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Home , 1650s, 1661 in Sweden, 1670s, Kronan (ship), Orlop deck, Skansen

Niklas Eriksson

4. Riksäpplet (1676): resurrecting a neglected wreck

Introduction Shipwrights, were also recruited from the . The The 84-gun Riksäpplet was one of the first to be situation changed dramatically by the mid-century. When built by the newly recruited English Master Shipwrights in grew in power and threatened to extinguish Sweden. It was launched in 1661 and taken into service as a nation, the Dutch joined the enemy. In this in 1663. On 5 1676, the ship came adrift from its situation Sweden turned to in order to recruit moorings in Dalarö in the archipelago. The military expertise which included shipbuilding. Through struck a rock and sank in water that was 10–12 m deep. negotiations with it was decided that The majority of the guns and the rig were salvaged in the three English Master Shipwrights would move to Sweden following years. During the nineteenth and early twentieth (Anderson, 1957: p. 101; Lundgren, 2000: p. 10). centuries, dynamite was used to blast the hull in order to The most well-known among these was Francis recover black for producing furniture. As a , the Sheldon (1612–1692), who was sent to the shipyard in site is now regarded as totally ruined. Göteborg. Before moving to Sweden he was involved in the As part of the interdisciplinary project at War: construction of the ships Naseby, launched at the Woolwich early modern maritime battlefields in the , at shipyard in 1655, and the , launched at the Chatham Södertörn University in Sweden, it has been possible to shipyard in 1656 (Stackell, 1929; Eriksson, 2015; 2017a; take a closer look at the wreck. The work has consisted 2017b). His first large ship in Sweden was Riksäpplet. of a minor field survey as well as compiling an inventory His shipbuilding style and ideas are revealed by of finds recovered from the wreck during the past 150 a Navy Board style model, kept in the Swedish National years. These are dispersed in different and in Maritime (Fig. 1) and referred to as ‘Ö 3’ from private hands, but have never been properly catalogued its inventory number (for discussions regarding this model, or published. Together with a re-reading of documentary see Anderson, 1924: p. 217; Eriksson, 2017a: p. 89–108; sources, several new insights have been made regarding the 2017b; Fox, 1980: p. 133; Glete, 1990; Svensson, 1961: pp. special and distinctive features of Riksäpplet. 97–98). The model Ö 3 is very interesting in this context as The results are of particular interest for understanding the it served as inspiration for Riksäpplet. introduction of English-style shipbuilding in Sweden. With the introduction of the English Master Shipwrights, both Dutch and English shipbuilding styles were practised From Dutch to English shipbuilding in parallel at the Swedish naval shipyards. The expressions In the early seventeenth century the Holländskt manér (Dutch manner) and Engelskt manér formed Sweden´s most important trading partner and (English manner) were used to distinguish the differences a military ally. Many Dutch families settled in Sweden, and in styles and techniques (cf. Rålamb, 1691; Svensson, 1963: Dutch art and architecture became fashionable. Capable, pp. 91–108; Eriksson, 2017a; 2017b). experienced, knowledgeable people, not least Master

Figure 1: The ship model called ‘Ö 3’ after its inventory number in the Swedish National Maritime Museum. It was used by the master shipwright Francis Sheldon to communicate his vision for the ship Riksäpplet (Photo: Johan Jonsson, SMM, edited by the author).

39 Session: Ships and Ships Finds in the Baltic

Figure 2: Director of ‘Olschanski’s Salvage and Diving Enterprises on Sunken Ships’ Leonard Olschanski (1882–1943) to the left and Commanding Officer Lenny Stackell (1875–1957) to the right, posing together with an iron raised from the wreck Jägaren and other objects recovered from Riksäpplet, sunk in 1676. The picture was taken in 1921 on of the salvage vessel Sigrid (SMM Fo86859C).

