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IWMI India's Water Economy: --------~ International Water Management Bracing Up for a Turbulent Future IWMI·TATA Institute 4th IWMI-Tata Annual Partners' 11eet February 24-26, 2005 Institute of Rural Management, Anand Program Schedule 9:00 - 10:30 Venue 10:30 - 11:00 Tea Break Session Chair Ramaswamy Iyer SIJnIta fV8rain RaviChopra Shashi Kolavc Managing Decentralized Exploring Water Groundwater 11:00-13:30 Conflicts around Water Harvesting Issues in the Markets and Water [2] and.Recharge IS} Himalayas [4] Livelihoods [51: Venue CR Camp_ # 113 ErDa Lectu", Hall ErDC Cant. Room Lib. Basement 13:30 -14:30 Lunch Session Chair Deep Joshi Sumla Narain Ravi Chopra Shashi Kolava Understanding Oecentrallzed Exploring Water Energy-Irrigatic Culture Fisheries Water Harvesting Issues in the 14:30 - 16:00 Nexus [5b] Revolution [6] and Recharge [3] Himalayas [4] Venue CR Camp. # 113 ETDC .Lecture Hall ETDC Cont. Room Lib. Basement 16:00 - 16:30 Tea Break Session Chair Deep Joshi NOfmanUphoff Rav; Chopra Shashi KolavaJ Understanding Exploring Water Groundwater, System· of Culture Fisheries R.ic~ Issues in the Energy and 16:30 - 18:30 Intensification f81 Revolution [6] Himalayas [4] Livelihoods [5c Venue Lib. Basement 19:00 - 20:00 Index Nature of South Asia's Water Economy Fitting Policy 1. 3 Reform to its Context Managing Conflicts around Water: Towards Practical 2. 21 Protocols 3. Decentralized Water Harvesting and Groundwater Recharge: Blending Hydrologic and Social Perspectives 29 Exploring Water Issues in the Himalayas: Studies from 4. 43 Kashmir, Uttaranchal and the North-East 5. Groundwater, Energy and Livelihoods 67 6. Understanding Culture Fisheries Revolution in India 83 7. Tank Rehabilitation Experience of Two Decades 99 System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Assessing the 8. Prospects 109 9. India's Water Future 2025/2050 119 Watershed Development: Strategies for Sustainable 10. Scaling Up 131 Which Water Counts? Hydrology, Water Use and Water 11. Economy in Narmada River Basin 135 Issues in Improving Water Supply Rural, Peri-Urban 12. 137 and Urban 13. Showcasing IWMl's New Global Public Goods 163 1. Nature of South Asia's Water Economy Fitting Policy Reform to its Context Tushaar Shah and Madar Samad [[email protected]] 24th February 2005 11:00 -13:30; 14:30 -16:00 Session Chair: John Briscoe India's state and central governments - and governments of many developing countries of Asia and Africa - are under relentless pressure to reform their water policies and institutions to move towards Integrated \X1ater Resources Management (I\X1RJ'v1). Governments - as in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are making new water laws; but implementing them is proving an Achilles heell New water authorities are created; but for them to exercise their authority has become a tall order. River basin organizations are hotly debated; but getting Water User Organizations to do 0&1\1 of \vater infrastructure on a self-sustaining basis is proving a challenge. Clearly there is a problem. \\/hat should be the focus of water reform so that its policies and institutions respond to the country's here-and-now priorities? ITP researchers discuss experiences of water reforms in A frica and China, and explore what India might learn from their experiences. Governance in the Indian \,(Tater Sector: of IRM;\ Workshop on Governance of Resources and \'<iater Policies in the Mekong Region \x/hen the Well Runs Dr\' hut Tjvdihoods Continue: Adaptive Responses to Ground"vater Depletion and Strategies for l\fitigating the Associated Impacts Politics of \X/ater Policy Reforms in Sri Lanka Tushaar Shah and Barbara van \\'ater Refurms to National Contnts: A Brief Koppen Report on ;\frica La,v \X'orkshop 3 management contract that embodied elements of understand the conditions that have made participatory irrigation management. Second, the contractor-based water provisioning a relative article examines the process by which several of success. We justified the use of household these policy guidelines were implemented by state endowment scores to overcome the over-reliance parastatals such as forest and irrigation on caste or land ownership as indicators of group departments. The lack of transparency and heterogeneity. We argued instead for an approach accountability in procedures of government that combines analysis of process variables (such agencies was evident from our post-project as rainfed and irrigated land and livestock analysis of earthen dam management in the composition proportionate to household size) Haryana Shiwaliks. Only eight of the 45 dams that with an analysis of socio-economic processes that were constructed were functioning when data for reflect change over time in process variables. this study were collected. The final step adopted Socio-economic processes may include by the study was to examine collective action in historically defined power and social exchange eight of the HRMS with functioning dams. In this relation, accumulation strategies of farmers and context, we found that watershed groups that differentiation in access to natural