RANS IT CON STRUCTI ON COMMI SSI O N ER

A Report

e by th Chief Engineer

submitting fer

' Ceihpr ehensive Rapid Tr ansitPlan

Cever ing all Bor oughsof the

City of New Yor k

Ti anlsil Coizstmaion C om mission er of August

O ""I CE O"T RLANS IT CONST RUCTI ON COMMI SS I ONER

oh n H: DW DAN " RNE R " , IEL “ TU .

Chie f E n inz er

I N T R O D U CT I O N

For p rope r muni cipal growth and development wel l - cons i dered City pl ann ing i s N absolutely essent ial . o sati s factory C i ty pl an can be dev ised w ithout giving proper study to t rans it requi rement s and facil i ti es . I n f act , w i thout p roper and adequa te trans i t ser v ice no rmal mun ic ipal growth i s certain to be retarded an d abnormal and con gested cond it ions develop in certain metropol i tan dist r icts and strangulation o f grow th resul ts i n neglected areas .

The T ran si t Construct ion Com m iss ioner , real iz ing the necess i ty o f an orderly development o f rapi d trans i t l ines i n al l sect ion s o f the C i ty , author ized Ch ie f Engineer t Dan iel L . Turner o study an d formul ate a pl an representing h is concept ion o f the 29th problem and its sol ution . The repo rt was presented July and was ordered p r inted

fiicial its c for d istr ibution w ithout o act ion be ing taken upon re om mendations . The purpose o f publ icat ion i s to evoke suggest ion an d cr it ici s m . I t shoul d be borne i n m in d that i t i s not contemp lated that the comprehens ive trans it s cheme in its enti rety should

n be undertaken at once but that i t shoul d be proceeded w ith gradual ly a d continuously .

" ‘ O V C z WS B o x 7 8

P R O P O S E D C O MP R E H E N S I V E R A P I D T R A N S I T P L A N C O V E R I N G A L L O "T HE B O R O U GH S O "N E WY O R K C I T Y

H L A Y The Honorable "O N H . D E N E ,

Comm issione r . Dear S ir

I subm it he rew ith a report , togethe r w ith a map , w ith respect to a P roposed Com

o f prehens ive Rapid Trans it Pl an cover ing al l the Boroughs o f New York C ity . I t has been recognized s ince the ‘ incept ion o f the fi rs t subway that the publ ic author it ies charged w ith the responsibil ity there fo r shoul d prov ide the necessary pl an s so n tha t the const ructi on o f rapi d trans i t l i nes m igh t g o o con t i n uou sly , in o rder th at the trans i t fac i l it ies m ight keep pace w i th the enormous t raff ic g row th in the C ity . Con fo rm ing to th is pol icy , recommen dat ions w i th pl ans were subm i tted to the predecessor s f o the Transi t Construct ion Comm issioner , the Board o f Rapi d T ransi t Rai l road Com

its m iss ioners , and successo r , the Publ i c Serv ice Commi ss ion , wh ich formed the basi s fo r the l ines included in the D ual System contracts .

S ince the D ual System cont racts have been under const ruct ion , the attent ion o f the Publ ic Serv ice Commission and o f the T ransi t Const ruction Commi ss ioner necessar ily has been devoted al most enti rely to the compl et ion o f these contracts . B ut i t has been recognized that a new transit p rogram was imperatively necessary . There fore , in the F 1 91 9 al l o f , wh ich was as early as the c i rcum stances perm itted , I undertook to formulate a com prehens ive t ransi t plan . The resul t o f these stud ies I am now sub mi tting . The t ime has now arr ive d when we must look ahead again and p rov ide plans fo r and begin the work o f const ruct ion on the enl argement o f the rapi d t ransit system . I t has probably averaged ten years f rom the inception o f prev ious general t ransi t f proj ects to the date o the beginning o f ope rat ion . I t i s there fore important to begin the new pl ans at once . In consi der ing routes that are to be recommende d fo r earl y construct ion i t is desi rable that the program deal w ith the transi t requi rements for the 2 next 5 years . There fore , in my analysi s o f the situat ion I have undertaken to ind icate the new fac il ities wh ich in my j udgment shoul d be incl uded in such a 25 -year bu il d ing program . They are as fol lows

Extensions Extension o f the Corona b ranch o f the Steinway Tunnel l ine f rom its present terminus to M ain Street , Flushing . Extens ion o f the Steinway Tunn el l ine f rom its proposed terminus at Seventh Avenue and 4l st S t reet west th rough 4 l st St reet to a connect ion w ith the propo sed

