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Reflexive Translation Studies Literature and Translation Literature and Translation Reflexive Translation Studies Reflexive Literature and Translation Literature and Translation In the past decades, translation studies have increasingly focused on the ethical dimension of translational activity, with an emphasis on reflexivity to assert the role of the researcher in highlighting issues of visibility, creativity and ethics. In Reflexive Translation Studies, Silvia Kadiu investigates the viability of theories that seek to empower translation by making visible its transformative dimension; for example, by championing the visibility of the translating subject, the translator’s right to creativity, the supremacy of human translation or an autonomous study of translation. Inspired by Derrida’s deconstructive thinking, Kadiu presents practical ways of challenging theories that suggest reflexivity is the only way of developing an ethical Reflexive translation. She questions the capacity of reflexivity to counteract the power relations at play in translation (between minor and dominant languages, for example) and problematises affirmative claims about (self-)knowledge by using translation itself as a Translation process of critical reflection. In exploring the interaction between form and content, Reflexive Translation Studies promotes the need for an experimental, multi-sensory and intuitive practice, which Studies Silvia Kadiu invites students, scholars and practitioners alike to engage with theory productively and creatively through translation. Translation as Critical Reflection Silvia Kadiu is a translator and academic. She is currently a Visiting Lecturer in the Department of Modern Languages and Cultures at the University of Westminster, London. She holds a PhD in Translation Studies from UCL, and is the author of several articles on translation theory, literary translation and translation pedagogy. Silvia Kadiu Cover image: © iStock / KjellBrynildsen Free open access versions available from Cover design: www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-press www.ironicitalics.com Reflexive Translation Studies Literature and Translation Literature and Translation is a series for books that address literary translation and for books of literary translation. Its emphasis is on diversity of genre, culture, period and approach. The series uses an open access publishing model to disseminate widely developments in the theory and practice of translation, as well as translations into English of literature from around the world. Series editor: Timothy Mathews is Emeritus Professor of French and Comparative Criticism, UCL. ReflexiveCanada in Translationthe Frame StudiesCopyright, Collections and the Image of Canada, 1895– 1924 Translation as Critical Reflection SilviaPhilip KadiuJ. Hatfield 9781787353008_Canada-in-the-Frame_pi-208.indd 3 11-Jun-18 4:56:18 PM First published in 2019 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-press Text © Silvia Kadiu, 2019 Silvia Kadiu has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as author of this work. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Kadiu, S. 2019. Reflexive Translation Studies. London, UCL Press. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787352513 Further details about Creative Commons licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ ISBN: 978-1-78735-253-7 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-252-0 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-251-3 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-78735-254-4 (epub) ISBN: 978-1-78735-255-1 (mobi) ISBN: 978-1-78735-256-8 (html) DOI: https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787352513 To my father Contents Preface viii Acknowledgments ix List of tables x Introduction: Genesis of a reflexive method in translation 1 1 Visibility and Ethics: Lawrence Venuti’s foreignizing approach 21 2 Subjectivity and Creativity: Susan Bassnett’s dialogic metaphor 45 3 Human vs. Machine Translation: Henri Meschonnic’s poetics of translating 71 4 Criticism and Self-Reflection: Antoine Berman’s disciplinary reflexivity 95 Conclusion: Towards self-critical engagement in translation 145 Bibliography 163 Index 175 Preface This book presents a creative translation practice which I hope will inspire students, practitioners and scholars to experiment with the boundaries of translation beyond conventional acceptations of the term as a transfer of meaning from one language to another. My approach in this volume uses the movement of crossing at play in translation as a way of engaging with existing theory, while reflecting on that translating experience and unfolding in response a view of what translation is or could be about. Its premise is that translation theory – the way we perceive, describe or think about translation – is inevitably interwoven with practice. Here, theorising takes place during the translating process itself, in the act of undertaking a translation and attempting to articulate our experience of it, of facing a translation dilemma and reflecting on possible solutions. In this framework, translation is conceived as a productive process which enables an experiential, tangible mode of thinking. Engaging critically with a piece of theory by translating it constitutes a creative gesture. It presupposes that the text chosen for translation demands further exploration and interrogation, and that recontextualising it through translation may bring to light new perspectives on translation. Ultimately, this book celebrates the critical and creative power of translation, its potential for questioning established concepts and creating new ones in the process. Its invitation to apprehend texts through translation extends beyond translation studies, to students and scholars across the humanities, as well as to practitioners and thinkers beyond academia. Using translation as an instrument for critical reflection may prove constructive in a variety of ways. In the context of this volume, my focus is on translating theoretical texts from English into French and vice versa. However, I would like to invite readers to look beyond the confines of my practice and consider the range of possibilities that engaging with any given material – text, film, painting – through translation (transcreation, adaptation, ekphrasis) may instigate in their own discipline or field. viii Acknowledgments This book grew out of my doctoral research at UCL and could not have been written without the support of Timothy Mathews and Theo Hermans. Their comments have inspired me in countless ways, and I am deeply grateful for their continuing guidance over the years. My warm thanks go also to all those friends, university colleagues and family members who have advised, corrected or encouraged me during the various stages of developing this work. I am especially thankful to Geraldine Brodie, Stephen Hart, Thomas Connolly, Jane Fenoulhet, Nicolas Froeliger, Lance Hewson, Françoise Wuilmart and Alba Simaku. I would like to extend my gratitude to the Centre for Multidisciplinary and Intercultural Inquiry and the School of European Languages, Culture and Society at UCL, as well as to the Arts and Humanities Research Council, for their support with this project. I am also grateful to Taylor & Francis Group and SUNY Press for permission to reproduce material from Lawrence Venuti’s The Translator’s Invisibility (2008) and Antoine Berman’s The Experience of the Foreign, translated by Stefan Heyvaert (1992). Finally, I wish to thank my husband, Matthieu Dadou, for his unwavering support and enthusiasm at every stage of completion. ix List of tables Table 0.1: Summary of Michael Lynch’s classification of reflexivity 9 x Introduction: Genesis of a reflexive method in translation Translation theories calling for reflexivity The rapid development of translation studies as a discipline since the 1990s, ‘a period that experienced a boom in translation theory,’1 has seen a proliferation of theories calling for greater reflexivity in translation, which raise issues of visibility, creativity and ethics. Four Western scholars in particular – all of whom also had or still have careers as practising translators – have been prominent in emphasising the need for a reflexive practice of translation: Lawrence Venuti, Susan Bassnett, Henri Meschonnic and Antoine Berman. This book presents a creative way of exploring their theories. It examines the thinkers’ approaches to translation in both form and content, offering critical readings of their theories as well as practical translations of the texts that articulate them. In The Translator’s Invisibility,2 Lawrence Venuti argues that increased awareness of a translation’s conditions of production is necessary for an ethical translation practice, since translation involves a degree of ethnocentric violence that tends to erase the cultural specificity of the source text. For Venuti, a translation that highlights its own status as translation is ethical in that, instead of attempting to dissimulate the domesticating forces at play in translational activity, it draws attention to, and raises awareness of, the cultural differences between source and target texts.3 In his view, the translator has an ethical obligation
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