DOCSLIB.ORG

Kardiovaskulární Systém a Sportovní Potápění

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kardiovaskulární Systém a Sportovní Potápění Přehledový článek | Review article Kardiovaskulární systém a sportovní potápění (Cardiovascular system and sport diving) Radek Pudil I. interní kardioangiologická klinika, Lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy a Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové INFORMACE O ČLÁNKU SOUHRN Historie článku: Sportovní potápění patří mezi vyhledávané sportovně-rekreační aktivity, kterým se věnuje relativně početná Vložen do systému: 11. 4. 2020 skupina sportovců různého věku a úrovně fyzické zdatnosti. Sportovní potápění představují dvě hlavní dis- Přepracován: 16. 4. 2020 ciplíny: potápění s přístrojem a volné potápění (freediving). Potápění je spojeno s velkými nároky na správ- Přijat: 19. 4. 2020 nou funkci kardiovaskulárního systému. Cílem sdělení je připomenout základní faktory, které se podílejí na Dostupný online: 1. 9. 2020 funkci kardiovaskulárního systému při potápění, podat základní informace o fyziologických procesech spo- jených s potápěním a připomenout některé potenciálně rizikové stavy, které mohou významně interferovat s potápěním (perzistentní foramen ovale, arteriální hypertenze, latentní srdeční selhání, arytmie, přítomnost Klíčová slova: kardiostimulátorů a kardiovaskulární medikace). Všechny tyto stavy s sebou přinášejí specifi ka, která se mo- Diving response hou projevit v souvislosti s potápěním a mohou za určitých okolností znamenat ohrožení života potápěče Edém plic či jeho doprovodu. Znalost základních patofyziologických mechanismů spojených s potápěním umožňuje Freediving bezpečnější posuzování zdravotního stavu adeptů tohoto sportu. Kardiovaskulární systém © 2020, ČKS. Perzistentní foramen ovale Potápění s přístrojem ABSTRACT Sport diving is one of the popular sports and recreational activities, which is performed by a relatively large group of athletes of different ages and levels of physical fi tness. Sport diving represents two main Keywords: disciplines: scuba diving and freediving. Diving requires good function of cardiovascular system. The aim Cardiovascular system of the paper is to summarize basic factors infl uencing cardiovascular system during diving, to provide basic Diving response information about diving physiological processes and to inform about some danger conditions that poten- Freediving tially interfere with diving (persistent foramen ovale, arterial hypertension, latent heart failure, arrhythmias, Lung edema cardiac pacemakers, and cardiovascular medication). All these conditions can potentially endanger the life Persistent foramen ovale of the diver or his buddy. Knowledge of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms associated with diving Scuba diving allows a safer assessment of the fi tness to dive. Adresa pro korespondenci: Prof. MUDr. Radek Pudil, Ph.D., I. interní kardioangiologická klinika, Lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy a Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] DOI: 10.33678/cor.2020.027 Tento článek prosím citujte takto: Pudil R. Kardiovaskulární systém a sportovní potápění. Cor Vasa 2020;62:390–394. 