- A msterdam Avenue E ighth Avenue t runk l ine . Tw o - track extens ion o f the New York M unicipal Rail way Corporation B roadway Fourth Avenue l ine f rom 59th St reet and Seventh Avenue up Central Park West and

Eighth or Seventh Avenue to the Harlem R iver . Extension o f the N ew York M un icipal Rail way Corpo rat ion B roadway - Fourth

Avenue l ine f rom a connect ion at B roadway and C i ty Hal l Park , v ia Ann St reet and t the East R i ver o B rooklyn , and v i a B rooklyn B r i dge term inal prope rty, Washington D Kal St reet , Li v ingston St reet , e b A venue and Fort Greene Place to a connection with the Ful ton Street elevated l ine at or near Ashlan d Place . Extension o f the N ew York Mun icipal Railway Corporat ion Fou rth A venue Sub

- way , B rooklyn , by way o f a two track tunnel under the Narrows to the Borough o f

Richmond . Extension o f the Nostran d A venue Subway o f the Interborough Company south into an d th rough Coney I sl and . Extension o f the A stor ia branch o f the Steinway Tunnel l ine south th rough Queens and B rooklyn to a connect ion w i th the B righton B each l ine i n B rooklyn , thereby p rovi d ing a B rooklyn c rosstown l i ne .

Ex ten sion o f the two tracks o f the Inte rborough Seventh A venue - B roadway l ine no w ter m inat ing at the B attery f rom a point at Greenw ich an d Liberty St reets v ia n k Li be rty S treet , Ma iden La e and the E ast R iver to B rooklyn , and thence v ia H ic s Street , an d Un ion Street , Seventh A venue Gravesend A venue to a connect ion w ith the Cul ver no w N 4 l ine incl uded under Con tract O . .

I n add i t ion to the foregoing exten sions , a number o f m inor extensions to the elevated f l ines shoul d be const ructed where such l ines now term inate short o the C ity l im i ts .

N ew Tr un k L in es A new w est si de M an hattan t runk l ine cons isting o f fou r t racks o f the p roposed

8- - 1 track A ms terdam A venue E ight h Avenue trunk l ine , extend ing f rom 55th Street in u pper M anhattan to 23 d Stree t i n lower M anhattan "w i th a col l ecting and d istr ibut ing branch extend ing f rom i ts northern extrem ity th rough upper M anhattan and into The

'

B ronx , v ia For t Wash ington A venue to Spuyten Duyvi l , and thence v i a Netherland A venu e t h rough th e R iver dal e sect ion "w i th p rov i s ion at 1 5 5 th S treet fo r a future east erl y branch into an d ac ross The B ronx"w i th a branch f rom its so uthern extrem i ty 2 exten d ing east through 3d Street to the East R ive r , w h ich subsequently can be carr ied i nto an d ac ross B rooklyn , an d w i th another branch exten ding south down H udson w and Streets to some here near the B attery , wh ich subsequen tl y can al so be ex ten ded to B rooklyn . A new east si de M anhattan t runk l ine cons isting o f fou r tracks o f the proposed

- k 6 t rack Mad i son A venue t run l ine , exten ding f rom the Harlem River to 23d Street , w i th no col l ect ing and d i st r ibut ing branch at the northern extremity at the presen t

2— exendin t ime , but w i th a t rack col lect ing an d di str ibut ing branch g f rom the southe rn ext rem i ty down F i f th Avenue and through l ower M anhattan to some po int near Pa rk f 23 d o . Pl ace , the othe r two the fou r tracks term inating at S treet and M ad ison Avenue

Mo v ing Platfo r m s Three moving pl at form subways to p rov i de su fficient t rans fer fac i l ities ac ross 1 4 to w n between al l the no rth and south trunk l ines , to be located th rough th S treet ,

42d S t reet and 57th Street , f rom r iver to r ive r . When the above p rogram has been consummated ' B RON" Those po rti on s o f The B ronx fa rth e st rem ove d f rom th e Center w i l l be b rough t into the t ransi t scheme by short extens ion s o f the B road way branch o f the exist ing

I nter bo rough subw ay , the J e rome A venue elevated l ine . the Webste r A venue el evat ed W' we to . l ine , an d the st Farms branch o f the Interborough subway the C ity l ine es t B ronx north o f the H arlem R ive r w il l al so be made accessibl e to the Center by means

- o f the new E ighth A venue A mste rdam A venue t runk l ine .

