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Pałac Królewski W Łobzowie W Czasach Jana III Sobieskiego. W

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Pałac Królewski W Łobzowie W Czasach Jana III Sobieskiego. W NAUKA SCIENCE Piotr Pikulski*, Klaudia Stala** Pałac królewski w Łobzowie w czasach Jana III Sobieskiego. W poszukiwaniu autora projektu odbudowy rezydencji na podstawie analizy dorobku architektów Piotra Bebera, Tylmana z Gameren i Augustyna Locciego Royal palace in Łobzow in the times of Jan III Sobieski. Search for the author of the reconstruction project of the residence, based on the analysis of the architectonic achievements of Piotr Beber, Thieleman van Gameren and Augustyn Locci Słowa kluczowe: Jan Sobieski, Piotr Beber, Tylman Key words: Jan Sobieski, Piotr Beber, Thieleman z Gameren, Augustyn Locci, pałac, Łobzów, projekt van Gameren, Augustyn Locci, palace, Łobzow, odbudowy reconstruction project Artykuł jest wynikiem kontynuacji badań nad sta- The article is a result of continued research on the nem zachowania krakowskiego pałacu w Łobzowie state of preservation of the Palace in Łobzow, Krakow, po zniszczeniach z 1655 roku1 i związkami obiektu after the damage it suffered in 16551, and connections z osobą Jana III Sobieskiego. Istniejące, nieliczne źródła between the object and King Jan III Sobieski. The ex- historyczne sugerują, że Sobieski jeszcze jako hetman, isting, scarce historical resources suggest that Sobieski, a następnie władca żywo interesował się rezydencją still as a hetman and then the monarch, was keenly i rozpoczął w niej prace naprawcze, w krótkim czasie po interested in the residence and began repair work in it wojnach szwedzkich2. Rezultaty badań nad wkładem soon after the Swedish Wars2. Results of research on the króla w odbudowę pałacu zawarto w publikacji autorstwa King’s contribution to the reconstruction of the palace P. Pikulskiego i M. Szpyta, w której udało się udowodnić, were included in the publication by P. Pikulski and M. że Sobieski wprawdzie w ograniczonym zakresie, jednak Szpyt, where it was shown that Sobieski, even though on podniósł łobzowską rezydencję z ruin, by zamieszkać a limited scale, was able to raise the Łobzow residence w niej wraz z rodziną3. Rezultaty kolejnych badań, tym from ruin, in order to live in it with his family3. Results razem dotyczące mecenatu i działalności architektonicz- of further research, this time concerning the patronage nej Jana III Sobieskiego, potwierdziły postawioną w ba- and architectonic activity of Jan III Sobieski, confi rmed daniach tezę, że fundowane przez Sobieskiego budynki, the thesis that had been assumed in the research, that zarówno świeckie, jak i sakralne, wyróżniały się wspól- buildings founded by Sobieski, both lay and sacred, were nymi, charakterystycznymi dla upodobań tego władcy distinguished by shared architectonic elements charac- elementami architektonicznymi, które z powodzeniem teristic for the King’s taste, which could successfully be można określić mianem stylu architektonicznego4. called an architectonic style4. * mgr inż. arch., Politechnika Krakowska, Wydział Archi- * mgr inż., Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Archi- tektury tecture ** dr hab., prof. PK, Politechnika Krakowska, Wydział Archi- ** dr hab., prof. CUT, Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of tektury Architecture Cytowanie / Citation: Pikulski P., Stala K. Royal palace in Łobzow in the times of Jan III Sobieski. Search for the author of the reconstruction project of the residence, based on the analysis of the architectonic achievements of Piotr Beber, Thieleman van Gameren and Augustyn Locci. Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation 2018;54:111-120 Otrzymano / Received: 28.12.2017 • Zaakceptowano / Accepted: 20.05.2018 doi:10.17425/WK54LOBZOW Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 54/2018 111 W rozważaniach podjętych w niniejszym artykule The article discusses two signifi cant aspects related to istotne są dwa aspekty związane z pobytem Sobieskiego the stay of Sobieski in the Łobzow residence. From the w rezydencji łobzowskiej. Kraków musiał być od po- very beginning the King must have considered Krakow to czątku brany pod uwagę przez króla jako baza wypadowa be a suitable base camp on the way to Vienna, and a place wyprawy na Wiedeń oraz miejsce, gdzie bezpiecznie, where his family could stay in safety, as well as relatively a zarazem w możliwie najmniejszej odległości od plano- close to the planned battle. This convenient location of wanej bitwy mógł umieścić bliskich. To właśnie dogodna Krakow and high political status of the city that still served lokalizacja Krakowa oraz wciąż wysoki polityczny status as the formal capital of Poland must have induced the miasta, pełniącego nadal funkcję formalnej stolicy Rze- King to decide to rebuild the summer residence as a