In 1659 a large shipbuilding programme was initiated navy. For instance, the Florentine diplomat Lorentzo in order to produce new large ships for the navy (Glete, Magalotti mentions that ‘the best of Dutch and English 2010: pp. 418–423). The largest among these were named shipbuilding has been united’ in the sister ship , after the royal regalia. The first,Kronan (The Crown), with which was also built by Sheldon (Magalotti, 1912: pp. 22– 126 guns, was the grandest of them all, and – just like 23, author’s translation). Riksäpplet – was built by Francis Sheldon. Second was These great ships first came into use during the so-called Svärdet (The Sword) with 86 guns, built by the Dutch (1675–1679), which became a total disaster shipwright Jacob de Voss. The third, Nyckeln (The Key), for the . The first huge defeat was on 1 June 1676, also carried 86 guns, and this was built by the Englishman when the large Kronan capsized and exploded during the Thomas Day. In terms of size, Riksäpplet came next in line, Battle of Southern Öland. Only 1.5 hours later Svärdet was and was the fourth largest ship. lit by a fireship and blew up. Riksäpplet was built about the same time as the ship Both these ships have received a lot of attention Svärdet, and in 1663 both ships were moored below the from archaeologists. Kronan has been the subject of royal castle of Tre Kronor in Stockholm. A French valet underwater excavations continuously for the past 35 years, who was visiting described how the public were allowed and an exhibition has been built around the artefacts entrance to the new ships, and also mentions the different recovered at the county museum (see Johansson, nationalities of the Master Shipwrights. That Riksäpplet was 1985; Einarsson, 1997, 2015, 2016). Svärdet’s last fight is built by an Englishman and Svärdet by a Dutchman seems legendary, and people have been searching for this wreck to have been a topic on everybody’s lips (cf. Eriksson, 2015: for ages (see Eriksson, 2017a; Eriksson and Rönnby, 2017). pp. 172–188, forthcoming a and b; Oscarsson, 2013: pp. The fate of the ship Riksäpplet is different. After the 169–170). This does not necessarily mean that the ships defeat outside Öland the remains of the were identical to the ones built for the Dutch or the English escaped to Dalarö in the Stockholm archipelago. Within