3390_394_Prehledovy90_394_Prehledovy cclanek_Pudil.inddlanek_Pudil.indd 339090 111/09/20201/09/2020 110:21:360:21:36 R. Pudil 391 Úvod Hloubka je významný faktor. S hloubkou narůstá okolní tlak, který se podílí na stlačení hrudního koše a Potápění patří mezi činnosti, které provázejí lidstvo něko- ostatních tělesných dutin vyplněných plyny. V případě lik tisíciletí. V posledních desetiletích narůstá jeho popu- přístrojového potápění je nárůst okolního tlaku vyrov- larita a věnuje se mu řada lidí. V České republice absol- nán dýchací automatikou, která dodává dýchací plyn pod vovalo výcvik pro potápění s přístrojem více než 100 000 stejným tlakem, jaký má okolní prostředí. Problém může lidí, v poslední dekádě narůstá počet lidí, kteří se věnují nastat při rychlém vynoření bez odpovídajícího výdechu tzv. nádechovému potápění. Ve vyspělých zemích byl za- (panická reakce), kdy prudké rozepětí plic může vést znamenán trend vzestupu průměrného věku sportovních k barotraumatu a ke vzniku plynové arteriální embolie potápěčů. Tato skutečnost má řadů důvodů a přináší s se- (barotrauma z přetlaku). V případě potápění na nádech bou problematiku často snížené fyzické kondice adeptů vede stlačení hrudníku k významným změnám uložení potápění a zvyšující se počet komorbidit. Proto nabývají na nitrohrudních orgánů (např. v 10 m je tlak prostředí dvoj- významu pravidelné kontroly zdravotního stavu potápě- násobný, objem plic se sníží na polovinu, bránice se vy- čů. Podle dosavadních předpisů je doporučeno, aby každý klene směrem do hrudního koše, dochází k prostorovým potápěč absolvoval jednou ročně vyšetření lékařem s cílem změnám uložení nitrohrudních orgánů. Při nedostatečné posoudit zdravotní způsobilost pro potápění (tzv. fi tness fl exibilitě hrudního koše může dojít při sestupu výjimečně to dive). Základní vyšetření u rekreačně sportovních potá- k barotraumatu z podtlaku („lung squeeze“). pěčů provádějí praktičtí lékaři, kteří se v případě přítom- Teplota vody je významným faktorem, který se podílí nosti onemocnění kardiovaskulárního systému obracejí na nejenom na tepelných ztrátách, ale také na procesu re- kardiology. Z těchto důvodů je nutné, aby se kardiologové distribuce cirkulace, vazokonstrikce v periferii a vzestupu orientovali v základní problematice potápění. afterloadu. Teplota vody u nádechových potápěčů iniciu- je tzv. diving response. Hustota dýchací směsi narůstá s hloubkou, což se pro- Druhy potápění, výstroj jevuje zvýšením dechové práce. Svoji roli má také správná funkce dýchací automatiky. Mezi základní druhy sportovně-rekreačního potápění pa- tří potápění s přístrojem a volné potápění (freediving). Potápění s přístrojem zahrnuje potápění v teplých i chlad- Reakce kardiovaskulárního systému na ponor ných vodách zpravidla do hloubek menších než 40 metrů. Potápění na nádech zahrnuje vedle tzv. rekreačního šnor- Základní reakcí kardiovaskulárního systému na fyzickou chlování a lovu ryb na nádech (spearfi shing), dále spor- zátěž je zvýšení srdeční frekvence, zvýšení tepového obje- tovní disciplíny bazénové (plavání v apnoi na vzdálenost mu, redistribuce cirkulace s přednostním zásobením moz- s ploutvemi/bez ploutví, statickou apnoi), dále hloubkové ku, srdce, plic a pracujících svalů. Stav je provázen změ- disciplíny (dosažení maximální hloubky s ploutvemi s pří- nami afterloadu a preloadu s cílem zajistit vyšší minutový tahy lana a podobně). výdej. Potápění s přístrojem zahrnuje potápění se zásobou Vodní prostředí tyto základní procesy ovlivňuje. Ochla- dýchacího média (nejčastěji vzduchu, případně směsí – zení těla vodou vede k zesílené periferní vazokonstrikci, nitrox aj.), které potápěč přes dýchací automatiku dýchá zvýšení afterloadu, redistribuce oběhu je významnější. pod tlakem, který je roven okolnímu tlaku vody v závis- Stav je provázen zvýšenou diurézou. Zvýšení tlaku v dý- losti na hloubce, ve které se potápěč nachází. Tepelnou chacím systému je provázeno vzestupem tlaku v arteria ochranu zajišťuje tzv. mokrý oblek (zpravidla neoprenový pulmonalis. Následkem je zvýšení nároků na správnou oblek) nebo suchý oblek (upravený neopren, trilaminát, funkci myokardu.1 Na tomto místě je nutné připomenout, kordura), který poskytuje větší tepelný komfort, avšak že potápění se velmi často provozuje celoročně (zimní omezuje volnost pohybu potápěče. Ke kontrole vztlaku