The Elder Futhark Rune Poem Final Draft
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Signs and Symbols Represented in Germanic, Particularly Early Scandinavian, Iconography Between the Migration Period and the End of the Viking Age
Signs and symbols represented in Germanic, particularly early Scandinavian, iconography between the Migration Period and the end of the Viking Age Peter R. Hupfauf Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney, 2003 Preface After the Middle Ages, artists in European cultures concentrated predominantly on real- istic interpretations of events and issues and on documentation of the world. From the Renaissance onwards, artists developed techniques of illusion (e.g. perspective) and high levels of sophistication to embed messages within decorative elaborations. This develop- ment reached its peak in nineteenth century Classicism and Realism. A Fine Art interest in ‘Nordic Antiquity’, which emerged during the Romantic movement, was usually expressed in a Renaissance manner, representing heroic attitudes by copying Classical Antiquity. A group of nineteenth-century artists, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Holman Hunt and Everett Millais founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. John Ruskin, who taught aesthetic theory at Oxford, became an associate and public defender of the group. The members of this group appreciated the symbolism and iconography of the Gothic period. Rossetti worked together with Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. Morris was a great admirer of early Scandinavian cultures, and his ideas were extremely influential for the development of the English Craft Movement, which originated from Pre-Raphaelite ideology. Abstraction, which developed during the early twentieth century, attempted to communicate more directly with emotion rather then with the intellect. Many of the early abstract artists (Picasso is probably the best known) found inspiration in tribal artefacts. However, according to Rubin (1984), some nineteenth-century primitivist painters appreciated pre-Renaissance European styles for their simplicity and sincerity – they saw value in the absence of complex devices of illusio-nist lighting and perspective. -
African, Rasta, Voodoo & Santeria Symbols
African, Rasta, Voodoo & Santeria Symbols Rasta, Vodou & Santeria Ethiopian Akua’ba Veve Eleggua Agwe Chiwara Cross Lion of Riscados Oshe Rasta Legba Judah Adinkra Symbols (Ghana): Kunten- Gye Nyame Osrane Aya Fihankra Ohene kanten Akokoa Bin nkabi Gyawu Kojo funtun Krado Symbols of the Ancient World Ancient Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Babylonian Omphalos Gorgon Caduceus Labrys Mano Fico Willendorf Goddess Goddess labrynth Gorgon Uroboros Lauburu Crucified Asclepius Hercules Orphic egg Trinacria Cimaruta Bacchus wand Knot Solomon’s Fasces Hygeia Tetraktys Minotaur Cornucopia knot Binding Mano Vergina Sun Hecate Spell Cornuto Assyrian/Babylonian, Phoenician, Syrian, and Zoroastrian Symbols Inanna’s Assyrian sun Shamash Ishtar seal Tanit Farohar Knot disk seal Tetragramm Adar Mespotamia Simurgh Kerub Tiamat aton “Dagon” Asian Symbols (Buddhism, Shinto, Taoism) Buddhist Symbols: Prayer Tomoe Kalachakra Manji Daruma Mala Wheel Enso (Zen) Footprint Jizo Kartika Vajra Dorje Wisdom Skull bowl Citipati Yab-Yum Om Mani… Ghanta Eyes Endless knot Conch Parasol Lotus Vase Phurba Golden Fish Manji Tomoe Dharma Mudra Stupa Tiratana Trisula Confucian, Folk, Taoist Symbols: Maneke Ba Gua Tomoe Yin Yang Hotei I Ching Neko Chan Chu Shou Tomoe I Ching Saturn Elements Double Water Gourd Daruma Hapiness Shinto Symbols: Maneke Tomoe Omamori Torii Gate Jizo Magatama Neko Astrological/Alchemical Symbols Astrological Symbols Leo Capricorn Virgo Taurus Libra Sagittarius Pisces Aries Cancer Scorpio Gemini Aquarius Jupiter Moon Sun Mars Mercury Venus Neptune Saturn Uranus Pluto Vesta Earth Capricornus Zodiac Greek Cross Alchemical Symbols Serpent Quint- Red King Saturn Sulfur Salt cross essence Air Fire Earth Water Sulfur Siren Viking Symbols, Norse Symbols, Asatru Symbols Symbols of Viking and Norse, Baltic/Slavic, and modern pagan religions, plus some traditional folk symbols for good measure. -
ᛶ 16F1 ᛷ 16F2 ᛸ 16F3 ᛱ 16F4 ᛲ 16F5 ᛁ 16C1 ᛳ 16F6 ᛴ 16F7 ᛵ
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4013R L2/11-096R 2011-05-10 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to encode additional Runic characters in the UCS Source: Michael Everson and Andrew West Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2011-05-10 0. Introduction. A number of Runic characters should be encoded to fill gaps in the UCS. Three of them are found in the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and five of them are found on the Anglo-Saxon Franks Casket. If this proposal is accepted, the following characters will be added to the standard (since the Franks Casket characters replace original inherited runes, those are given on the right for comparison): ᛶ 16F1 RUNIC LETTER K ᛷ 16F2 RUNIC LETTER SH ᛸ 16F3 RUNIC LETTER OO ᛱ 16F4 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET OS ᚩ 16A9 RUNIC LETTER OS O ᛲ 16F5 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET IS ᛁ 16C1 RUNIC LETTER ISAZ IS ISS I ᛳ 16F6 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET EH ᛖ 16D6 RUNIC LETTER EHWAZ EH E ᛴ 16F7 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AC ᚪ 16AA RUNIC LETTER AC A ᛵ 16F8 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AESC ᚫ 16AB RUNIC LETTER AESC 1. Tolkienian extensions. Although for The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien devised and employed two writing systems, the featural Tengwar script and the runiform Cirth script, in The Hobbit and some of his other writings he made use of Old English runes. -