"UEEN S I n Queen s , Fl ush ing w il l be connecte d up w ith the D ual Syste m by means o f t he w ill Co rona branch ex tension . The S te inway Tunnel l ine be extended dow n E ighth

A venue , M anhattan , through the Cente r into l owe r Manhattan , thus prov id ing d irect access w ithout t rans fe r into and ' th r o ug h the Cente r fo r the Queen s peopl e no w be ing

Se rved by t he S te inway Tunne l l ine an d i t s branches . Queens w i l l al so be brough t into d i rect connec t ion w ith B rookl yn by means o f the proposed c rosstown line connect ing w ith F the B righton Beach l ine at rankl in A venue , the re by giv ing Queen s d i rect access to l n lv an hatta . Co ne v I s l and wi thout requ i r ing it s peopl e to ente r and t ravel th rough

B ROO K LY N The Ful ton S t reet el evated l ine in Brooklyn at or about A shland Place w i l l b e p rovided w ith a ne w subway and ri ve r tunnel connect ion into and th rough Manhat tan , thereby prov iding the terr itory trave rsed by the Ful ton St reet elevated l ine w i th the much needed i mprovement in its trans it fac il it ies . A new and d irect subway an d river tunnel connection into and through Manhattan w i l l be p rov ided fo r the Cul ve r l ine , F thereby rel iev ing the much overloaded ourth A venue Subway , and consequently f to a ford ing add it ional fac il itie s the South B rooklyn sect ion . Anothe r connect ion to Coney I sland by way o f an extension o f the Nostran d Avenue l ine w il l be provided , thereby furni sh ing the people using the Interborough l ines in B rooklyn and

in M anhattan d i rect connect ion w ith Coney I slan d for a single fare . The c rosstown l ine th rough B rooklyn connect ing the B r ighton B each l ine at Frankl in Avenue w ith the A storia branch in Queens w il l p rov ide conven ient crosstown fac il it ie s along the water

in f ront B rooklyn , and because o f the fact that i t w il l intersect pract ical ly al l othe r rap id t rans it l ines in B rooklyn , w il l al so afford a conven ient med ium o f interchange between such l ines . R I C H MON D

Richmon d w il l be provided w ith its fi rst rapid t ransi t facil ities by means o f the tunnel s unde r the Narrow s connect ing Richmond w ith the southern extremi ty o f the exist ing Fourth Avenue Subway .

M A N H ATTA N T w o new East an d Wes t S i de t runk l ine subways , w i th thei r branches at thei r mr northern and southern extremities , w il l p rovi de the add it ional facil it ies r eq ed to meet the inc reased tr afi ic demands th rough the congested Center , an d w il l al so affor d a dd it ional access to the Cente r for those l ines serving the outlyi ng borough s . The

three moving pl at form l ines w i l l enable al l the tra ffic whi ch w i l l . reach the Center over the ol d and new l ines to be d i st ributed conven iently to any po int w ith in the Center .

The new West S ide trunk l ine , because o f it s proposed connect ion w ith the exi sting

Lenox Avenue branch , and i t s new b ranch to be extended through the uppe r West s ch S ide o f M anhattan , w il l furn ish fo r the u pper West S i de section u new t ran sit facil it ies as th is rapid ly grow ing ter ritory requ i res .

- Consequently , the pro po sed 25 year p rogram w il l mean greatly improved t ransit facil ities for every borough o f the C i ty . I t i s impract icabl e to estimate the const ruct ion cost o f th i s 25 -year program

- because o f the long per iod ove r wh ich the construction woul d extend . A t p re war prices , however , i t is est imated that such a construction program woul d cost somewhere in the neighborhood o f A t present pr ices i t i s estimated that thi s cost woul d amount to so that the construct ion cost o f car r ying out such a p rogram wou l d p robably be somewhere between these two figures . These fi gu res do N not include inte rest during const ruction o r engineer ing an d super intendence . o est imate has been made o f the cost o f equi pp ing the l ines included in the program . The operators o f the l ines woul d be requi re d to do th is . The work o f car rying out such pl ans shoul d be begun i m med iately and proceeded w ith gradual ly an d continuously i f the t rans i t facil it ies o f the C i ty are in any degree to keep pace w ith the tremendous t raffic growth .

