Monitoring, Safeguarding and Visualizing North-European Shipwreck Sites: Common European Cultural Heritage - Challenges for Cultural Resource Management S Newsletter2/2004 MMMOS MMMarch 2004 A shipwreck research project funded by the European Union Culture 2000 Programme

contents Newsletter 2002:I Sallamaria Tikkanen, Riikka Alvik: Theme: Introduction What is MoSS? 1 December 2002

Newsletter 2003:I P. Palma & D. Gregory: Introduction Theme: Vrouw Maria 3 May 2003 Paola Palma: Who’s who Newsletter 2003:II 3 Theme: The Darss Cog June 2003 David Gregory: Degradation of wooden shipwrecks: threats 4 Newsletter 2003:III Theme: The Eric Nordevall October 2003 Paola Palma: Aims and goals 5 Newsletter 2003:IV Theme: The Burgzand Noord 10 Paola Palma: Methods and Logistics December 2003 6

Newsletter 2004:I David Gregory: Data loggers Theme: The Visualization Theme 8 January 2004 Paola Palma: Analyses Newsletter 2004:II 9 Theme: The Monitoring Theme March 2004

Newsletter 2004:III Theme: The Safeguarding Theme May 2004 Theme: Monitoring S Sallamaria Tikkanen, Riikka Alvik MMMOS What is MoSS? he MoSS project is not only to the general public but also For more information, please contact Ms based on four ship- to the experts in the area of pro- Riikka Alvik (Mrs. Tikkanen is on maternity wrecks, all of which are tecting the cultural heritage. The aim leave), MoSS Project Leader, The Maritime of great significance is to awaken European peoples’ Museum of Finland. Tel. +358 9 4050 9057 from a European point interest to our common underwater Fax + 358 9 4050 9060 of view and show a cultural heritage and to have the Email. [email protected] diversity of intercultural general public participate in T Web site: http://www.mossproject.com relationships throughout a long period protecting the heritage. The wrecks of history. The wrecks are located in of the project – ships that sailed on Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and European waters – act as examples Finland, and they represent different of maritime history as they tell us vessel types. The oldest of the wrecks about the many local and inter- is dated to the 13th century whereas national dimensions of the European the youngest is from the middle of the culture. 19th century. The wrecks are in different kinds of underwater environ- The MoSS project is organized by ments; in sea, lake, and brackish The Maritime Museum of Finland (co- waters, and the conditions on the ordinator), The Mary Rose Arch- sites are both stable and unstable. aeological Services Ltd. (United The wrecks have preserved extremely Kingdom), The National Service for well; two of them are almost intact. Archaeological Heritage: Netherlands Institute for Ship- and Underwater The MoSS project has three main Archaeology ROB/NISA (the themes: monitoring, safeguarding and Netherlands), The National Museum visualizing shipwrecks. The first theme of Denmark/Centre for Maritime includes monitoring the condition of Archaeology (Denmark), The the wrecks, or in other words doing Department for Preservation of research on the degradation of Archaeological Sites and Monuments shipwrecks under water. / Archaeological State Museum of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern The aim of this theme is to develop (Germany), and Södertörns högskola and improve the methods used in – University College (Sweden). monitoring the physical and environ- mental conditions of shipwrecks. The The MoSS Project is the first inter- second theme is safeguarding, which national shipwreck project that aims at outlining and developing European Community Culture 2000 models to protect shipwrecks so that Programme funds. The European also the needs of different public Community Culture 2000 Program- groups are taken into account. The me is a programme that supports third theme is visualizing. The four international cultural co-operation shipwreck sites will be made physi- projects that involve organizers from cally visible using underwater and several countries. The objectives are other images. The project will be among other things to encourage co- advertised multilingually to the operation, to promote the common European public. European cultural heritage, and to disseminate the knowledge of the The MoSS project consists of field- history and culture of the peoples of work, Internet site, publications, Europe. In 2001, it was the first time posters, leaflets, reports, articles, projects on sub-aquatic archaeology meetings, and seminars. One of the were especially called to take part in 2 objectives is to produce information the program. Paola Palma