40 Niklas Eriksson Riksäpplet (1676): resurrecting a neglected wreck a few days Riksäpplet came adrift in a gale, hit a rock and enough to describe the orientation of the hull on the sank. Between the years 1676 and 1684 the bronze guns seabed, the extent of preservation and to form a starting were salvaged from the wreck using a . The hull point for discussions regarding the details and peculiarities was demolished and finally blasted in 1684 in order to of the ship´s architecture (Fig. 3). reach the guns (Hafström, 1958: pp. 797–798; 2006: pp. The hull landed with an approximate 35 degree list to 95–98; Lundgren, 1997: pp. 215–217; Eriksson 2017a, starboard. The is preserved in its entire length, as are p. 53–87). the lowest parts of the and . Most of the With the introduction of the heavy portside has been demolished during salvage operations, by the mid-nineteenth century, a new series of salvage but the starboard side resembles a nearly intact structure operations began. Another important innovation during up to the lower gun-deck. In the the upper part of this period was dynamite, which made underwater-blasting the starboard side rests flat on the seabed. A portion of much more efficient. The hull of Riksäpplet was further the , with a few gun-ports, is located some 50 m north demolished in order to recover black oak that was used as of the stern (inserted in Fig. 3). The planking in the stern material for various furnishings and carpentry. An reveals that Riksäpplet had a round tucked stern, which as well as three 18-pounder cast iron guns were recovered had become common in English shipbuilding at this time and sold to Arthur Hazelius, who later displayed them (cf. Laughton, 2001: pp. 105–106) but was a novelty in at the outdoor museum that he founded in Stockholm, Swedish ship-construction. Skansen (Cederlund, 1983: p. 39; 2012: p. 12). Even if the majority of the deck beams have been In the 1920s the diving enterprise Olschaniski searched removed, there are several other clues that reveal how the for bronze guns at the wreck-site, not knowing that these rooms inside the ship were arranged. In order to visualize had been raised already in the (Fig. 2). Not wanting this, I have made the reconstruction presented in Fig. 4. to leave the site empty-handed, they recovered all the The outline of the hull, as well as the curvature of the stem deck-beams from the wreck, as they provided good wood and the orientations of the upper deck-levels are from the for making furniture. The salvage work was supervised model Ö 3 (shown in Fig. 1). The rooms in the and on by commanding officer Lenny Stackell (1875–1957), who the are reconstructed from the wreck. had a genuine interest in naval history and conducted When English shipbuilding was introduced in Sweden in important archival research. Carvings, ammunition and the there were lively discussions in the Admiralty as other artefacts were sold to the collection that later was the narrow English ships differed from the wide and shallow to become the Swedish National Maritime Museum Dutch hulls that the admirals were used to. The difference (Cederlund, 1983: pp. 39–42; Eriksson, 2017a; 2017b). in shape meant that they had to rethink the installations of From the early 1950s, the engineer Anders Franzén the different rooms and facilities (Jakobsson, 1999; 2000). worked with Commodore Edward Hamilton for the Thus, Francis Sheldon, and his other English colleagues, National Maritime Museum (Sjöhistoriska museet) salvaging had to make several adaptations to Swedish norms and artefacts from Riksäpplet together with the Swedish Navy. ideas in their designs, which are revealed in the remains Hamilton also published a paper that described the ship of Riksäpplet. as totally demolished (1957). When the paper was written, Anders Franzén had re-discovered the very intact in An English hull with a Swedish interior the middle of Stockholm, which seems to have reduced The forward part of the orlop is preserved under a still the enthusiasm for the tattered remains of Riksäpplet. The neatly coiled anchor cable and a huge pile of firewood. Navy continued salvaging at the site until the end of the In the stern, the orlop had a lowered platform as shown 1960s, when the Heritage Act was changed to include on contemporary drawings (cf. Lavery, 1981: p. 75; 1987: the protection of shipwrecks (Arnshav, 2011: pp. 39–42; p. 152; drawings in Sutherland, 1714) in order to increase Cederlund, 1983: pp. 224–225; Eriksson, 2014: pp. 26–28). standing room. Usually, some of the lowest ranking officers From this time on the wreck-site has been open to all divers. were lodged in the part of the orlop deck (Lavery, 1987: In the 1970s diving amateur archaeologists dug a small pp. 194–195). trench at the wreck-site and recovered more carvings, Riksäpplet has around 450 people aboard, which but the recording of the site under water was limited (see required a of some capacity. In the British navy pictures in Cederlund, 1983: pp. 184–187). the galley was usually located between the decks in the bow (Goodwin, 1987: p. 160; Lavery, 1987: pp. 195–201). Archaeological fieldwork However, the Swedish ships, just like the Dutch, had the In 2014 and 2015 a survey of the wreck-site was carried out galley in the hold, before the main (Hoving, 2012: with volunteers from the Swedish Maritime Archaeological pp. 157–158; Witsen, 1671: p. 58, Plate XLII). The galley Society (Marinarkeologiska sällskapet), MAS. The survey aboard Riksäpplet was placed in this position. was non-intrusive and consisted of measuring, filming and There was also lively discussion concerning the location making sketches underwater. A sidescan image was of the powder magazines. When the Master Shipwright printed at 1:30 scale and was used as a background for Thomas Day, who was employed in Sweden at the same a hand-drawn plan of the site. The plan focuses on the time as Sheldon, delivered his first ship, the Admiralty coherent parts of the hull and I regard the result as precise complained that the “lower part of the stern was built

41 Session: Ships and Ships Finds in the Baltic Figure 3: Plan of theFigure Plan wreck 3: site with the bow pointing to the left. The portion of the which framed is bow, a rectangle, by located is around 50 m astern of the A: ship. stem, sternpost, B: C: starboard side preserved to up the upper gun-deck, planking, D: which reveals the characteristic E: tuck’, ‘round English foremast step, F: stone ballast, remains of a platform H: barrels G: orlop, J: containing on tar the galley, I: orlop, stowed the in hold, K: anchor cable on the L:orlop, barrels on the M: area orlop, containing firewood,N: pump O: sale, pump tube, P: carlings, Q: gun carriage, mizenmastR: stepEriksson). (Niklas

