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BIOLOGY of SEA TURTLES Volume II CRC Marine Biology SERIES Peter L The BIOLOGY of SEA TURTLES Volume II CRC Marine Biology SERIES Peter L. Lutz, Editor PUBLISHED TITLES Biology of Marine Birds E.A. Schreiber and Joanna Burger Biology of the Spotted Seatrout Stephen A. Bortone The BIOLOGY of SEA TURTLES Volume II Edited by Peter L. Lutz John A. Musick Jeanette Wyneken CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 1123 Front Matter.fm Page iv Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The biology of sea turtles / edited by Peter L. Lutz and John A. Musick. p. cm.--(CRC marine science series) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8493-1123-3 1. Sea turtles. I. Lutz, Peter L. II. Musick, John A. III. Series: Marine science series. QL666.C536B56 1996 597.92—dc20 96-36432 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1123-3/03/$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2003 CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1123-3 Library of Congress Card Number 96-36432 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 1123 Front Matter.fm Page v Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM Preface The success of the first volume of The Biology of Sea Turtles revealed a need for broad but comprehensive reviews of recent major advances in sea turtle biology. At that time, book size constraints as well as the fast-paced changes in some fields dictated that this need could be only partially addressed in a single volume. Many important topics were not covered and were left for future volumes. Volume II emphasizes practical aspects of biology that relate to sea turtle management and changes in marine and coastal ecosystems. These topics include the interactions of humans and sea turtles, an introduction to sea turtle anatomy, sensory and repro- ductive biology, sea turtle habitat use and ecology, stress and health, and the main- tenance of captive animals. This volume provides both historical and up-to-press- time information. The field is growing dramatically as established scientists expand their views and fine new scientists bring their novel ideas, techniques, and perspec- tives to the understanding and application of the biology of marine turtles. 1123 Front Matter.fm Page vi Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM 1123 Front Matter.fm Page vii Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM Acknowledgments The encouragement, support, and suggestions of colleagues, especially those at the annual meetings of the International Sea Turtle Symposium, the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute course in sea turtle biology, and the Duke University classes in sea turtle biology and conservation inspired this volume. We are extremely grateful to Melanie Harbin for editorial assistance and to those who contributed chapters as well as those who gave their precious time as reviewers. We thank John Sulzycki, CRC Press senior editor, for his support and patience. Erika Dery, production manager and Amy Rodriguez, project editor, CRC Press, helped shepherd the book through. Steven Lutz again provided a wonderful photo to serve as the cover to this volume. This book is dedicated to sea turtle biologists worldwide who are playing vital roles in preventing these fascinating marine reptiles from vanishing into oblivion. Peter L. Lutz Florida Atlantic University John A. (Jack) Musick Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary Jeanette Wyneken Florida Atlantic University 1123 Front Matter.fm Page viii Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM 1123 Front Matter.fm Page ix Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM Editors Peter L. Lutz, Ph.D., holds the McGinty Eminent Scholar Chair in Marine Biology at Florida Atlantic University. Dr. Lutz received both his B.Sc. (Honors) and Ph.D. from Glasgow University, Scotland. After earning his Ph.D. in 1970 he became a research associate with Dr. Knut Schmidt-Nielsen at Duke University, with whom he worked on avian physiology. He has held university faculty positions in Nigeria (University of Ife), England (Bath University), and the United States. In 1975 he joined the Department of Marine Biology and Fisheries at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, and became chair of that department in 1983, a post he held until he took his present position in 1991. As a comparative physiologist Dr. Lutz has worked on the physiology of a wide variety of organisms, from liver flukes to duck-billed platypuses. His current interests focus on turtles, particularly stress, diving, and hypoxia. Dr. Lutz is an editor for the Journal for Experimental Biology and is series editor for the Marine Biology Series published by CRC Press. He was a governing council member of the Bahamas National Trust and a fellow of the Explorers Club. He has authored more than 150 research papers and 4 books. John A. (Jack) Musick, Ph.D., holds the Marshall Acuff Chair in Marine Science at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), College of William and Mary, where he has served on the faculty since 1967. He earned his B.A. in Biology from Rutgers University in 1962 and his M.A. and Ph.D. in Biology from Harvard University in 1964 and 1969, respectively. While at VIMS he has successfully mentored 32 masters and 39 Ph.D. students. Dr. Musick has been awarded the Thomas Ashley Graves Award for Sustained Excellence in Teaching from the College of William and Mary and the Outstanding Faculty Award from the State Council on Higher Education in Virginia. He has published more than 100 scientific papers and 7 books focused on the ecology of sea turtles, sharks, and other marine fishes. In 1985 he was elected a Fellow by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has received Distinguished Service Awards from both the American Fisheries Society and the American Elasmobranch Society, for which he has served as president. Dr. Musick also has served as president of the Annual Sea Turtle Symposium (now the International Sea Turtle Society), and as member of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Marine Turtle Specialist Group. Dr. Musick currently serves as co-chair of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group, and on two national, five regional, and five state scientific advisory committees concerned with marine resource management and conservation. 1123 Front Matter.fm Page x Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM Jeanette Wyneken, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at Florida Atlantic University. Dr. Wyneken earned a B.A. from Illinois Wesleyan University and her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1988. She was a research associate at the University of Illinois from 1988 through 1989, then took a position at Florida Atlantic University in 1990 where she became a research assistant professor until assuming her current position in 2000. Dr. Wyneken has successfully mentored seven masters students while at Florida Atlantic University. She developed and has taught the Biology of Sea Turtles course at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution since 1996. Along with Selina Heppell and Larry Crowder, she helped develop and teach Duke Uni- versity’s Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles course. She maintains professional affiliations with Duke University Marine Laboratory and Mote Marine Laboratory. Dr. Wyneken is a former president of the Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation (now the International Sea Turtle Society). As a functional and evolutionary morphologist, Dr. Wyneken has studied a variety of lower vertebrates; much of her attention is focused on the integration of anatomy, physiology, and behavior in understanding marine turtle biology. Her work emphasizes the integral roles these play in the conservation and management of marine turtles. She has authored more than 20 research papers and one book. She is a member of a number of professional organizations, including the IUCN Marine Turtle Specialists Group, the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Sigma Xi, and the Association for Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians. 1123 Front Matter.fm Page xi Thursday, November 14, 2002 11:25 AM Contributors Karen A.
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