P. Palma & Introduction D. Gregory With the ever-increasing discoveries of vention on the Protection of the such as whether they are buried or shipwreck finds and other submerged Underwater Cultural Heritage*, which exposed, what is the chemistry and structures, there is a growing need to states, “The protection of underwater biology of the site, as well as the develop alternative methods of cultural heritage through in situ pre- geomorphological, geophysical and storage and stabilisation of these servation shall be considered as the ecological conditions they are ex- archaeological finds. This problem is first option”. posed to. threefold: first, the initial storage and Archaeological investigation can be In more general terms, an underwater conservation is costly; second, re- a non-intrusive process, especially archaeological structure is consider- sources may not be available to when it involves the study of marine ed relatively stable and at equilibrium provide full conservation; third, it may environmental factors that act on site. with its surroundings, after centuries not always be desirable, or necessary, The scientific study of the environ- of non-disturbance. When these to excavate a submerged site, yet as mental conditions that underwater factors change, either because the part of the cultural resource it should archaeological remains are subjected natural conditions of the site change be stabilised and managed in situ. to, is fundamental for the investigation or because of human interference, the Also it should not be forgotten that and interpretation of the site itself. It equilibrium is altered, affecting the excavation is a destructive process also provides essential information for condition of the archaeological and therefore should be chosen as a more effective preservation methods remains. The scientific study of the solution only when the right infrastruct- to be applied in situ or for conser- environmental and ecological ures exist and/or the archaeological vation of the artefacts in a situation conditions of a site, enables the and technological lessons to be learnt where a structure is exposed. Or- identification of actual and potential are rather unique. ganic and inorganic archaeological threats to the archaeological heritage This desire for in situ preservation has material in the pelagic and benthic as well as the development of been politically galvanised in Rule 1 environments are subject to different appropriate monitoring methods, of the Annex of the UNESCO Con- levels of threat, depending on factors suitable to the particular site and its environment. * http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/underwater/html_eng/convention.shtml Who’s who? ary Rose Archaeo- manston Log Boats, logical Services Ltd all of which are two (MRAS) is the orga- thousand years old. nisation responsible In 1999 MRAS com- for the Monitoring pleted the conser- aspect of the MoSS vation of the Dover project. Bronze Age Boat, MMRAS was started in 1996, with the which is one of the objective to make available to the oldest ships on dis- archaeological community, the wealth play in the UK. of experience acquired by the Mary The Mary Rose Trust Rose Trust over the last twenty-five is the lead museum years. MRAS is a wholly owned for Maritime Arch- subsidiary of the Mary Rose Trust aeology and Con- [MRT] and all profits are transferred servation in the UK. Mary Rose Museum (Mary Rose Trust) to the MRT to contribute to the Paola Palma, Dr Mark Jones and David Gregory from the National considerable cost of conserving the Charles Barker from MRAS are Museum of Denmark is acting as a Mary Rose. actively involved in running and consultant for this phase, having a At present MRAS is involved in managing the Monitoring phase of the wide experience in deterioration of conservation the Guernsey Romano- MoSS Project from a financial and archaeological material in the marine Celtic ship, the Fiskerton and Gor- scientific point of view. environment. 3 S David Gregory MMMOS Degradation of wooden shipwrecks: threats he factors affecting dissolved oxygen wood in the marine content; if there is environment vary de- little or no oxygen pending upon whether present they cannot the wood is exposed to respire and survive. seawater or buried After the marine Twithin sediments. borers, fungi and bacteria are the next a. Physical Threat agents of deterioration When a wooden ship sinks it may to consider. These come to rest on or in the seabed. The micro-organisms have marine environment in many a relatively minor part instances is very dynamic and to play in the total physical processes, such as scour breakdown of wood in and sediment movement, around seawater but their Sample of Pinus sylvestris degraded by teredo navalis (P. Palma) shipwreck sites are potentially the activity will affect its long-term of the sediments can be determined most damaging threat as they can preservation. As with the woodborers by measuring what is termed redox destabilise a site leading to the rapid oxygen is a limiting factor for most potential, (Eh), which gives an loss of archaeological material. If a marine fungi and levels of less than indication of the oxidising or reducing shipwreck is not in immediate danger 0.30 ml / litre (approximately 0.5mg / nature of the environment. Oxidising of being “washed away” by currents litre) have been reported to prevent environments are those in which and tides, it will be progressively their growth. Bacteria, unlike the there is a tendency for chemical colonised by a variety of biological marine borers and fungi, can survive species to lose their electrons - this organisms. in environments with very low oxygen tendency can be measured in terms concentrations. However, in a typical of the redox potential, Eh. Conver- b. Biological Threat littoral marine sediment only the first sely, reducing environments are This is initiated by the attachment of few millimetres of the sediment are those where chemical species are bacteria to the surface, followed by oxygenated, although bio-turbation by encouraged to take up electrons from other micro-organisms including invertebrates, wave action or other their surroundings. The acidity / diatoms, fungi, micro algae, protozoa cultural and natural processes may basicity, or pH, is often measured in and boring crustacea and mollusca. extend this oxygenated zone down- conjunction with redox potential as Bacteria and fungi produce extra wards. Depth of sediment does affect these two parameters together can cellular enzymes, which destroy the the numbers of micro-organisms aid characterisation of the natural material on which they grow, while the present; relatively high numbers of environment and provide a better crustaceans and mollusca bore into aerobic bacteria and fungi occur in understanding of its chemical the wood, which they ingest and may the first few centimetres of most behaviour. Marine sediments exhibit subsequently utilise. Additionally marine sediments but numbers taper a profile of chemical species there are fouling organisms such as off in deeper sediment layers and it distribution ranging from an oxidised algae, polysoa, tunicata and has been reported that anaerobic zone at the surface, where levels of mollusca, which use the wood as a bacteria only survive to a depth of 50 oxygen, nitrate and ferric ions are substrate to grow upon. - 62cm. relatively high, through a transitional By far the most damaging of these zone to a reduced zone where the organisms are the marine wood- c. Chemical Parameters concentration of the aforementioned borers, which may cause damage In open seawater parameters such ions is virtually zero and instead, and loss of archaeological information as dissolved oxygen, salinity, levels of ferrous, sulphide and to exposed shipwrecks in a relatively temperature and depth will all affect ammonium ions are appreciab- short period of time. The major factors colonisation of exposed timbers by le. These chemical changes with influencing the colonisation by marine woodborers. Within marine sediments depth in the sediment are connected borers are temperature, salinity, depth oxygen levels are often very low, to a change in habitat conditions from and the dissolved oxygen content of approaching anoxic. In addition to aerobic to anaerobic. the water. The “determining” factor for measuring dissolved oxygen infor- 4 colonisation by marine borers is the mation about the chemical processes Paola Palma

