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Archaeological Excavation RAISING AND CONSERVING THE MARY ROSE SUSTAINABILITY The Mary Rose Museum has been shortlisted for the 2018 European Museum of the Year award. It houses the Mary Rose hull and thousands of Tudor artefacts that were sealed under clay and silt when it sank in 1545. Technology has helped detect, rescue, resurrect and conserve the remains of Henry VIII’s warship since the mission to find it began in the 1960s. Engineering writer Dominic Joyeux talked to Dr Eleanor Schofield, Head of Conservation and Collections Care, and Christopher Dobbs, Head of Interpretation and Maritime Archaeology, to find out more. On 19 July 1545, an army sent and only some rigging and guns From 1965 onwards, in by Francis I, King of France, tried were brought to the surface. conjunction with the local to enter Portsmouth Harbour to Apart from cursory excavations branches of the British Sub-Aqua land troops and go into battle by pioneer divers in the 1830s, Club, he set up ‘Project Solent with the English. As skirmishes the hull laid untouched for over Ships’ to look for wrecks in the began, a strong wind picked 400 years. Solent. For the first time in the The Mary Rose Museum is alongside HMS Victory in Portsmouth’s Historic Dockyard, close to where the Tudor warship was originally constructed in the early up enabling the 34-year-old UK, sub-bottom profiling, using 1500s, and subsequently sank in 1545. © Hufton+Crow English warship Mary Rose to sonar scans to identify and gather speed and confront the ARCHAEOLOGICAL characterise layers of sediment French galleys. EXCAVATION or rock under the seafloor, was What happened next, and The destructive activity of fungi, carried out by his team to look why, has been the subject of bacteria and wood-boring for archeological sites. much conjecture; a mix of poor crustacians and molluscs In the late 1960s, a communication, strong winds began to break down the ship’s combination of dual-channel and overloading did not help structure. After exposed parts sidescan sonar, which is a sonar the Mary Rose. What is certain of the ship had collapsed, the device that emits conical or RAISING AND is that the 600 tonne warship site was naturally covered by fan-shaped pulses toward the suddenly heeled over to its silts and eventually became seafloor and records the acoustic starboard side where water the same level as the seabed. reflections, and sub-bottom rushed into its open gunports A hard, shelly layer of sediment profiling revealed an anomaly in and it quickly sank. sealed the site and helped to an area of the seafloor thought The warship sank 15 metres prevent microorganisms from to be the resting place of the and lodged itself at a 60-degree further damaging the ship’s Mary Rose. The monitoring CONSERVING angle to starboard on the wooden frame and locked in its equipment sent down sound soft clay of the seabed. The remaining contents, as well as pulses to reflect or penetrate first attempt to salvage it was hiding the vessel from sight. the seafloor. Those that did attempted a few days later, The search for, and discovery penetrate were either reflected but the tried method of lifting of, the Mary Rose was driven or refracted as they passed wrecks from shallow waters did by a local historian and writer through different layers of THE MARY ROSE not work as the cables could Alexander McKee, who later sediment and these signals were not be passed under the hull became Director of Excavations. gathered by the surface vessel. 12 INGENIA INGENIA ISSUE 74 MARCH 2018 13 RAISING AND CONSERVING THE MARY ROSE SUSTAINABILITY RAISING THE MARY ROSE The first step of the plan to lift the Mary Rose tackled the problem of ‘bottom suction’, whereby the ship was embedded within the silt and clay of the seabed. This was achieved using 12 hydraulic jacks raising a lifting frame slowly [Figure 1], over a period of several days, up its four legs. When Henry VIII’s flagship the Mary Rose heeled over with water rushing A network of bolts and internal lifting wires was created, into the lower open gunports many men were trapped by the anti- rather than the traditional salvage method of using external boarding netting on the upper deck, which was designed to stop raiders getting on. It is estimated that more than 400 men drowned that day strops. This spread the loading of the lift across the entire © Geoff Hunt (artist)/Mary Rose Trust structure of the hull, avoiding the need for heavy stiffening inside the hull. Each of the 67 main lifting points had a bolt A second geophysical survey further funding raised under the passed through the hull that, when tightened down onto