Proposed Additions to the Runic Range, L2/09-312 2
Proposed additions to the Runic Range 16A0-16F0 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 PROPOSAL SUMMARY FORM TO ACCOMPANY SUBMISSIONS 1 FOR ADDITIONS TO THE REPERTOIRE OF ISO/IEC 10646TP PT Please fill all the sections A, B and C below. Please read Principles and Procedures Document (P & P) from HTUhttp://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/principles.html UTH for guidelines and details before filling this form. Please ensure you are using the latest Form from HTUhttp://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/summaryform.htmlUTH. See also HTUhttp://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/roadmaps.html UTH for latest Roadmaps. A. Administrative 1. Title: Proposed additions to the Runic Range, L2/09-312 2. Requester's name: Małgorzata Deroń 3. Requester type (Member body/Liaison/Individual contribution): Individual 4. Submission date: Oct. 29, 2009 5. Requester's reference (if applicable): prof. dr hab. Jacek Fisiak, prof. dr hab. Marcin Krygier 6. Choose one of the following: This is a complete proposal: Yes (or) More information will be provided later: B. Technical – General 1. Choose one of the following: a. This proposal is for a new script (set of characters): Proposed name of script: b. The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing block: Yes Name of the existing block: Runic Range 16A0-16F0 [Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement 1DC0-1DFF] 2. Number of characters in proposal: variable: 7 + (1) + 16/[12 + 1] see: 2. Justification (ii) & 4. Description 3. Proposed category (select one from below - see section 2.2 of P&P document): A-Contemporary B.1-Specialized (small collection) B.2-Specialized (large collection) C-Major extinct X D-Attested extinct E-Minor extinct F-Archaic Hieroglyphic or Ideographic G-Obscure or questionable usage symbols 4. -
Comparative Perspectives on the Study of Script Transfer, and the Origin of the Runic Script
Comparative Perspectives on the Study of Script Transfer, and the Origin of the Runic Script Corinna Salomon Abstract. The paper discusses a series of cases of script transfer with regard to the role played by script inventors in an effort to determine whether a premise held by certain scholars in runology, viz. that scripts are always created by indi- viduals, is warrantable. 1. Preliminary Remarks When setting out to research the derivation of the Runic script, the scholar soon finds that—even considering the appeal that is particular to questions about first beginnings and origins—the amount of litera- ture dedicated to this problem exceeds expectations. Making this ob- servation is in fact a commonplace of runology, serving as introduction to numerous studies concerned with the issue. Die frage nach dem alter und dem ursprung der runen ist so oft aufgewor- fen und auf so viele verschiedene weisen beantwortet worden, daſs man fast versucht sein könnte zu sagen, daſs alle möglichen, denkbaren und undenk- baren ansichten zu worte gekommen sind. […] Es ist eine sehr groſse literatur, die hier vorliegt; aber die qualität steht leider im umgekehrten verhältnis zur quantität.1 This paper represents a slightly reworked section of my doctoral thesis Raetic and runes. On the North Italic theory of the origin of the Runic script (University of Vienna 2018). Corinna Salomon 0000-0001-7257-6496 Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Wien, Sensengasse 3a, 1090 Wien, Austria E-mail: [email protected] 1. “The question of the age and the origin of the runes has been asked so often and answered in so many different ways that one might almost be tempted to say that all possible, plausible and absurd views have been heard. -
A Basic Guide to the Younger Futhark First Edition