měsíce nevyjímaje), v mnoha evropských zemích potápění jsou používány kompenzátory vztlaku (tzv. žaket, křídlo, ve sladké vodě představuje ponory v jezerech či lomech, kobliha) a zátěž. Potápěč se pod vodou pohybuje prací kde je celoročně již ve střední hloubce relativně nízká dolních končetin vybavených ploutvemi. Za pozornost teplota (4–10 °C). stojí váha výstroje sportovně rekreačního potápěče s pří- Fyzická aktivita při potápění je velmi rozdílná, řada strojem, která je na suchu kolem 25–30 kg. Potápěč na ná- ponorů s přístrojem se vyznačuje velmi nízkou inten- dech je při každém z ponorů omezen jedním nádechem. zitou fyzické zátěže. Stav se může velmi rychle změnit Jeho výstroj zahrnuje potápěčskou masku (zpravidla níz- s nástupem krizové situace, kdy je třeba vynaložit rela- koobjemovou), neoprenový oblek, zátěž (opasek či tzv. tivně velkou námahu. Fyzickou náročnost pohybu zvy- neck weight) a ploutve (dlouhé tzv. bi-fi ns nebo mono- šuje velký odpor, který klade tělo potápěče s plnou vý- ploutev). strojí vodnímu prostředí. Podobně potápění v místech, kde jsou proudy, vyžaduje poměrně vysokou intenzitu fyzické práce. Fyzikální vlivy uplatňující se při potápění Velmi zajímavý fenomén, který se uplatňuje především při nádechovém potápění, představuje tzv. diving respon- Mezi základní fyzikální faktory, které mají vliv na funkci se (někdy označován jako „diving mammalian refl ex“ či kardiovaskulárního a respiračního systému při potápění, „diving refl ex“).2 Jde o odpověď kardiovaskulárního sys- patří hloubka, teplota vody a v případě potápění s pří- tému na ponoření těla (především obličeje) do vody, kte- strojem změny hustoty dýchací směsi. rý indukuje relativně významný pokles tepové frekvence, 3390_394_Prehledovy90_394_Prehledovy cclanek_Pudil.inddlanek_Pudil.indd 339191 111/09/20201/09/2020 110:21:360:21:36 392 Kardiovaskulární systém a sportovní potápění Obr. 1 – Cirkulující mikrobubliny po ponoru s přístrojem a dýcháním stlačeného vzduchu. Echokardio- grafi cký obraz apikální projekce potápěče před ponorem (vlevo) a bezprostředně po ponoru (vpravo). Po ponoru jsou v pravostranných oddílech detekovatelné mikrobubliny (archiv autora). významně
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vasa's New Climate-Control System
    Maintaining a Stable Environment: Vasa’s New Climate-Control System EMMA HOCKER An extensive upgrade to the air- Introduction ship is not open to the general public, museum staff regularly go onboard for conditioning system of the Vasa The Vasa Museum in Stockholm, research or maintenance purposes. Museum in Stockholm is playing an Sweden, houses the seventeenth-century Although the largely anoxic (oxygen- warship Vasa, the largest and best pre- instrumental role in preserving the deficient) burial conditions in the Stock- served wooden ship ever salvaged from seventeenth-century Swedish holm harbor had generally favored the seabed and conserved. The warship, wood preservation, there was sufficient warship Vasa. adorned with hundreds of painted oxygen available in the murky waters of sculptures, was commissioned by King the harbor immediately after the sinking Gustav II Adolf, who had ambitions to to allow micro-organism degradation of dominate the Baltic region. It was thus the outer 3/4 in. (2 cm) of wood. In order a huge embarrassment when the ship to prevent shrinkage and collapse of sank unceremoniously in Stockholm these weakened wood cells once the ship harbor on its maiden voyage in 1628. was raised, a material that would diffuse Salvaged in 1961, the ship underwent a into the wood and take the place of the pioneering conservation program for 26 water in the cells was needed. The mate- years.1 In late 1988 the conserved ship rial chosen was a water-soluble wax, was floated on its pontoon into a dry polyethylene glycol (PEG), which was dock through the open wall of the pur- sprayed over the hull in increasing con- pose-built Vasa Museum, which has centrations over a 17-year period, fol- since become the most visited maritime lowed by a 9-year period of slow air museum in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Grania (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) of the Great Barrier