42 Niklas Eriksson Riksäpplet (1676): resurrecting a neglected wreck . The length and curvature of the stems as as well the height and sheer of the decks has been borrowed from the model foremast B: A: Ö 3. rider, step,C: storage department D-F: containing tar, room the in hold,G:possible powder magazine, aft H: room, platform, I: room J: for anchor cable and possible lodging for lower ratings, K: firewood store and lodging for lower ranks, the cook was L: galley, lodged the in M: vicinity, lodging for the lower commands and the ‘’ where those who were wounded during action were O: pump taken, dale, N: P: pump, gunner store, , Q: main R: opening towards quarter galleries, apertures S: above gun-ports (Niklas Eriksson). Figure Reconstructed 4: longitudinal section of Riksäpplet

43 Session: Ships and Ships Finds in the Baltic sharp after English fashion” (“achter Under skarpt bygdt not mentioned at all. The ship probably did not have efter Englisk Fason” quotation in Jakobsson, 1999: p. 234, such a deck (for a more thorough discussion regarding my translation), which meant that the powder magazine the deck-arrangement as revealed through the written had to be situated before the main mast (Jakobsson, 1999: sources, see Eriksson, forthcoming a and b). The model p. 234). Ö 3 has a similar, quite unusual, deck arrangement. In fact, According to naval historian Brian Lavery the powder a passage in the preserved correspondence mentions both magazine aboard English ships was usually situated in the the deck arrangement aboard Riksäpplet and possibly also bow (Lavery, 1987: p. 144). According to the Dutch treatise the model. on shipbuilding published by Nicolaes Witsen in 1671, the …this ship Schampeloen [representation either in the Dutch preferred to place the powder magazine in the stern form of a model or a drawing] is almost like Ollenborg’s (Hoving 2012: pp. 157–158; Witsen 1671: p. 90). The latter [probably refers to the Swedish ship Oldenburg], at the lowest location was preferred in Sweden. deck the width between the shelf clamps is 34 ft, the second Riksäpplet’s hull was not only built in the ‘English is 26 ft and the uppermost is 23 ft (RA, 1663-03-23; also in manner’, it was also very narrow. Despite this the powder Bergman, 1954: p. 17, my translation). magazine was placed in one of the rooms in the stern, According to naval historian Jan Glete it was common which is revealed by the testimonies of former admiral to make the armament plans based on the available Christer Boije who was aboard when the ship sank. When broadside gun-ports (Glete, 2002: p. 5). As shown in the ship came loose it “was forced to the cliff and struck in Table 1, Riksäpplet was planned to be armed with 26 guns the stern quarter and water ran into the powder magazine” on the lowest gun-deck, 28 on the second gun-deck and 30 (after Lundgren, 2001: p. 228, my translation). on the deck levels above. The number of broadside ports The arrangement of space aboard Riksäpplet thus on the model Ö 3 reveals a remarkable similarity. appears to have been similar to the Swedish ships built by Dutch Master Shipwrights. How space aboard ships was Cabin arranged was not dependent on the preferred technique or In the stern the starboard side is preserved up to the upper tradition of the Master Shipwright, but rather a product of gun-deck and reveals the curved opening that provided the ideas within the Swedish Admiralty. access to the . It is similar to the gallery The written reports from the foundering mention that openings on Kronan (Einarsson, 1990: pp. 284–285; 2016: water was removed from the hull using four bilge pumps pp. 186–190). Another feature that Riksäpplet shares with (Lundgren, 2001: p. 229, Eriksson, 2017a, p. 113–148; Kronan are the small windows above the gun-ports in the 2017b). Aboard English ships chain-pumps had been in use great cabin (cf. Einarsson, 1990: p. 285; Nilsson, 1987: since the end of the sixteenth century. Usually four pumps p. 100). These apertures are a bit unusual. Contemporary were placed around the main-mast in an area known as the vessels in the English navy reveal similar openings and well (Lavery, 1987: pp. 66–74; Goodwin, 1987: pp. 138– windows (see pictures in e.g. Winfield, 2009 or Fox, 1980) 144). The bilge pumps aboard Riksäpplet differed from the but these are usually located in-between the gun-ports, English standard. A pump tube from a suction-pump was where they provided lighting in the small cabins that were found in its original position in the stern of the ship. It is characteristic for the English ships of the period (compare thus not only the construction, but also the location of the Endsor, 2009: p. 65). That the Swedish ships had these pump, that diverges from contemporary English ships. The apertures above the gun-ports can be used as an indication outlet pipe for another pump, of unknown type, has been that the Swedish ships lacked these small cabins and that observed amidships. The location of the pumps aboard the interior aboard Swedish ships was more open. Some Riksäpplet thus corresponds to the situation aboard Vasa, of the carvings that originally decorated the great cabin a vessel that was 35 years older (Cederlund and Hocker, have been recovered from the wreck and have clear stylistic 2006: p. 327 and 347). parallels in the carvings found in situ in the great cabin on Kronan (Einarsson, 2016: pp. 181–214; Eriksson, 2017a; Deck arrangements 2017b). Whereas the wreck provides fairly straightforward information regarding the lower parts of the hull, the Windows and external carvings situation is harder to interpret where the higher levels are When Sheldon planned the construction of Riksäpplet, concerned. Fortunately, there are other sources that provide it was natural for him to draw on experiences from the information in this respect. Recent research into the written projects he had been involved in whilst working in England accounts concerning the construction of Riksäpplet, reveal (Stackell, 1929: pp. 9–14). Both the carvings and the that the model Ö 3 had a crucial role in the construction windows are mentioned in the preserved correspondence. of the ship, not least regarding the arrangement of decks. Even if it is not possible to know exactly what the windows The preserved correspondence mentions that Riksäpplet looked like, the written accounts reveal the quantities of had a (skansdäck), a quarter deck (halvdäck) glass required. In all 460 sq. ft. of glass was ordered for and three gun-decks in addition to the upper deck the construction of Riksäpplet, which is around 38.5 m2 (översta överloppet), a middle deck (mellersta överloppet) (Eriksson, 2017a; 2017b). Double rows of large windows and a lower deck (understa överloppet). A fore deck is on the stern became common on the largest ships in the