the Figure 1 © Mary Rose Trust using two pingers operating at patronage of HRH The Prince of internal and external spreader plates, acted as clamps to hold frequencies of 5 and 12 kilohertz Wales, meant that the project The crane lifting the Mary Rose hull out of the Solent, lying on its yellow cradle, is an image that millions of TV viewers retain from the memorable the hull firmly together. The salvage diving team fitted a further discovered four more anomalies. attracted enough finance and morning of Monday 11 October 1982 © Christopher Dobbs/Mary Rose Trust 103 bolts to act as additional clamps. This was sufficient enough to expertise to attempt to raise the Once each section of the hull was wired up to the lifting frame, point the search team to the hull. structural engineers and naval the yellow frame on a barge and the hull was undercut to find the next row of backplate positions. vessel’s resting place. architects agreed that it should took it to Portsmouth Historic This meant that the divers always worked under areas of the hull A team of volunteer divers be possible to reinforce and Dockyard’s dry dock number that were held up from above. The divers carried out this work explored the area. Using BACK TO LAND recover the hull. Although the three, close to where Henry VIII using a combination of a water jet to cut through the hard clay water jets and airlifts, they There were few precedents for remaining hull was an open had the warship built nearly 500 with a 150-milliimetre airlift to extract the spoil [Figure 2]. It was began to excavate and were raising centuries-old sunken shell, rather than a complete years before. too dark and murky to see anything, so the team placed steel encouraged by the appearance ships onto dry land. The most cross section with transverse rods in the bolt holes that helped the divers to locate the next of stray pieces of timber. The relevant was the Swedish 17th strength, a plan was drawn up PRESERVING area by feel. breakthrough came in May 1971 century warship Vasa, which [see Raising the Mary Rose]. The team carried out this work during 1982, with an October when a diver found three of the had been lifted to the surface On 11 October 1982, media THE HULL deadline for the lift. At that point, the newly exposed hull would port frames of the Mary Rose. of Stockholm harbour 20 years gathered from all over the For the first few weeks of be at the mercy of winter tides and currents that would be The silt had preserved the before. There is a strong link world and an estimated 60 ‘passive holding’, a pumping archaeologically damaging. Nevertheless, the last two months buried items and divers began between the teams who work million people watched the system kept the timber work of represented diving marathons for the professional divers, staff and Figure 2 © Jonathan Adams/Mary Rose Trust to bring a veritable Tudor on the Mary Rose and the Vasa, raising of the hull on television. the Mary Rose soaked, enabling Royal Engineers working to the underwater salvage timetable. treasure trove to the surface. who continue to contact each Above the water, a giant thousands of litres of seawater a Babcock Power Construction commissioned a lifting frame Between 1979 and 1982, other at all levels, be it for floating crane called Tog Mor minute to pass over it. The ship’s and a cradle to place the Mary Rose into. Sub-contractor 28,000 dives brought up 19,000 conservation, research or even took the strain and transferred conservators then switched Barnshaws Section Benders used section drawings made from the artefacts, including cannons, museum activities. the hull frame onto the cradle this to freshwater and a chilling archaeological surveys to produce beams that formed the cradle gun carriages, wooden tankards The Vasa had been lifted as divers monitored the process system held the water at 2°C that would hold the 35-metre-long, 14-metre-high hull of the and even nit combs. The objects using cable slings passed on the seabed. The crane to discourage microorganisms. warship. The cradle, lined with air bags, dropped down beside the went into ‘passive’ storage to underneath the hull, which winched the cradle very slowly They then placed a temporary hull a few days before the lifting operation began. stop any deterioration before were then attached to two to the surface, where the hull building around the hull, which Once the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of conservation could begin. pontoons above and gradually encountered air again for the was to stay in place for the the sea bed, it was transferred underwater to the cradle [Figure 3].
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