    Zootaxa 2165: 16–38 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Grania (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including four new species and a re-description of Grania trichaeta Jamieson, 1977 PIERRE DE WIT1,3, EMILIA ROTA2 & CHRISTER ERSÉUS1 1Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 2Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via T. Pendola 62, IT-53100 Siena, Italy 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This study describes the fauna of the marine enchytraeid genus Grania at two locations on the Australian Great Barrier Reef: Lizard and Heron Islands. Collections were made from 1979 to 2006, yielding four new species: Grania breviductus sp. n., Grania regina sp. n., Grania homochaeta sp. n. and Grania colorata sp. n.. A re-description of Grania trichaeta Jamieson, 1977 based on new material is also included, along with notes and amendments on G. hyperoadenia Coates, 1990 and G. integra Coates & Stacey, 1997, the two latter being recorded for the first time from eastern Australia. COI barcode sequences were obtained from G. trichaeta and G. colorata and deposited with information on voucher specimens in the Barcode of Life database and GenBank; the mean intraspecific variation is 1.66 % in both species, while the mean interspecific divergence is 25.54 %. There seem to be two phylogeographic elements represented in the Great Barrier Grania fauna; one tropical with phylogenetic affinities to species found in New Caledonia and Hong Kong, and one southern (manifested at the more southerly located Heron Island) with affinities to species found in Southern Australia, Tasmania and Antarctica.
    [Show full text]
  • 'J'rjjj®; 'Jry^,-; T 'R ' 4-:' -A " « \ ^ * -Ok ' «») "
    - " *7 ' >.. k' 4-rVi r ^ '! M; + „ - . - 1 ,i , i -V -'j'rjjj®; 'jry^,-; t 'r ' 4-:' -A " « \ ^ j "WS-li * r.y, .. • J. - r * -ok ' «») " - 2*1 i J " ."»•• •• „ , ; ; ' "" \ "Sri ' is****. '".-v.-/ : • . ' 'r • 'H , !• ,-rs 'V V « W iv U , , t.t J^fi. - , -J. -r^ ~ t . THE SERGESTIDAE OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF EXPEDITION BY ISABELLA GORDON, D.Sc., Ph.D. SYNOPSIS. The paper gives the occurrence of two species of the genus Lucifer in the Ureat Barrier Reef area during the year July 1928 July 1929. L. penicillifer Hansen is by far the commoner species : it occurred with fair regularity throughout the year, the month of September excepted. Spermatophores were present, in the distal portion of one vas deferens only, practically throughout the year, suggesting that there is ,110 fixed breeding period. L. typus H. M.-Edw. occurred in small numbers between the end of July and the- end of November 192S but the two species were seldom present at the same time. INTRODUCTION THK Sergestidae of the Ureat Barrier Reef Expedition all belong- to the subfamily Luciferinae which, comprises the single aberrant genus Lucifer V. Thompson (---- Leucifer H. Milne-Edwards). This genus was revised by Hansen (1919, pp. 48-6o, pis. iv and v) who reduced the number of known species to three, adding that " all the remaining names in the literature must be cancelled for ever either as synonyms or as quite unrecognizable " (p. 50). in addition, he described three new species from the " Siboga material. These six species fall into two groups, one with long eye-stalks comprising L.