44 Niklas Eriksson Riksäpplet (1676): resurrecting a neglected wreck

Figure 5: A selection of the carvings recovered from the wreck. To the left are examples of the caryatides recovered from the wreck. Note the profiled notch in their necks which reveal the shape of the horizontally-oriented lists on the stern. To the right is a devil-like female monster, originally placed on the counter. The sculptured mask is believed to have formed its (Niklas Eriksson).

English navy by the mid-seventeenth century, whereas the One distinctive group among the recovered carvings Dutch were more modest in using glass. from Riksäpplet are the so-called caryatides, female The arrangement of windows is interesting as it affects carvings that formed the vertical element of the ornamental the rest of the architecture in the ship’s stern, not least the grid (Fig. 5). The caryatides are very similar to each other sculptural decoration (cf. Laughton, 1925: pp. 131–133). and it seems as if they are copies of the same model, but , sketches and models of English ships from this their shape or posture has been adjusted to the surface period reveal that these vessels were painted in black and onto which they were attached. that the carvings were painted in gold-imitating colour One of the recovered caryatides is of a different (Börjesson, 1942: p. 272; Laughton, 1925: pp. 265–266; character. It was placed on the starboard counter (Fig. 5). Soop, 2007: p. 131). The ‘gilded’ parts consists of wide The model Ö 3 has eight nearly similar carvings as do horizontally oriented profiled lists and vertically placed many other contemporary English ships. Nearly identical carvings. All together this formed what be described examples are found on the model of the English ship as an ‘ornamental grid’ that framed the windows in the St Michael (NMM Inv. nr SLR 002). The motif consists stern. of a female devil-like monster, and is found in various Sheldon showed a model to the local woodcarvers to publications from the sixteenth century onwards describing communicate what kind of sculptural embellishment he the danger of witches (cf. Håkansson, 2014: p. 209). proposed for Riksäpplet. Again, this is likely Ö 3. The wood carvers available answered that they could not take on the Sculptured shields work unless they had a master woodcarver. For this reason, A motif that recurs in depictions of English ships from such a person was recruited from England to lead the work the time is the St George cross. A similar cross has been on Riksäpplet (Eriksson, 2015: p. 177; Stackell, 1929: p. 9; recovered from Riksäpplet. (Fig. 6) The St George cross is also Soop, 2007: p. 133). without a doubt associated with England, but in the stern