A Basic Guide to the Younger Futhark First Edition Khel'Shen Akh' Hon Kyshera Du'Skhall Kre'Mashen Akh'Hense Self Published through The Spiritual Weal Available Online and in Print by Request Basic Guide to the Younger Futhark 1 Runic Corner The Basic Guide to the Younger Futhark The second rune row developed in chronological order as the second best known rune row covered here in Runic Corner is the Younger Futhark. Common in what is now Sweden and Norway. While many sources say that they were also common in Iceland, other sources contradict this, showing that the Elder Futhark was in wider use in Iceland at least up until late, at least till the middle ages. So while there is some evidence of it's use in Iceland, the it seems that until late a version of the Elder Futhark, known as the Elder Fupark, was in wider use. Consisting of sixteen runes, the Younger Futhark is on the surface a simplified and rune row. While the runes are simplified, however, this made the way they interacted with the sounds of the spoken language more complex as the sixteen runes had to accommodate more sounds per rune than the twenty four of the Elder Futhark, making it more complex to read at the same time it became symbolically simpler. As an alphabet, it was used to write Old Norse in rune rows and inscriptions, as well as graffiti all around the world during the Viking era. Better associated with the Viking age than the Elder Futhark, which is better associated with the Germanic world and an older rune row (Though there is evidence of the Elder Futhark still in use during the Viking age), the Younger Futhark is not as common as the Elder Futhark among rune users today. -
Runes a Book of Runes
All about Runes A Book of Runes A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 13 Jun 2013 03:17:30 UTC Contents Articles Rune Alphabets 1 Runes 1 Anglo-Saxon runes 19 Elder Futhark 26 Younger Futhark 35 Rune Letters 39 Æ 39 Algiz 43 Ansuz (rune) 48 Berkanan 50 Dagaz 51 Ear (rune) 53 Ehwaz 55 Eihwaz 56 Fehu 57 Gyfu 59 Haglaz 60 Isaz 62 Jēran 63 Kaunan 66 Laguz 68 Mannaz 69 Naudiz 71 Odal (rune) 72 Wynn 74 Peorð 76 Raido 78 Sowilō 80 Tiwaz rune 83 Thurisaz 86 Ur (rune) 88 Yngvi 89 History of Runes 93 Medieval runes 93 Dalecarlian runes 97 Armanen runes 99 Runic magic 102 Runology 108 Runic inscriptions 109 Franks Casket 115 Poetic Edda 127 Codex Runicus 134 Thorn (letter) 137 Rune Poems 141 Old English rune poem 143 Runic transliteration and transcription 145 Middle English 147 Old Norse orthography 155 Runestone 161 References Article Sources and Contributors 175 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 178 Article Licenses License 183 1 Rune Alphabets Runes Runic Type Alphabet Languages Germanic languages Time period Elder Futhark from the 2nd century AD Parent systems Phoenician •• Old Italic •• Runic Child systems Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon futhorc ISO 15924 Runr, 211 Direction Left-to-right Unicode alias Runic [1] Unicode range U+16A0–U+16FF Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Runes (Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), Old Norse: rún) are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets, which were used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialised purposes thereafter. -
Early Germanic Literature and Culture
Early Germanic Literature and Culture Edited by Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read CAMDEN HOUSE Copyright © 2004 by the Editors and Contributors All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation, no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded, or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. First published 2004 by Camden House Camden House is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt. Hope Ave., Rochester, NY 14620, USA www.camden-house.com and of Boydell & Brewer Limited PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK www.boydellandbrewer.com ISBN: 1–57113–199–X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Early Germanic literature and culture / edited by Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read. p. cm. — (Camden House history of German literature; v. 1) (Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–57113–199–X (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Germanic literature — History and crticism. 2. Literature, Medieval — History and criticism. 3. Civilization, Germanic. 4. Germanic peoples. I. Murdoch, Brian, 1944– II. Read, Malcolm, 1945– III. Title. IV. Se- ries: Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture (Unnumbered) PN831.E28 2004 830.9'001—dc22 2004000336 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America. Contents List of Illustrations vii Preface ix List of Abbreviations x Introduction Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read 1 The Concept of Germanic Antiquity Heinrich Beck 25 Origo gentis: The Literature of German Origins Herwig Wolfram 39 Germania Romana Adrian Murdoch 55 Germanic Religion and the Conversion to Christianity Rudolf Simek 73 Orality R. -
The Runes Tolkien’S Interest in Runes Stems from His Career As a Medievalist, but This Ancient Germanic Alphabet Was Also Important to Him As a Writer
