Journal of the Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative PRAKARSA Issue 6 / April 2011

Urban Mobility • A Mobility Overview • Freeing Jakarta from Gridlock • Solutions in Surabaya • Strategies for Bogor’s Angkot ! !-,1#,10!

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(6@6GI6%>C%-:GHE:8I>K:% &?JKEI?97BBP! 7D:! ;! 7I;!E;!'D:ED;J?7D!;9EDECP!?J!;DEICELJU!I;79>?D=! D;7IBP!pm!G;I9;DK!E;!9ELDKIPZJ!N;7BK>!G?;X!(BK>EL=>!C7DP!'D:ED;J?7D!9?K?;J!JL9>!7J!0LI787P7U! +7A7JJ7IU! 7D:LD=U!7D:!+;:7D!7I;!97K9>?D=!LG!?D!K;ICJ!EU!K>;?I!J>7I;J!EENJ! >EN! K>;! 9?KP! E7J! Key Points 9>7D=;:!EM;I!K>;!B7JK!KNE!:;97:;JX! Jakarta’s congestion is reducing its quality of life and competitiveness. Growth in Jakarta’s financial and services sectors, increased wealth, ;KN;;D! nvvm! 7D:! nvvrU! (7A7IK7ZJ! growing population, and a relatively unchanged capacity in the public J>7I;! <;BB! 7J! JL8LI87D?J7K?ED! transport system have all led to more and more citizens using ?D9I;7J;:!7D:!?D:LJKI?;JU!;JG;9?7BBP! motorcycles and private cars. Meanwhile Jakarta’s social boundaries C7DL<79KLI?D=U! I;BE97K;:! KE! JLI^ continue to stretch, with a predicted population of 40 million by 2025. With today’s average travel speed at peak times a mere 13-15 IELD:?D=! :?JKI?9KJ! 7D:! 9?K?;JX! 0?D9;! km/hour, the challenge of moving people and goods in the future is nvvrU! (7A7IK7ZJ! J>7I;! >7J! 8;;D! ED! monumental. 7D! LGN7I:! KI;D:! K>7DAJ! KE! K>;! If Jakarta is to improve the use of public transport as cities such as =IENK>!E;!J;IM?9;!7D:!;!=IENK>!?D!K>;J;!J;9KEIJ! long-term financial support, and effective coordination are needed. The 9I;7K;J! 7D! ?D9I;7J;:! :;C7D:! ?=>;I!HL7B?KP!E! EM;I! K>;! include: changing the focus from congestion relief to mobility management; varied stakeholder involvement; a fresh look at the role G7JK! om! P;7IJ! >7J! JKI;K9>;:! of and connections between all aspects of transportation (7A7IK7ZJ! JE9?7B! 8ELD:7IP! KE! K>;! infrastructure; and investment in “first and last mile” infrastructure, taxi ;DK?I;!(78E:;K78;A!I;=?EDU!9I;7K?D=! stands, and paratransit. A well-timed, step-wise approach such as used 7! C;=7GEB?K7D! 7I;7! N?K>! otXr! in Singapore, with adequate financing, consistent law enforcement, competent regulators, and capable operators will contribute to C?BB?ED!?D>78?K7DKJX!$?=LI;!o!:;CED^ improved mobility, as will successful demonstration efforts and the JKI7K;J! K>;! ;JK?C7K;! E;! "?I;9^ establishment of a Jabodetabek Transport Authority. KEI7K;! %;D;I7B! E;! +?D?JKIP! E;! B?A;BP! JGI7NB! 8P! omor! ?;I;! 7I;! C?D?C7B! GEB?9P! ?DK;IM;DK?EDJX!%I;7K;I!(7A7IK7!N?BB!9EDK?DL;!KE!=IENU!I;79>?D=!7!GEGLB7K?ED!EELIJU!;JG;9?7BBP!=?M;D!K>;!B?C?K;:!GL8B?9!KI7DJGEIK!97G79?KPU!N?BB!8;!7! CEDLC;DK7B!9>7BB;D=;X!1>;!7K!KE:7PZJ!7M;I7=;! KI7M;B!JG;;:!7K!G;7A!K?C;J!?J!np_nr!AC]>ELIX!'D!9ECG7I?JEDU! LI87D! KI7M;B! JG;;:! ?D! (7G7D;J;! 9?K?;J!?J!om!AC]>ELI!7D:!?D!9?K?;J!E;!2D?K;:!)?D=:EC!?K!?J!qm!AC]>ELI!a'J>?:7U!omnmbX!!