45 Session: Ships and Ships Finds in the Baltic

Figure 6: A selection of carvings that filled the space between the caryatides. The sculpture on is believed to represent the late Karl X Gustav in his youth. Below is the uppermost part of a monumental shield that may be part the national coat-of-arms. To the right is a shield with a cross, which is very similar to the St George ornaments found on contemporary English ships (Niklas Eriksson). of Riksäpplet I assume that it was adjusted to a Swedish as the English arrangement of windows in the ship´s stern context. Here it is worth mentioning an obvious difference reduced the space available for these compulsory carvings. between English and Dutch ships when it comes to Sheldon suggested that they could be placed at the sides, . Whereas the English ships were commonly but the Admiralty insisted on placing both the Sovereign´s painted in monochrome, with gold-imitating paint on Orb (which revealed the name Riksäpplet) and the royal carvings towards a dark – usually black – background, the coat of arms on the , “according to the Swedish Dutch ships were largely polychrome, painted in natural manner” (Swedish: “enligt det svenska manéret”) (Börjesson, colours (Van Duivenvoorde et al., 2015: pp. 280–286; 1942: p. 269). In the end, Sheldon must have managed Laughton, 1925: p. 266; Soop, 2007). The Swedish ships to arrange all of this in a very delightful way that really were polychrome as well during this period. In a coloured pleased the Admiralty. In fact, they were so pleased that he drawing of a yacht that Sheldon made for Admiral Carl was asked to compose the sculptural arrangement for the Gustav Wrangel there is a shield with a cross of the same ship Nyckeln (another royal symbol) built at Bodekull by the shape, but it is painted in the blue and yellow colours of English master shipwright Thomas Day (Börjesson, 1942: p. the Swedish flag (LSH Inv nr 7135; Eriksson, 2015: p. 181; 272: Jakobsson, 1999: pp. 24–25; Lundgren, 1997: p. 27; 2017a, p. 157–191). 2000: p. 19). The ships Kronan, Svärdet and Nyckeln all had Some of the carvings adorning the exterior of Riksäpplet their name-symbols – the Crown, the Sword and the Key are mentioned in the written correspondence. Among – held up by two lions represented on the stern. It is thus these are the royal coat-of-arms, which was a mandatory reasonable to assume that Riksäpplet had a Sovereign´s Orb motif on the naval ships, but also a symbol that revealed held up by lions as well. the ship’s name (Fig. 6). Here Sheldon faced a problem,