Aims and goals he aim of the MoSS 2003:I,II,IV for more information). All is exposed and conditions are mainly project undertaken three sites have different environ- anaerobic. Temperatures on this site from June 2002, is to mental characteristics. This is an vary from 3 - 16° C. This is considered develop a methodo- important factor in helping us to a fairly stable site, despite intrusive logy for monitoring the establish whether the same moni- human activities such as diving and degradation of ship- toring strategy is suitable in different fishing. Twreck sites in situ. circumstances. The deterioration of material such as Burgzand Noord 10 is approximately wood and textile are observed in The Vrouw Maria is relatively deep and 50% exposed due to the shallowness relation to study of the biological, the level of sedimentation is very low. (8 - 10 m) of the site combined with chemical and physical processes This would suggest mainly aerobic strong currents and tidal movements. acting on the sites. A methodology conditions. The site is also affected The very high level of sedimentation for the preservation of shipwreck by strong currents, water movements facilitates anaerobic conditions but in materials has been devised to and low temperatures (between 2 - the exposed part of the wreck a high scientifically understand the most 4° C), which possibly reduces the concentration of destructive orga- suitable methods for protection in activity of bacteria and fungi. The nisms and fouling activities has been situ. majority of the wreck is exposed. found. Temperatures here vary around Altogether, this site is quite stable. 6 - 21°C. The site is considered The three wreck sites considered in unstable. the monitoring phase of the MoSS The Darss cog site is quite shallow Project are the Vrouw Maria in (6 m) and with strong currents but Finland, the Darss Kogge in Germany these water movements do not and the Burgzand Noord 10 in The prevent a high level of sedimentation. Netherlands (see MoSS Newsletters In fact only around 5% of the wreck

Map of the sites 5 S Paola Palma MMMOS Methods and Logistics o assess the degra- dation occurring within each site, wooden blocks of oak, pine and archaeological wood have been placed in Tboth exposed and buried conditions. Also, a test fabric has been placed in the sediment adjacent to each site. Data loggers have been deployed to investigate the physical and environ- mental characteristics, and geo- physical investigations carried out.