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Key Points Ten-to-twelve-seat minivans called angkot dominate public transport in Bogor. Angkot operate on fixed routes at high frequencies that minimise wait times. They stop wherever passengers want and operate without public subsidies. This may sound ideal, but angkot operators face declining patronage and revenues. The best driving strategies for maximising short-term revenue – lagging to pick up more passengers, then racing to the next pick-up point – contribute to congestion. Dissatisfied passengers increasingly opt to travel by motorcycle instead, further adding to congestion.

In 2009 Bogor introduced a shift system to address this problem. Only the “A” or the “B” shift operates at one time, halving the number of angkot on the road. Driver revenue is unchanged as they take in twice the fares but work half as often. The increase in wait time for passengers is negligible because the original number of angkot was so high. On routes where a two-shift system results in load factors that are too high, a three-shift system is used and two of the three are on the road at the same time.

The shift system operates successfully on 11 of the city’s 23 routes. The other 12 routes are shared by city angkot and angkot licensed by the district. If city angkot use the shift system but district angkot do not, revenues will shift toward district angkot. For the system to be fair, there must be an agreement involving both the city and the district.

Additional initiatives that can relieve congestion include using a smaller number of larger buses. Another strategy is to construct a bus terminal that brings traffic from outlying areas to that point, after which passengers transfer to city buses. These strategies that reduce the number of vehicles on the road achieve greater mobility for citizens. .I7A7IJ7!]!'JJL;!js!]!(GI?BU!omnn!]!.I?DK;I^$I?;D:BP!#:?K?ED!]!.7=;!op!E;!C7O?CLC!GEJJ?8B;!DLC8;I!E;!7D=AEK!7>;7:!>7J! 7BI;7:P!G7JJ;:!8PX!a0;;![(!"7P!?D!K>;!*?<;!E?J!EEB:J! LG!EK>;I!CEKEI?JKJ!a7D:!9ECG;K?D=!7D=AEKbU!KE!K>;!7DDEP7D9;!EE!J?CGBP!N7DK!KE!=;K!KE!K>;?I!:;JK?D7K?ED!7J!<7JK!7J!GEJJ?8B;X!(D! 7D=AEK!8;>?D:!K>;!ED;!K>7K!?J!>7D=?D=!879A!>7J!KNE!9>E?9;J!_!KE!7:EGK!K>;!J7C;!K79K?9U!:I?M?D=! ;M;D!CEI;!JBENBPU!EI!KE!:I?M;!7J!<7JK!7J!GEJJ?8B;!?D!7D!7KK;CGK!KE!G7JJX!

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In Our Next Issue: Urban Sanitation #DM?IEDC;DK7B!9ED:?K?EDJ!?D!C7DP!E!I;JG;9K!KE! 8EK>! N7JK;N7K;I! 7D:! JEB?:! N7JK;! _! 7I;! LDJ7K?J<79KEIPX! 2DKI;7K;:! N7JK;N7K;I! ;J;!GIE8B;CJ!GEJ;! =I7M;! >;7BK>! I?JAJX! 4?K>ELK! N7JK;N7K;I! C7D7=;C;DK! JPJK;CJU! ?K! ?J! >7I:! KE! I;:L9;! ?D<7DK! CEIK7B?KP! 7D:! CEI8?:?KP! ?D! GEEI! 7I;7JX! (D:! N?K>ELK! 7GGIEGI?7K;! JEB?:! N7JK;! C7D7=;C;DK! JPJK;CJU!?K!?J!>7I:!KE!C7A;!GIE=I;JJ!ED!;D>7D9;:!N7JK;!JEIK?D=!7D:!9ECCLD?KP!?DMEBM;C;DK!?D! I;9P9B?D=X!

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