    [Show full text]
  • 127179758.23.Pdf
    —>4/ PUBLICATIONS OF THE SCOTTISH HISTORY SOCIETY THIRD SERIES VOLUME II DIARY OF GEORGE RIDPATH 1755-1761 im DIARY OF GEORGE RIDPATH MINISTER OF STITCHEL 1755-1761 Edited with Notes and Introduction by SIR JAMES BALFOUR PAUL, C.V.O., LL.D. EDINBURGH Printed at the University Press by T. A. Constable Ltd. for the Scottish History Society 1922 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION DIARY—Vol. I. DIARY—You II. INDEX INTRODUCTION Of the two MS. volumes containing the Diary, of which the following pages are an abstract, it was the second which first came into my hands. It had found its way by some unknown means into the archives in the Offices of the Church of Scotland, Edinburgh ; it had been lent about 1899 to Colonel Milne Home of Wedderburn, who was interested in the district where Ridpath lived, but he died shortly after receiving it. The volume remained in possession of his widow, who transcribed a large portion with the ultimate view of publication, but this was never carried out, and Mrs. Milne Home kindly handed over the volume to me. It was suggested that the Scottish History Society might publish the work as throwing light on the manners and customs of the period, supplementing and where necessary correcting the Autobiography of Alexander Carlyle, the Life and Times of Thomas Somerville, and the brilliant, if prejudiced, sketch of the ecclesiastical and religious life in Scotland in the eighteenth century by Henry Gray Graham in his well-known work. When this proposal was considered it was found that the Treasurer of the Society, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGY of SEA TURTLES Volume II CRC Marine Biology SERIES Peter L
    The BIOLOGY of SEA TURTLES Volume II CRC Marine Biology SERIES Peter L. Lutz, Editor PUBLISHED TITLES Biology of Marine Birds E.A. Schreiber and Joanna Burger Biology of the Spotted Seatrout Stephen A. Bortone The BIOLOGY of SEA TURTLES Volume II Edited by Peter L. Lutz John A. Musick Jeanette Wyneken CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 1123 Front Matter.fm Page iv Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The biology of sea turtles / edited by Peter L. Lutz and John A. Musick. p. cm.--(CRC marine science series) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8493-1123-3 1. Sea turtles. I. Lutz, Peter L. II. Musick, John A. III. Series: Marine science series. QL666.C536B56 1996 597.92—dc20 96-36432 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Approaches Underlying the Oogenic Cycle of the Scleractinian
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Molecular approaches underlying the oogenic cycle of the scleractinian coral, Acropora tenuis Ee Suan Tan1, Ryotaro Izumi1, Yuki Takeuchi 2,3, Naoko Isomura4 & Akihiro Takemura2 ✉ This study aimed to elucidate the physiological processes of oogenesis in Acropora tenuis. Genes/ proteins related to oogenesis were investigated: Vasa, a germ cell marker, vitellogenin (VG), a major yolk protein precursor, and its receptor (LDLR). Coral branches were collected monthly from coral reefs around Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan) for histological observation by in situ hybridisation (ISH) of the Vasa (AtVasa) and Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (AtLDLR) genes and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of AtVasa and AtVG. AtVasa immunoreactivity was detected in germline cells and ooplasm, whereas AtVG immunoreactivity was detected in ooplasm and putative ovarian tissues. AtVasa was localised in germline cells located in the retractor muscles of the mesentery, whereas AtLDLR was localised in the putative ovarian and mesentery tissues. AtLDLR was detected in coral tissues during the vitellogenic phase, whereas AtVG immunoreactivity was found in primary oocytes. Germline cells expressing AtVasa are present throughout the year. In conclusion, Vasa has physiological and molecular roles throughout the oogenic cycle, as it determines gonadal germline cells and ensures normal oocyte development, whereas the roles of VG and LDLR are limited to the vitellogenic stages because they act in coordination with lipoprotein transport, vitellogenin synthesis, and yolk incorporation into oocytes. Approximately 70% of scleractinian corals are hermaphroditic broadcast spawners and have both male and female gonads developing within the polyp of the same colony1. Tey engage in a multispecifc spawning event around the designated moon phase once a year2–4.
    [Show full text]
  • Unique Finds from the Early 17Th-Century Swedish Warship Vasa
    Common people’s clothing in a military context - Unique finds from the early 17th-century Swedish warship Vasa. Anna Silwerulv Vasa Museum, Sweden Abstract Soldiers in the Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648) commonly wore their everyday clothing as uniforms in the modern sense were still rare. Little is known about their gear, since garments from common people are rarely preserved or detailed in paintings and historical sources. The Swedish warship Vasa sank 1628 in Stockholm harbour. The ship was raised in 1961 and about 12,000 fragments of textiles and leather from clothing, shoes, accessories and personal possessions were recovered. The Swedish navy had not yet issued uniforms to their conscripted crews, which makes the finds unique as the largest collection of everyday clothing in a use context from its time. This paper will present preliminary results from the initial phase of a new research project focusing on these find groups, in which we seek knowledge about the objects themselves and what they can tell us about the social structures of both military and civilian society. Content The role of clothing in the military and the idea of uniforms in early 17th-century Europe The unique clothing finds on board the Swedish warship Vasa The Dress Project Methodology Preliminary results References The role of clothing in the military and the idea of uniforms in early 17th-century Europe. Clothes have always had a very important role to play in society. Their powerful visual languages have been used for centuries to express the wearer's personality and way of life as well as social and economic status in society.