Samples in Aerobic Environment To establish the deterioration of wood exposed on the seabed, a method was devised that deployed samples into aerobic conditions, aimed at Samples in aerobic environment (Archaeological State Museum of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) understanding the factors that affect in an exposed location above the specified in the Newsletter about the the wood and the nature and speed sediment. After a period of 3 months Safeguarding Theme. of degradation. It is well known that the first set was collected. Already exposed wood is vulnerable to marine evidence of superficial change was After three months of exposure on woodborers, fungi and aerobic bac- visible to the naked eye. site, the first batch of wooden blocks teria and through this monitoring has been collected and analyses method, samples have been placed A physical barrier system has been started. for subsequent collection and evalu- utilized for some of the wooden The second batch was collected after ation at regular intervals. samples. This meant wrapping the one year and analyses are ongoing. samples in a synthetic “geotextile” Samples remaining on the sites are At each site, rows of wooden blocks called Terram, widely used in civil due to be retrieved after 2, 3, 4 years (oak, pine and archaeological wood engineering. The deployment of the and potentially after longer periods. – in sets of three) have been placed “geotextile” and initial results will be Altogether around 450 wooden blocks

6 Preparation of samples (Mary Rose Trust) Samples in anaerobic environment (Archaeological State Museum of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) have been used in the aerobic wood phase.

Samples in Anaerobic Environment To assess the processes that occur beneath the sediment in an under- water environment, the approach chosen for the MoSS Project has been to bury blocks of oak and pine in the proximity of each wreck site. To facilitate the placement and collection, samples have been assembled in rows and housed within plastic pipes with drilled holes. In total 840 small samples (5 x 2.5 x 3cm) have been used and collection has been scheduled for regular periods starting with a period on site of three Cotton fabric Shirley after three months on site (P. Palma) months.

The extent of wood degradation is assessed by visual analysis, photo- graphy, X-Ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy and wood density, using the same methodologies described for the aerobic samples. Underwater conditions where limited presence of oxygen occurs, may determine the degradation rate of buried wood. Erosion and tunnelling bacteria are likely to be found in these situations (Blanchette et al. 1990). The collection of samples at regular intervals will hopefully identify when the attack was initiated and the rate at which it proceeds. Pine sample ready to be inserted in the pipe to be buried in the sediment (Mary Rose Trust) Textile Samples A control material, Shirley Textile, has The cotton fabric was cut into strips Instron instrument at the Textile also been placed within the sediment. and attached using cable ties to Conservation Centre in Winchester. The fabric consists of 96% cellulose Perspex bars for easier insertion into The tests conducted so far have and this enables the extent of attack the sediment. shown that quite a significant level of caused by cellulose deteriorating The samples were placed in the degradation of the fabric has occurred bacteria and fungi to be determined; sediment and collected at regular in all cases after only three months cellulose being a major component intervals from three months to one in the sediment. It also shows of wood. It may be that micro year. The specimens were inspected degradation was occurring at different organisms which attack the material and photographed, then allowed to rates at the different sites. are not directly responsible for dry in a fume cupboard for 48 hours The soil burial cloth has been supplied deterioration of wood but will give an before being removed for tensile by Shirley Dyeing and Finishing Ltd. indication of the likelihood of attack testing by Dr Paul Wyeth of the by cellulolytic organisms (DG). University of Southampton, using an 7 S David Gregory MMMOS Data loggers n order to measure the The configuration of the data logger sediment movement are also being physical conditions in open has been specifically developed for trialled to assess the movement of seawater and the marine the MoSS project using Eauxsys’ sediment around the BZN 10 and sediments at each site a data existing technology and adapting it Darsser Cog. In the sediment itself, logging system, which is to the projects purpose. In open pH and redox potential are being capable of logging the various seawater, the system measures measured. I parameters every hour for up temperature, depth, dissolved oxygen to three months, has been developed and conductivity (which can be The system for measuring within the in collaboration with the company converted to salinity). In addition sediment is that sensors on “flying Eauxsys in England. sensors to measure turbidity and leads” are placed inside dipwells (perforated plastic tubes), which are placed within the sediment. The idea being that interstitial pore water from the sediment flows into the dipwells and the sensors measure the para- meters within this water. Through this system it will be possible to see how the aforementioned parameters change with time and how they affect the sites in question.