46 Niklas Eriksson Riksäpplet (1676): resurrecting a neglected wreck

Conclusions Eriksson, N., 2014. Urbanism under Sail: an of fluit Despite the fact that Riksäpplet is one of the most battered ships in early modern everyday life, Diss, Södertörn University. and manhandled wrecks in Sweden, a surprising amount of Eriksson, N., 2015. Fragment av stormaktens försvarspolitik. skulpturerna från regalskeppet Riksäpplet, sjösatt 1661. the ship is still preserved on the seabed, in museums and Finskt museum 2013–2015, pp. 173–189. elsewhere. Together with documentary material, paintings Eriksson, N., 2017a. Riksäpplet: Arkeologiska perspektiv på ett and other images, as well as the wrecks of her unfortunate bortglömt regalskepp. Nordic Academic Press. sisters – Kronan and Svärdet – new insights regarding Eriksson, N., 2017b. The ship Riksäpplet and the introduction the introduction of different construction techniques and of English naval architecture in Sweden in the Seventeenth traditions can be made. Riksäpplet and the other ships century, Post-Medieval Archaeology. Eriksson, N. and Rönnby, J., 2017. ‘Smoking Guns’: new research built by the English Master Shipwrights that were recruited on two Early-Modern maritime battlefields in the Baltic, by the mid-seventeenth century were not identical to the Mars (1564) and Svärdet (1676). In: Van Holck, A. (ed.) ISBSA ones built for the English navy. A re-reading of the written proceedings. sources has shed new light on the role of the model Ö 3 Fox, F., 1980. The Battlefleet of Charles II. London. in the construction and design of Riksäpplet. Based on Glete, J., 1990. Äldre fartygsmodeller vid Statens sjöhistoriska mu- seum: Jan Glete sammanfattande rapport om undersökningen these combined sources, one may conclude that the ship av äldre fartygsmodeller vid Statens sjöhistoriska museum Riksäpplet represents a mix, a hybrid form of Dutch, 1989–1990. Unpublished paper: Swedish National Maritime Swedish and English architectonical influences, stirred by Museum. the hands of Master Shipwright Francis Sheldon, but under Glete, J., 2002. Kronans artilleri. Kort genomgång av arkivmaterial the constant supervision, adjustment and tasting of the och data om bärgade kanoner. Unpublished paper 2002-11- Swedish Admiralty (for further reading, see Eriksson 2017a 12. Stockholm University. Glete, J., 2010. Swedish Naval Administration 1521–1721, Resource and 2017b). Flows and Organisational Capabilities. BRILL, Lieden & . Goodwin, P., 1987. The Construction and Fitting of the English Man References of War, 1650–1850. London. Anderson, R.C., 1924. An English model at Stockholm. Mariners Hafström, G., 1958. Äldre tiders bärgningsarbeten vid vraket Mirror, 10, 2: pp. 216–218. efter skeppet Wasa. Tidskrift i sjöväsendet, 121, pp. 771–844. Anderson, R.C., 1957. Francis Sheldon and his family. Mariners Hafström, G., 2006. Salvage attempts 1628–1683, I Cederlund, C. Mirror, 43, 2: pp. 101–105. O. and Hocker, F. (Red.) Vasa 1: The Archaeology of a Swedish Arnshav, M., 2011,“Yngre vrak” – samtidsarkeologiska perspektiv på of 1628. : Oxbow books, pp. 68–107. ett nytt kulturarv. Huddinge: Södertörn University (Södertörn Hamilton, E., 1957. En marinarkeologisk undersökning utförd av Archaeological Studies 8). Statens Sjöhistoriska museum, I Albe, G., (Red.). Sjöhistorisk Bergman, E., 1954. Gamla varvet i Göteborg 1660–1825: historik årsbok 1955–1956. Föreningen Sveriges Sjöfartsmuseum, och beskrivning. Göteborg: Nautics förlag. Stockholm, pp. 163–183. Börjesson, H., 1942. Sjökrigsmateriel och skeppsbyggnad åren Holck, P., 1934. Cort Adeler. Gyldendal. 1612–1679, In: Lybeck, O. (ed.) Svenska flottans historia, Bd 1, Hoving, A., 2012. Nicolaes Witsen and Shipbuilding in the Dutch Malmö: Allhem, pp. 233–294. Golden Age. Texas A & M University Press, College Station. Cederlund, C.O., 1983. The Old Wrecks of the Baltic Sea. Oxford: Håkansson, H., 2014. Vid tidens ände: om stormaktstidens BAR (Intern. Ser. 186). vidunderliga drömvärld och en profet vid dess yttersta rand. Cederlund, C.O., 2012. Ett oskrivet kapitel i skeppet Vasas historia. Makadam, Göteborg. Forum navale, Vol. 86, pp. 9–63. Jakobsson, H., 1999. Tekniska influenser och central normer Cederlund, C.O., and Hocker, F. M., 2006. Vasa 1: the archaeology i svenskt skeppsbyggeri – Lübeck 1664–1667. Forum Navale, of a Swedish warship of 1628. Stockholm: SMM, Oxford: Vol. 55, pp. 26–43. Oxbow. Jakobsson, H., 2000. The warship in Swedish seventeenth society Van Duivenvoorde, W., Kaiser, B., Megens, L., van Bronswijk, W., – a cultural construction? Scandinavian journal of history, Vol. 2015. Pigments from the Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp) ship sculpture: 24, pp. 225–243. red, white and blue? Post-Medieval Archaeology, 49:2, pp. Lavery, B., 1987. The Arming and Fitting of English Ships of War, 269–290. 1600–1815. Naval Institute Press, London. Einarssson, L., 1990. Kronan – underwater archaeological in- Lavery, B., (ed.) 1981. Deane’s Doctrine of naval architecture, 1670. vestigations of a 17th-century man-of-war. The nature, aims Naval Institute Press, London. and development of a maritime cultural project. International Laughton, L.G.C., 2001 (1925). Old ship figure-heads and : Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 19:4, pp. 279–297. with which are associated galleries, hancing-pieces, Einarsson, L., 1997. Artefacts from the Kronan (1676): categories, and ad divers other matters that concern the “grace and preservation and social structure. In: Redknap, M. (ed.) counterance” of old sailing-ships. Dover Publications, Mineola, Artefacts from Wrecks: Dated assemblages from the Late Middle New York Ages to the Industrial Revolution. Oxbow (Oxbow Monograph Lundgren, K., 1997. Stora Cronan: byggandet, slaget, plundringen 84), Oxford, pp. 209–218. av Öland: en genomgång av historiens källmaterial. Färjestaden: Einarsson, L., 2015. Skeppssamhället Kronan. In: Einarsson, L.(ed.) Lenstad bok and bild. Skeppet, staden, stormakten, Kalmar läns museum: Kalmar, Lundgren, K., 2000. Sheldon, Day, Turner: tre engelska skepps- pp. 10–22. byggmästare i Sverige under stormaktstiden. Färjestaden: Ling- Einarsson, L., 2016. Regalskeppet Kronan: Historia och arkeologi ur stad bok and bild. djupet. Lund: Historiska media. Lundgren, K., 2001. Sjöslaget vid Öland: vittnesmål – dokument Endsor, R., 2009. The Restoration Warship: The Design, Construc- 1676–1677. 1. uppl. Kalmar: Lingstad bok and bild. tion and Career of a Third Rate of Charles II’s Navy. Conway Magalotti, L., 1912. Sverige under år 1674, från italienskan med Maritime Press, London 23 samtida bilder, utgifven av Stenbock, C. M. Nordstedts, Stockholm.