The new t ransi t l ines shoul d precede the popul ation . The new t ransit pl an shoul d O f be the basis o f the C ity pl an . U po n these two cardinal principl es the futu re the C i ty i depends . The foresight exerci sed in developing its trans it faci l it ies an d in con for m ng its future expans ion thereto w il l l argel y determine the prosper i ty o f New York City in the years to come .

V e ry trul y yours ,

D A N I EL L . TU RN E R ,

Chie f Engineer . 29 1 920 D ate d July , . P R O P O S E D CO M P RE HE N S I V E R API D T RA N S I T PL AN CO V E R I N G A L L O F T HE B O R O U GH S O "N E WY O R K C I TY

T H E E NOR MOU S TRAFFI C GROWT H I n th e past th e t ra ffi c on th e st reet r ail way line s i n N ew York Ci ty ha s n early double d ev ery ten yea rs . 1 9 I n 1 3 , th e yea r th e D ual Cont racts we re s igned , th e rap i d tran s i t l ine s in M a nh attan an d B rooklyn "subwa an d e l evated l i nes togethe r "car r ie d y pa s senger s . 1 2 In 9 0 the rap i d t ransit l in es , incl udin g th e ol d an d n ew l ine s , w i ll carry abou t h passenger s fo r t e year . Th i s m ean s th at th e r ap i d t ransi t tra ffi c per year h as al ready increase d p as senge rs , al th ough th e D ual System is not yet comp letely in operat ion . " — T h e pre sen t yea r s rapi d t ran si t tr afiic passengers is n ea rly o n e

‘ h al f o f th e total t ra ffi c c ap acity o f th e D u al System . Th e I nterbo rough trunk l ine s i n

M anh at tan are satu rated now i n th e r u sh hou r s one way . I n abou t anoth e r ten years ff th e who l e D ual System w i l l h ave become saturated w ith tra ic .

n Th e fi rst I nterborough subw ay , j u st be fore serv ice o th e two n ew East an d We st a S i de l in es w s i naugu rated , ca rr ied a m axi mu m o f passenger s p er year .

Th e ol d an d new I nte rbo rough subways , a l though th e n ew li ne s w il l h ave been i n — operat ion only abou t t wo year s , w il l carry th i s year abou t passengers an increase o f 3 8 pe r cen t . i n about two year s .

The N ew Yo rk M un icipal Ra i lway li nes i n 1 9 1 8, at abou t th e sam e t im e th e East s and We st S i de I nte rborough se rv ice w a begun , car ri ed about rap i d t rans it — passenge rs pe r yea r . Th i s year they w il l ap prox im ate passenge rs ah inc rease o f abou t 46 pe r cent . in two years . 1 9 1 w as f fo r 1 920 I n 0 i t e sti m ated th at th e total traf ic on al l l ines "su r face , subwa " y d l d l "l to b u n . o r an e evate i n es wou d am ount a o t pa sse ger s th e year 1 ff — e n di ng June 3 0, 920 , th e t ra i c a mounte d to about passenge rs practi cal ly sub stanti at in g th e e st i mate o f ten years ago . Th e total t raffic to be p rov ided f or i n

1 4 - fiv e to 9 5 , twenty yea rs h en ce , i s e sti mated am ount to somewh e re a rou n d

000 pa ssenge r s . Th e pop ul at ion o f N ew Y ork th en w i l l be somewhe re aroun d n ine an d a h al f m i l l ion people . Th e foregoi ng fi gu re s a re su ffi cie nt to in d icate th e en orm ity o f th e t raffic grow th fo r wh ich m un i ci pal t ran sportat io n m u st be p rov i ded i f th e development and th e p ro spe r ity o f th e Ci ty a re n ot to be h el d back .

T H E D UAL S UBWA Y S Y S TE M f I n o rde r to keep pace w i th th e enormou s t ra f ic grow th , the C ity m u st bu i l d more t ran si t faci l i t ie s—t hen m ore agai n—an d st i l l m o re aga i n—an d m u st keep on do i ng th i s o f con t in ual l y . Thi s neces si ty h as been recogn i ze d s i nce th e i n cept ion the fi rst su bway h 1 904 l i n e . Be fo re t e fi r st subway began to Ope rate i n , stud ie s were be i ng mad e fo r

o f addi t ional rapid t ra nsi t l i ne s by M r . Pa r son s , th en Ch ie f Engi nee r o f th e B oa r d h . w o . Ra pi d T ran si t Ra i l road Com m i ss ione rs . Su bseque ntly M r Ri ce , succeeded M r

n Par S O s as Ch ie f Engineer , ca r rie d on the se stu d ie s , w i th th e resul t that be fore th e P ubl ic Se rv ice Com m i s si o n cam e i n to o ffi ce an exten si ve system o f proposed n ew