The programme deployed two data loggers on the Darss cog and Burgzand Noord 10 sites - Water- Watch System 2681 - SebSea Logger from EauxSys (UK) Ltd. The systems deployed on the Vrouw Maria site are SBE16 plus SEACAT provided by Seabirds. EauxSys data logger (NISA)

EauxSys datalogger after 3 months on site (NISA) Brand new data logger (bottom) and data logger after one month on site (NISA) 8 Paola Palma

Analyses eophysics Geophysics is a useful non-intrusive method for the iden- tification and inter- pretation of ship- wreck sites that can Gbe deployed as a pre-disturbance survey. Many methods have been used to interpret the three sites within the MoSS project, including Side Scan Sonar, Sediment Sonar, Geo-radar and Acoustic Doppler Current Profi- ling. For each of these we refer you to the appropriate site newsletters already published (MoSS News- letters 2003: I,II,III,IV). Cross section of samples attacked by Teredo navalis. (P. Palma) taken to the English Heritage X-Ray on samples from the Burgzand Noord The following tests are being com- lab at Fort Cumberland, Portsmouth. 10 was detected at different stages. pleted for each set of samples X-Rays have proven to be a very Heavily attacked blocks were subse- recovered: effective method for determining wood quently opened for species analyses. - Photography degradation. For each sample ana- On the other hand, some samples - X-Ray lysed with this system, images reflect visually showing small superficial - Scanning Electron Microscopy the actual status of the timber holes did not show further internal - Light Microscopy sample, allowing the researcher to degradation when analysed by X-Ray. - Weight Loss evaluate if more detailed tests have This may be a sign of initial attack at - ID of marine organisms to be carried out or not. For example, a larval stage. - Wood Density attack from wood-boring organisms - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Photography All samples are digitally photographed on reception. Those wrapped in Terram bags are photographed both with and without the geotextile. Blocks are photographed first with sediment and fouling organisms resulting from the stay on site. They are then carefully cleaned, photo- graphed and analysed again. Degra- dation was evident even on superficial visual investigation of samples exposed for three and twelve months.

X-Ray This procedure has been used as a diagnostic tool to establish if any infestation has occurred and what stage it may have reached. Once photographed, samples were X-Ray of samples showing barnacles and Teredo attack (K. Graham) 9 S MMMOS

Light Microscope. Images were captured digitally using Leica Q50 image analysis software.

Weight Loss To determine the level of biological degradation at each wreck site, weight loss in the samples is one of the most important factors to consider. This is determined using the moisture content of each sample after different periods of exposure on the site. Once the sample has been retrieved and the surface sediment washed away, the sample is weighed then oven-dried overnight at a temperature of 105°C and weighed again. This process continues until the weight is stable.

SEM image of a pine sample, magnified 50 times (P. Palma) A simple equation has been used from Kollmann and Côté (1968): Scanning Electron Microscopy examined using a “Jeol” JSM-600 To identify bacterial and fungal scanning microscope at different activity, sections of wood 0.5 cm thick kVs. were fixed, dehydrated and dried using a Polaron E3000 critical point Light Stereo Microscopy ID of Marine Organisms dryer. These were then mounted on Wooden hand-cut sections were For this investigation, samples were aluminium stubs, gold coated and examined using the Leica MZ6 Stereo taken to the Marine Laboratory of the University of Portsmouth. Here marine zoologists and mycologists helped in the analysis of the blocks to identify species attacking the wood. In many cases the presence of colonies of fungi and different species of fouling organisms was detected. Many samples have been found severely degraded by woodboring organisms such as a specimen belonging to the family Teredinidae.

