seperti bentuk-bentuk dalam pewayangan. Dikatakan motif manusia karena dalam pembuatan ragam hiasnya mengacu pada figure manusia. (5) Motif Kosmos. Motif kosmos atau berbentuk alam dalam penciptaannya digubah sedemikian rupa menjadi suatu motif dengan karakter tertentu sesuai dengan sifat benda yang diekspresikan. Dikatakan motif kosmos atau alam memang dalam pembuatannya mengacu pada bentuk-bentuk alam, seperti: awan, cadas, air, batu, gunung, dsb. (6) Motif Kreasi/ Khayalan. Bentuk ragam hias kreasi merupakan hasil daya dan imajinasi manusia atas persepsinya, motif mengambil sumber ide diluar dunia nyata (contoh makhluk gaib). Ornamen sebagai ragam hias simbolis, selain mempunyai fungsi sebagai penghias suatu benda juga memiliki nilai simbolis tertentu di dalamnya. Bentuk, motif dan penempatannya sangat ditentukan oleh norma-norma tertentu terutama norma agama yang harus ditaati, untuk menghindari timbulnya salah pengertian akan makna atau nilai simbolis yang terkandung didalamnya. Teknik perwujudan atau penggambaran ornamen dapat terbagi tiga: Realis atau naturalis yaitu pembuatan motif ornamen yang berusaha mendekati atau mengikuti bentukbentuk secara alami tanpa melalui suatu gubahan. Stilirisasi atau gubahan yaitu pembuatan motif ornamen dengan cara melakukan gubahan atau merubah bentuk tertentu, dengan tidak meninggalkan identitas atau ciri khas dari bentuk yang digubah/distilirisasi. Kombinasi atau kreasi yaitu motif yang dibuat dengan mengkombinasikan beberapa bentuk atau motif, yang merupakan hasil kreasi dari senimannya. Motif yang tercipta dengan cara ini biasanya mewakili karakter atau identitas
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