    [Show full text]
  • DEMPSEY-THESIS-2020.Pdf (4.223Mb)
    RECONSTRUCTING THE RIG OF QUEEN ANNE’S REVENGE A Thesis by ANNALIESE DEMPSEY Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Chair of Committee, Kevin J. Crisman Committee Members, Christopher M. Dostal Jonathan Coopersmith Head of Department, Darryl de Ruiter August 2020 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2020 Annaliese Dempsey ABSTRACT Queen Anne’s Revenge is one of the most infamous pirate vessels from the Golden Age of Piracy and represents multiple historical narratives due to its varied career in the first two decades of the 18th century. The vessel wrecked in 1718 off the coast of North Carolina when it was under the command of Blackbeard, who had used the vessel to blockade the port of present- day Charleston. Before the vessel was used as a pirate flagship, Queen Anne’s Revenge served as a French slaver, and possibly a privateer. This varied career, during which the vessel extensively traveled the Atlantic, endowed the wreck site with a distinctive artifact assemblage that demonstrates the fluidity of national borders, trade routes, and traditions of Atlantic seafaring during the first decades of the 18th century. A small assemblage of rigging elements was recovered from the wreck, and while the quantity of diagnostic rigging components recovered thus far is smaller than other assemblages from contemporary wrecks, it is still possible to derive useful information to assist in the study of an early 18th century slaver and pirate flagship. The following thesis presents a study of the rigging assemblage of Queen Anne’s Revenge, as well as a basic reconstruction of the rig, and an overview of the relevant iconographical data.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of 17Th-Century Naval Ordnance on Ship Structure
    Fred Hocker 29. Ships, shot and splinters: the effect of 17th-century naval ordnance on ship structure Abstract In 2014 the Friends of the Vasa Museum carried out live firing trials of an accurate replica of the main ordnance system used on the Swedish warship Vasa, sunk in 1628. The purpose of the trials was to assess the ballistic performance of this type of lightweight 24-pounder bronze gun, its effect on ship structure and the ergonomic aspects of servicing the piece. This article reports on the effect aspects of the trials, with specific attention to the affect that the details of ship structure have on the creation and dispersion of splinters inside the ship. Fig. 1. The main armament of Vasa: one of three original 24-pounders recovered from the ship, mounted on an original carriage (photo from Vasa Museum archive). Introduction The conventional impression of the nature of naval centimetres of oak that a shot of a given size could penetrate warfare in the age of sail and broadside gunnery is one with a given charge. No attempt was made to account for of chaos, noise and horrific carnage. Men cut down by the effect of different layers of timber crossing at different cannonballs, clouds of deadly flying splinters and torrents angles or gaps between layers, as it was assumed that of blood in the scuppers have been staples of naval all of this effectively averaged out due to the volume of fiction from the novels of Tobias Smollett to films such fire sustained. They therefore reasoned that differences in as Master and Commander.