Th e . rapi d t ran si t r o u te s h ad been l ai d d o wn i n M anhattan , B ron x an d B rooklyn The se pr e po sed n e w l i ne s to a la rge exten t se rved a s a bas i s fo r th e route s sub sequently " h d i nc l ude d in t h e Dua l Cont ract s . When t e re spon s i bi l ity for the Ci ty s t ra n si t eve l op

ment wa s ve st ed i n t h e Publ ic Se rv i ce Com m i ssi on , i t cont inued w i t h the developm en t 7

p rogra m wh ich h ad been in i t iated by i t s predecesso r . I ts Ch ie f Engi nee rs , M r . Ri ce ,

fo r . M r . Seam an an d M r . C raven , a l l subm i tted schemes extens ion s B u t de sp i te a l l w as o f the effor ts o f the publ i c author i t ie s , no th i ng m ate r ial accomp l i shed i n th e way 1 91 3 o f p rovi di ng for add it ional faci l i t ies unt i l , n ine yea r s a fte r th e fi rst subway wa s f p u t i nto ope rat ion . A t th is ti me , as a re su l t o f th i s n i n e year s o e ff ort , the D ual

Subway System was consu mmated , and th e contrac t s between th e Ci ty an d the I n te r borough Rapi d Tr ansi t Company and th e N ew York M uni c ipal Ra il way Corporat ion 1 9 1 9 1 3 o n . we re ente red into M a rch , Th e D u al System contracts p ract ical ly double d th e trackage an d trebled the " f capaci ty o the then ex i st ing rapi d tran s it faci l i t ie s , i n cl ud ing th e Ci ty s subway system an d the el evate d sy ste ms o f the I n te rborough Com pany and the B rooklyn Rap i d

h as T ransi t Company . Th e c ombi ned system , th e ol d and new l ine s , an e st imated capaci ty o f about th ree bi l l ion passenger s annu al ly . S i nce th e Dual System contract s we re S igned th e attent ion o f th e Pu bl ic Se rv ice Com m i ssio n an d th e Tran si t Constructi on Com m i ss ioner nece ssa ri ly h as been devoted al most enti rely to th e comp let ion o f th ese con t racts . Th e extrao rd in ary cond i t i on s brough t about by th e Worl d Wa r and l ate r by o u r partic i pat ion i n i t h av e great ly w delayed th e ork an d largely i ncrea sed i ts cost , so that we have j ust succeeded , on ly

i n f . no w , a f ter seve n years , gett ing th e maj or porti on o th e system i nto ope rat ion

D u ring th i s peri od , al though va riou s m i no r exten s i on s o f th e system h ave been un de r

n f r o . cons i derat ion , o com preh en s i ve pl an o f utu re d evelopmen t ha s bee n lai d d wn

T he D ual System contract s we re n i ne year s to o l ate i n getti ng sta rted . Th e w ar

n w is h as delayed th ei r completi on , so that o th e con st ruct io n p rogram ful ly ten years beh in d the tran si t requi rem ent s . Th e t im e h as n o w arr ived w he n we mu st look ah ea d aga in . A comp reh ens i ve pl an fo r th e enl argement o f th e rap i d tran si t system mu st be devel oped . Th e work o f carrying o u t such a p lan mu st be begu n i mmedi atel y and pr oc eeded w ith g radu al ly an d cont inuou sl y i f th e t ran sit faci l iti es ar e in an y degree t ff o keep pace wi th th e t remendou s tra i c g row th . — N EWTRA N SI T LI N ES S H OULD PRECEDE T H E POPULAT ION NOT "OLLOWT H E POPULATION Th e Dual System was pl anned pr ima r ily i n such a way a s to best se rve th e wh ol e com mu ni ty . N ew l ine s w ere la i d dow n th rough th e congeste d areas . B u t in stead o f