resources. In were relatively heterogeneous in distribution of the course of applying nature based water interest nature-based endowments facilitated provision of scores, we have found that increasing reliance on water from earthen dams by the contractor. We non-farm income need not necessarily pose a found - although this is not statistically proven, threat to collective action in management of a because of small sample size- that contractor common pool irrigation system. Further, in the based water provisioning tended to ensure greater course of applying nature-based household success of compliance with irrigation service rules endowment scores we emphasize the importance such as payment of user fees, conflict free water of specifying what constitutes collective action. A distribution, and routine repair of dams. This was clear specification of what constitutes collective in contrast to relatively more homogeneous action could enable the use of household watershed groups where compliance with endowment and water interest scores to predict irrigation service rules was not as successful. conflicts and indicate potential for service provision and compliance with irrigation service The construction of household endowment and rules. water interest scores was undertaken to 6 HOBBES, COASE, AND SOCIAL WELFARE: ABSTRACTION OF 'EQUITY' AND 'EQUALITY' IN SURFACE WATER DISTRIBUTION Amalendu Jyotishi1 and Sashi Sivaramkrishna2 Natural resource management may be perceived instrument to achieve a society's distributional as a search for institutions that can ensure goals. Water (except drinking water) is an simultaneous fulfilment of three goals: intermediate good in agriculture and other rural productivity (or efficiency), sustainability and activities, an input or factor of production. equity. In this paper we study the implications of Equity in water distribution then cannot be an end pursuing the goal of equity in the management of in itself; its distribution must be seen as having a surface water resources for irrigation. We do so significant effect on distribution of outcomes or with an abstract analysis of a "single-settlement output. Can we not then achieve distributional based institution and management system" using goals or social justice through direcdy taxing and Leontif-type fixed production function. redistributing output or income? With various Achieving equity through poverty alleviation of (economic and political) constraints over the core-poor has become an important objective redistribution of output, key inputs like land and of irrigation and watershed development projects. water assume importance. With land reforms In India, there are almost 300 million rural poor, reaching a dead-end, distribution of water is 70% of them being marginal farmers and landless acquiring greater importance as a "second best agricultural labourers. At the same time, as much solution" in achieving distributional objectives of as 80% of usable water resources go to irrigation, irrigation and watershed projects. Unfortunately, disproportionately benefiting the landed advocating the use of water distribution as an peasantry. With a core-poor bias becoming instrument of poverty alleviation is fraught with mandatory in development initiatives, irrigation implicit assumptions of the rural economy and and watershed projects are being forced to look uncertain outcomes. for strategies that will more direcdy enhance the Any notion of social justice must be based on a benefits that accrue to this segment of the rural clear articulation of two concepts, equity and population. One suggestion is that, by allocating equality. Not only do we need to conceptualize tradable water rights over water, a common these terms but also understand how they relate to property natural resource can be used as an inputs and outputs. Equity is a subjective or instrument to improve equity. Several questions qualitative term and what is acceptable to one need to be raised in response to any such community need not be acceptable to another, or proposal: Who must get rights over the use of even to the same community over a period of water? On what basis do these persons or groups time. On the other hand, equality is an objective claim their right over water? How do excluded or quantitative term and is taken to mean equal groups including the poor get rights from the shares of the whole related to "a direcdy present landed elite controlling the resource? measurable parameter". In the context of water What is the nature of rights that can be assigned distribution, this measurable parameter can be to landless and marginalized people? Who decides, taken as of land holding (proportionate negotiates and assigns rights over water? What are equality) or the individual; in the latter case, every the implications on social welfare by doing so? member of society irrespective of land holding While focusing our attention on these questions, and/or occupation gets an equal share of water. we may overlook a larger question as to whether Non-traditional systems usually look for equality distribution of water should at all be used as an in water distribution, rather than equity.