Pre-print extract from S. Lee and E. Solopova, The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature through the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien (Palgrave, 2005). To purchase full book go to: http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=27039 0. 2.3.3 The Runes Tolkien’s interest in runes stems from his career as a medievalist, but this ancient Germanic alphabet was also important to him as a writer. The readers of TH encounter it for the first time on the cover of the book due to Tolkien’s decision to transliterate the title into runes. Tolkien encouraged his readers’ curiosity about this alphabet: ‘I have received several queries, on behalf of children and adults, concerning the runes and whether they are real and can be read. Some children have tried to puzzle them out. Would it be a good thing to provide a runic alphabet? I have had to write one out for several people.’ (Letters, 19, p. 27) Following what appears to have been Tolkien’s own example, we offer a short discussion of runes as a historical script, highlighting parallels between historical runes and Tolkien’s invented alphabets. Runes are an ancient alphabet which originated around the first century AD, and was used to write different Germanic languages. Runic inscriptions are found on stones, wood, weapons, jewelry, pottery and tools, but not until very late on parchment or paper. The runic alphabet in its earliest known form consisted of 24 letters. In modern literature on runes it is often called futhark – a name made up of the sounds represented by the first six runes. -
Runes, Runology and Runologists
LOOIJENGA/f2/1-26 5/16/03 5:28 PM Page 1 1 CHAPTER ONE RUNES, RUNOLOGY AND RUNOLOGISTS 1. Introduction This volume gathers nearly all older fuπark1 inscriptions dating from the period 150–700 AD found in Denmark, Germany, England, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, Bosnia, Rumania, Norway and Sweden. The book starts with essays on early runic writing and the historical and archaeological contexts of runic objects, and continues with a catalogue of the runic inscriptions found in the regions mentioned above. The inscriptions of Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Bosnia and Hungary have been listed together as the Continental Corpus.2 One find from Hungary and two finds from Rumania are listed among the Danish and Gothic Corpus. The catalogue gives datings, readings and interpretations, plus lim- ited graphic, orthographic and linguistic analyses of the inscriptions from the above mentioned corpora, complete with concise biblio- graphical references. This approach ensures that the most important data is presented with regard to the objects, contexts, runes and interpretations. In many cases the readings or interpretations (or both) are tentative and more or less speculative. There are several reasons—runes are vague, damaged or abraded, and sometimes illeg- ible. Of course one can conclude that an inscription is ‘uninter- pretable’, but I thought it wise to offer a few possibilities on which others can base further research or conjectures. The overall aim has been to provide the reader with a practical survey of the oldest inscriptions from the aforementioned areas, together with relevant archaeological and cultural-historical data. Within this framework there was no room for extensive linguistic considerations and exhaustive references to other interpretations, although information from various sources has been compiled in the catalogue. -
I. Runes Notes on the History of Runes, Focusing on Historical Changes in Orthography and Pronunciation
RUNES Runes Notes on Orthography and Pronunciation, as well as Some Thoughts on Using Runes to Write Modern English Benjamin Daniels I. Runes Notes on the history of runes, focusing on historical changes in orthography and pronunciation. A. Futharks and Futhorcs B. Complete Older Futharks: Epigraphic Evidence 1. Kylver stone 2. Vadstena Bracteate and Motala Bracteate 3. The Grumpan Bracteate C. Partial Older Futharks from the Continent 1. Charnay fibula 2. Breza marble column D. The Anglo-Saxon Futhorc 1. Seax of Beagnoth E. Runica Manuscripta: The English Tradition 1. Cotton MS. Domitian A 9 2. Cotton MS. Otho B 10 3. Cotton MS. Galba A 2 4. Oxford MS. St John's College 17 F. Continental Runica Manuscripta 1. Vienna MS. 795 2. St. Gall MS. 878 G. Addendum: Ruthwell Cross Part II. Using Runes to Write Modern English Problems and Suggestions about Using Runic Letters to Write Modern (American) English. Notes on Tolkien’s use of runes, etymology, pronunciation, and orthography. Appendix: Chart for writing Modern English with Roman Letters, Runic Equivalents, IPA Equivalents, and Examples Bibliography 1 Benjamin Daniels, January 31, 2015 RUNES I. Runes A. Futharks and Futhorcs According to epigraphic evidence, the oldest Germanic script, the so-called older futhark (hereafter referred to as the either the older futhark or Germanic futhark), a runic script of twenty-four letters, was used in northern Europe from ca. 200 CE to ca. 750 CE.1 Although scholars disagree about the origins of this script, it is certainly based on some sort of Mediterranean alphabet, however, whether that Mediterranean alphabet was Latin, Greek, or Etruscan is fiercely debated.2 This “alphabet” is called the futhark (or fuþark) after the sound values of the first six runes found in inscriptions of rune-rows which show a complete set of all 24 runes.