The degree of attack on blocks is assessed by visual examination as well as by using a dissecting micro- scope. The degradation rate is evaluated on the basis of the extent of the galleries dug by these orga- nisms into the wooden samples, over a given exposure period. A point-rating scheme combining the LSM graph showing Teredo tunnels (P. Palma) American Society for Testing and 10 Materials and the European rating archaeological wood. In: Archaeo- logical Wood. Properties, Chemistry and Preservation. Ed. Rowell R.M. & Barbour R.J. American Chemical Society. Kollmann F.F.P., Côté W.A., 1968. Principles of wood science and * From Pournou, 1999. technology I. Solid Wood. Springer- scheme, was adopted (see above providing detailed analyses of the Verlag. table). major carbon forms that can be linked Oxley I., 1998. The environment of to different lignin components. This historic shipwreck sites: a review of Wood Density technique provides information about the preservation of material, site Basic density (R) is calculated in a the loss of wood components as well formation and site environmental number of ways and the MoSS as the chemical transformation of the assessment. Thesis for MSc. S. Project utilized the oven-dried weight residual components (Hedges, 1990). Andrews. and wet waterlogged volume. From the original sample, a section Panshin, A.J. and De Zeeuw, C., of wood of roughly 7.5 x 3 x 2.5 cm is 1980. Textbook of wood technology: The following formula was used: cut away and oven-dried at a tempera- Structure, identification, properties ture of 50°C. It is then cut into small and uses of the commercial woods fragments and subsequently milled of the United States and Canada, and sieved. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Pournou A., 1999. In situ protection Nuclear Magnetic Resonance This is a very expensive test and the and conservation of the Zakynthos The chemistry of waterlogged wood preparation of each sample has to be wreck. PhD Thesis, Portsmouth. varies under the influence of burial carefully carried out to avoid contami- Turner R.D. 1966. A Survey and conditions such as water chemistry nation from different components. Illustrated Catalogue of the Tere- and presence of degrading orga- dinidae. The Museum of comparative nisms. NMR is an extensive method Reference: zoology. Harvard University, for the chemical analysis of the wood Hedges J.I., 1990. The chemistry of Cambridge. Unger A., Schniewind A.P., Unger W., 2001. Conservation of Wood Artifacts. Springer.

Thanks: Special thanks are due Robert Loveridge and Derek Weights at the Dept of Geology, University of Portsmouth, Karla Graham at English Heritage, Luisa Borges, Chloe Delgery, Alan Rizzo, Rod Eaton and Simon Cragg, Dept. of Biology at the University of Portsmouth, Paul Wyeth at the University of Southamp- ton, Mark E. Smith from Dept. of Physics of the University of Warwick, Gervais Sawyer form Buckingham- shire Chilterns University College, Alice Overmeer from NISA, Glenn McConnachie, Mark Jones, Chris Dobbs and Douglas McElvogue from Specimen of Teredo navalis found on one of the samples (P. Palma) Mary Rose Trust. 11 meetings & seminars “Documentation of of June 2004. The th The next meeting will The next meeting and the 6 th of June and at Forsvik Shipyard th

.mossproject.com and the forthcoming newsletters. .mossproject.com and the forthcoming “Visualization of Shipwrecks and Shipwreck Sites.”

Shipwreck Sites and Photogrammetry.” Association, Karlsborg, on June 28 2003 on the theme Association, Karlsborg, on June 28 2003 of The second seminar was held at the Vasa Museum in Vasa The second seminar was held at the the 27 Stockholm be held in The third seminar of the MoSS-project will Portsmouth, UK on the 5 www Meetings: the within discussion staged for are meetings The project of the the representatives are mainly held by project and the At the meetings in the project. nations different project, general issues of the discuss about the participants the sites and evaluating work done at the the research how matters are also results of it. Important methods and within the published and used is going to be the information project. There are also subgroups for different themes of the in the project. the different themes England and will be arranged by be held in Portsmouth, Services Ltd. Archaeological the Mary Rose Seminars: and Maritime archaeological scholars, experts invited to these practitioners from around the world are progress and open seminars to hear and discuss more seminar is evaluation of the project themes. One scheduled, two have already been held. on The first open seminar was held in Schwerin November 10 2002 on the theme of aims of the seminar are monitoring, safeguarding and aims of the seminar are monitoring, safeguarding information will managing the shipwreck sites. More detailed site be available during spring 2004 in our Internet what’s on? what’s

Editor: Carl Olof Cederlund Phone +46 8 608 4201 [email protected] Theme coordinator: Paola Palma [email protected] Hautsalo Layout: Vesa Phone +358 9 4050 9072 [email protected]

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This project has been carried out with the support of the European Community. The content of this project does not necessarily This project has been carried out with the support of the European Community. nor does it involve any responsibility on the part of the European Community reflect the position of the European Community, O Helsinki, Finland PL 913, FIN-00101 Antiquities The National Board of Publisher:

European union Published quartely with the support of the Culture 2000 Programme of the

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