r t confi n ing a ll the new l ine s to ol d l i nes o f t ravel , o o th e al ready congeste d sect ions , lines al so were l a i d dow n i n w hol ly u ndeveloped port ion s o f th e C ity . I t w as expecte d th at th i s p r inc ipl e i n plann ing rapi d t ransi t l ines , in conj unction w i th th e new zon ing law l i m i tin g th e h eigh t o f bui l dings i n conge ste d sec ti on s , woul d w o rk togeth er so a s to d i stri bu te th e popu l ati on o f th e Greater Ci ty rath e r th an to fu rthe r

con cent rate i t . I n oth e r w ord s , as f ar as p ract icabl e th e ide a fol lowed i n pl an n i ng , — th e system w as that th e t ran s i t facil it ie s sh oul d p rece de the popul ati on n o t f ol low th e popu l at ion . I n con form i ty w ith th i s p ri n cip l e, th e program p rovi ded rap i d transi t n l i nes th rough th e Borough o f "ueen s , wh ere o rapi d tran sit faci l iti e s h ad prev iou sly

ex isted and where th e popul ation wa s very sm al l . New l ines were al so l ai d down

in u ndevelope d porti on s o f B rooklyn an d The B ronx . To b ring al l o f these l ines i nto an d th rough the bu si nes s cente r an d at the sam e ti m e to p rov i de serv i ce fo r th e

congested sect ion s , new t runk l ine s we re p rov i ded traversi ng M an h attan . The enlarge d p rogram p rov i ded rapi d tran s i t fo r every borough o f th e City except Ri ch mond .

WAR ITI HAV EA RL Y TI N M H TT LI CON D ON S E CA US ED CONGES ON O AN A A N TRU N K N ES

1 4th - 1 4 Th e St reet Eastern l i ne , rout ing along th St ree t in M anh attan an d runn ing has f into an d th rough B rooklyn , i s the only l i ne wh ich not been comp leted su f iciently

to permi t operat ion i n part . Th e t runk li n es th rough M anhattan h ave al l been complete d an d p l aced in opera

t ion , togethe r w i th m ost o f thei r outlyi n g co ll ecting an d di stributi ng bran ch e s . Del ay s t due o th e war , h owever , hav e retarde d the com pl eti on o f a numbe r o f the se collec t ing 8

. f an d d ist r i buting b ran ch e s Fu rthe rmore , th e w ar ef ort practical ly stopped al l bu il d ing

. n operat ion s Consequentl y , p ract i cal ly o n e w h ou s ing faci liti es h av e been p rov i ded

a l ong the col lecti ng an d d i st r ibut ing bran che s wh i ch a re i n operat ion . Th e result

o f th i s h as been th at th e di str ibution o f t he popu lat ion , wh ich th e syste m w as in tended

f , f r t o ef ec t ha s p ract ical ly been rendered impossi bl e o the t ime bei ng . Exper ience h"as shown that as the t ran sit facil it ies become mo re and more con

gested , the Ci ty s popul ation d ri ft s away into th e su r roun di ng suburban di stri ct s .

A s soon as new t ransit fac il it ies go into operation there is a prompt retu rn o f l arge

p o rti on s o f th i s pop ulati on . Th i s retu rn ing p op ulatio n togeth er w i th such new p o p u lat ion that has come to the City has mostly endeavored to fi nd housing al ong the main

t runk l i n e s t rav e rs ing M an h attan an d Th e B ron x . Fo r thi s reason largel y the M an l h attan faci l it i es o ne way i n the ru sh hou r s , pa rticul arl y o n th e O d and ne w subway

l i n es , i m med iately h ave becom e i n ordi nately congested . A s soon a s bu il di ng Ope ra

t i on s becom e no rm al aga i n , an d hou si ng f aci l i tie s can be p rov i ded along t he col lect ing

a n d d istr ibut ing b ranch e s i n th e un dev el ope d po rtion s o f th e outlyi ng bo rough s , th e

futu re po pulation growth w il l be better d istr ibuted . N evertheless , it i s imperat ive th a t a n ew p rogram sho ul d be l ai d dow n fo r f u rthe r developme n t o f th e t ran si t

s a syste m , o th at s soon as th e fi nan ci al con di t io n o f th e City w il l pe rm it it , a n ew

rap i d t ran sit bu i lding p rogram can be i naugu rated an d be conti nuou sl y ca rr ied on . 1 9 1 9 a I n the Fal l o f , as early as the c i rcum stance s h ad pe rm i tted , I beg n th e stu dies fo r

th e comp reh en s i ve exten s io n program wh ich i s n ow su bm itted .