tem- czypospolitej, prawdopodobnie skłoniły go do decyzji porary set where, as we know from historical sources, he o odbudowie letniej rezydencji mającej charakter czaso- spent about 20 years with his wife and children5. wej siedziby, gdzie jak wiemy ze źródeł historycznych, As Michał Rożek wrote, the monarch felt consider- spędził z żoną i dziećmi około 20 lat5. able sentimental attachment to Krakow. It was associated Sentyment władcy do Krakowa, jak pisał Michał with memories of his youth, when Sobieski studied here, Rożek, był znaczny. Wiązał się ze wspomnieniami and with the coronation and a grand reception given z młodości, kiedy Sobieski spędzał tu lata studiów, to the King by Krakow burgesses. Thus, partially for a także z koronacją i hucznym przyjęciem, jakie strategic reasons but also because of his fondness for the zgotowali mu wówczas mieszczanie krakowscy. Tak city, it was here that the King established the place for więc zarówno ze względów strategicznych, ale też po concentration of his troops, here he made a pilgrimage części z sympatii do miasta, tu uczynił król ośrodek to the saint patrons of the nation and received the papal koncentracji wojsk, tu odbył pielgrzymkę do świętych blessing for the holy war6. On July 29, 1863, he arrived patronów narodowych i otrzymał błogosławieństwo with his family to Krakow, and then to Łobzow where papieskie na świętą wojnę6. 29 lipca 1863 roku przybył he left his wife and children. z rodziną do Krakowa, a stamtąd do Łobzowa, gdzie The choice of Łobzow was advantageous for many pozostawił żonę z dziećmi. reasons, but probably the main reason why the Wawel Ryc. 1. Synagoga w Żółkwi, której autorstwo przypisywane jest Piotrowi Beberowi, fot. Tomasz Leśniowski, 8 lipca 2008, źródło: https:// pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga_w_żółkwi Fig. 1. Synagogue in Żółkiew the design of which is attributed to Piotr Beber, photo: Tomasz Leśniowski, July 8, 2008, source: https:// pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga_w_żółkwi 112 Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 54/2018 Castle was passed over was the poor condition of the castle. M. Rożek wrote simply that it was so “be- cause Wawel was poorly maintained”7. It means that the cost of preparing the castle for the stay of the royal family must have been uneconomic. The repairs to the summer residence in Łobzow cannot have been so costly; besides, as we have written above, most probably Sobieski adapted only the south wing as the living quarters, or possibly fragmentary sections of the east and west wings, thus creating an open layout towards the north, directly Ryc. 2. Ratusz miejski w Żółkwi autorstwa Piotra Bebera na zlecenie Jana Sobieskiego, fot. Viktor facing the gardens. The Zagreba, źródło: http://shtetlroutes.eu/pl/j-schall-zolkiew-miasto-pamiatek-i-wspomnien-historycznych/ very location of the palace Fig. 2. Town hall in Żółkiew designed by Piotr Beber, commissioned by Jan Sobieski, photo: Viktor Za- in an enchanting place, far greba, source: http://shtetlroutes.eu/pl/j-schall-zolkiew-miasto-pamiatek-i-wspomnien-historycznych/ from the noise of the city, surrounded by the river Wybór Łobzowa był z wielu powodów korzystny, Młynówka, ponds and gardens, was defi nitely more suit- jednak być może główną przyczyną pominięcia Wawelu able for children and offered the possibility of a pleasant był fakt złego stanu zamku. M. Rożek pisał wprost, że stay. A short distance to Krakow allowed for visiting the stało się tak, „jako że Wawel był źle utrzymany”7. Ozna- city at any time, which was yet another advantage for cza to, iż prawdopodobnie koszty przygotowania zamku locating the closest relatives here. pod siedzibę królewskiej rodziny były nieopłacalne. Certainly the King should have provided a comfort- Naprawa letniej rezydencji łobzowskiej nie była chyba aż able stay in the residence for his wife, so the buildings tak kosztowna, poza tym, jak pisaliśmy powyżej, Sobieski had to be carefully fi nished and properly furnished. Who przysposobił do zamieszkania prawdopodobnie tylko did the monarch commission the task of rebuilding skrzydło południowe, ewentualnie fragmentaryczne so frugal that some details from the ruined part of the odcinki wschodniego i zachodniego skrzydła, tworząc building were dismantled and transported to Wilanow w ten sposób założenie otwarte w kierunku północnym, to be used for rebuilding the palace there? At the current wprost na ogrody. Sama lokalizacja pałacu w miejscu state of knowledge an explicit answer to that question urokliwym, z dala od zgiełku miasta, w otoczeniu is not possible. Młynówki, sadzawek i ogrodów była zdecydowanie The aim of this article is therefore an attempt to se- bardziej odpowiednia dla dzieci i stwarzała możliwość lect the most probable artists who could have been the przyjemnego pobytu. Niewielki
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