    [Show full text]
  • QAR Internship Report Eckert
    PIRATES IN THE GRAVEYARD OF THE ATLANTIC: CONSERVATION AT THE QUEEN ANNE’S REVENGE LAB by Brandon Eckert July, 2020 Director of Thesis: Dr. Charles R. Ewen Major Department: Anthropology The Anthropology Department at East Carolina University offers an internship option for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of a master’s degree. As a result of the academic partnership between East Carolina University and the Queen Anne’s Revenge Conservation Laboratory, an internship in archaeological conservation was made possible. While conservation and archaeology are often viewed as separate disciplines, the methods and theory in conservation are integral to the goals of archaeology both in the field and the laboratory. Since 2003, the QAR Conservation Lab on ECU’s West Research Campus has served as the primary facility for the management and conservation of artifacts recovered from the Queen Anne’s Revenge shipwreck in Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. An internship at the QAR Lab provides students with hands-on exposure to the routine operations of a conservation facility. This includes daily and weekly duties, as well as personal projects and special artifact treatments. The skills developed as a result of this experience are highly important for archaeologists in both field and laboratory settings, but also for archaeologists responsible for the management of museum collections. PIRATES IN THE GRAVEYARD OF THE ATLANTIC: CONSERVATION AT THE QUEEN ANNE’S REVENGE LAB A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Anthropology East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology by Brandon Eckert July, 2020 © Brandon Eckert, 2020 Pirates in the Graveyard of the Atlantic: Conservation at the Queen Anne’s Revenge Lab By Brandon Eckert APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF INTERNSHIP Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Resurrecting a Neglected Wreck
    Niklas Eriksson 4. Riksäpplet (1676): resurrecting a neglected wreck Introduction Shipwrights, were also recruited from the Republic. The The 84-gun ship Riksäpplet was one of the first to be situation changed dramatically by the mid-century. When built by the newly recruited English Master Shipwrights in Sweden grew in power and threatened to extinguish Sweden. It was launched in 1661 and taken into service Denmark as a nation, the Dutch joined the enemy. In this in 1663. On 5 June 1676, the ship came adrift from its situation Sweden turned to England in order to recruit moorings in Dalarö in the Stockholm archipelago. The hull military expertise which included shipbuilding. Through struck a rock and sank in water that was 10–12 m deep. negotiations with Oliver Cromwell it was decided that The majority of the guns and the rig were salvaged in the three English Master Shipwrights would move to Sweden following years. During the nineteenth and early twentieth (Anderson, 1957: p. 101; Lundgren, 2000: p. 10). centuries, dynamite was used to blast the hull in order to The most well-known among these was Francis recover black oak for producing furniture. As a result, the Sheldon (1612–1692), who was sent to the shipyard in site is now regarded as totally ruined. Göteborg. Before moving to Sweden he was involved in the As part of the interdisciplinary project Ships at War: construction of the ships Naseby, launched at the Woolwich early modern maritime battlefields in the Baltic Sea, at shipyard in 1655, and the London, launched at the Chatham Södertörn University in Sweden, it has been possible to shipyard in 1656 (Stackell, 1929; Eriksson, 2015; 2017a; take a closer look at the wreck.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Sails Again? Conservation of Textiles from the Queen Anne's
    Blackbeard Sails Again? Conservation of Textiles from the Queen Anne’s Revenge Shipwreck (31CR314) Adria L. Focht Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University Queen Anne’s Revenge Shipwreck Project Conservation Laboratory May 2008 1 Abstract In 1996, a shipwreck believed to be the pirate Blackbeard’s sunken flagship, the Queen Anne’s Revenge (QAR), was discovered off the coast of North Carolina. Of the thousands of artifacts that have since been recovered, a small number of textile fragments have survived. Textile fragments recovered from the QAR wreck site are preserved in unique, localized environments and therefore require individual analysis and treatment. During necessary conservation processes, textiles may undergo stressful physical and chemical changes that may permanently damage these artifacts. The primary goal of this research was to determine the most effective conservation methods for cleaning and drying textile fragments recovered from the QAR so that they may be available for future research and public exhibit. To achieve this goal, the efficiency of conservation methods previously used on fiber perishable artifacts from the QAR was evaluated and retested both on modern textiles and on historic artifacts. The results of this testing will help to establish a protocol for the future conservation of textiles and other fiber perishables recovered from the QAR site. Textile technical attributes essential for historical comparison and interpretation of function were also recorded for each QAR textile artifact. Distinctions in technical attributes were then used to develop a typology of textiles in the QAR assemblage. Key attributes diagnostic of early eighteenth century sailcloth manufacture were identified in several QAR samples; other QAR textiles that have been identified as the same textile type can now be functionally classified as sailcloth.
    [Show full text]