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Nilsson, A., 1987. Om Francis Sheldon, sir Anthony Deane och Tornqvist, C.G., 1788. Utkast till swenska flottans sjö-tåg. C.G. skeppet KRONAN: Ett rekonstruktionsförsök. In: I. Forsberg Tornqvist, Stockholm. Warringer, G. (ed.) Kalmar län 1987: Årsbok för kulturhistoria Winfield, R., 2009. British in the Age of Sail 1603–1714 och hembygdsvård, Kalmar läns museum, pp. 88–108. Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. Oscarsson, I., (red.) 2013. Den franske kammartjänarens resa: Witsen, N., 1671 (1979). Aeoloude en scheeps-bouw en bestier. minnen från länderna i norr på 1660-talet. Atlantis, Stockholm. Canaletto, Alphen aan den Rijn. Rålamb, Å.C., 1691 (1943). Skepsbyggerij – eller Adelig öfvings Zettersten, A., 1903. Svenska flottans historia: åren 1635–1680. tionde Tom. Sjöhistoriska museet, Stockholm. Norrtelje tidnings boktr. Norrtelje. Soop, H., 1992 (1986). The power and the glory: the sculptures of the warship Wasa. Kungl. Vitterhets-, historie- och antikvi- Abbreviations tetsakad, Stockholm, Kra Krigsarkivet, Swedish Military Archives Stackell, L., 1929. Ur regalskeppet Äpplets historia: efter dokument LSH Royal Armoury and Skokloster Castle with the Hallwyl i Riksarkivet och Flottans arkiv, stencil. Sjohistoriska museet, Museum Foundation (LSH). Stockholm. MAS Swedish Maritime Archaeological Society (Marinarkeolo- Svensson, S., 1961. Identifiering av några fartygsmodeller i Sjö- giska sällskapet). historiska museet, In: G. Albe (ed.), Sjöhistorisk årsbok 1959– NMM National Matitime Museum, . 1960, pp. 97–113. RA Riksarkivet, Swedish National Archives Svensson, S., 1963. Skeppsbyggeriet, In: Halldin, G. (ed.) Svenskt SMM Swedish National Maritime Museum. skeppsbyggeri: en översikt av utvecklingen genom tiderna. Allhems förlag, Malmö pp. 91–108.

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