CON V EN I ENT R API D T RA N S IT S ERV I CE B A S I S or TRA N S IT P LA N

Th e p ri m ary f unct ion o f a m un icipal t ran spo rtat ion system i s to p rov i de th e

publ ic w i th conven ient and adequate trans i t f acil ities . The quest ion o f pro fi t to the operat

ing compan ies and to the C ity i s a secondary matte r . Convenient an d adequate fac il it ies mean fac i l it ies w h ich are easil y acce ssibl e and are speedy enough to permit the longest — — di stan ce r ide r to trav el f rom h om e to bu si n es s i n cl ud ing w al k at each en d w i th in

a n hou r . I n t he ca se o f a c i ty w h i ch can be in cl u de d i n a ci rcum scri bed rad i u s o f

fou r o r fi ve miles or the reabouts f rom the cente r , sur face fac il ities are al l that are

r . requ i red . Th e se fac i l iti e s ma y con si st o f stree t ra il way l i nes o bu s li nes Such

f aci l itie s u sual ly con si st o f s ingl e ca r o r bu s ope ration , alth ough someti me s t rai l e r

car s a re added in the case o f the street rail way l ines . The speed o f such veh icl es

f . du ri ng th e h eavy t raf ic h our s , i nclu d i ng stops , ap proxi mate s sev en m i les pe r h ou r A t such a speed i n a fo u r o r five - m i le radi u s c ity n o one need take longe r than th e — r . h ou r to reach h i s wo rk o , h om e ward bou nd , reach h i s h om e Wh en a city ha s devel oped to a po in t w h ere i ts ou ter l im i ts excee d fou r o r fi v e m i l es f f rom the center , the congest ion in t raf ic which has developed and the t i me wh ich i s con

n n f su med i n t ravel i ng become su ch facto r s th at t rav el o th e su r face i s o longe r su f i ci ent , — and fa ste r mean s o f tran si t m u st be p ro v i de d be tween h om e an d bu si ne ss o r between

th e outly ing sect ion s an d the cente r . A t th i s t im e rapi d tran s it l ine s m u st be devel oped . — Th e fi r st rapi d tran s i t li n es may be t wo - t rack l ine s s im i l a r to the M anh attan and B rook f lyn elevated l i nes , o r exampl e . O n such l ines , incl uding all stops , passenge rs can travel at

- 1 s 1 0 lZ . about 1 5 o r 6 m i le s pe r h ou r , o th at a o r m i l e rad i u s c ity can be served properly

A s th e oute r l i m i ts o f th e ci ty becom e mo re an d mo re d i stan t f rom th e cente r , th e tran s it

- speed must be inc reased . In response to th is requ i rement the ex press local t ransi t

se rv ice has been devel oped , s im ilar to the subway l ines in M anhattan and B rooklyn .

O n the se ex pre ss - l oca l l in e s passenger s can trav el th rough the ou t lyi ng sect ion s on t he 16 loca l t rai n s , mak ing al l st ops , at th e rate o f abo u t m il es pe r hou r , an d th rough th e 2 h ce n te r on e x pre s s t rai n s at abou t 5 m il e s per h ou r . T e a ve rage speed f ro m th e outer

th e l i m i t s t o t h e center i nc rea se s w i th i nc rea se i n th e length o f t h e ex pre s s t racks . A

l i n e w it h ex pre s s t racks ru nn i ng to th e en d o f i t coul d prope rly se rve an lS- m il e rad i u s t c i y . I n N ew York , w ith t he e xi s ti ng propo rt i o n o f e xpress t racks on th e subway l in es , 9 th e ave rage speed f rom the ci rcum f erence to th e cen ter o f th e City i s about 1 8 mi le s pe r

1 2 . hou r the reby on the hou r standa rd , fu rn i sh ing sat i s factory ser vice m i le s o ut Th e , , combinat ion ex press - local se rv ice w i l l thus br ing passenge rs into the center fast enough to perm it them to compl e te thei r tr i p between home and work w i th in the desired hour .

Rapi d t ran si t l ine s can not be located on th e street su r f ace . They m u st be locate d

e i the r on el evated stru ctu res , i n open cuts , o r i n subways , whe re t hey w i l l no t be in te r

fe r e d w i th by th e ord ina ry st ree t u ses . I n the begi nni ng , rap id t ran si t l ines a re on ly sup plem e n tar y to th e su r face faci l i t ie s . They p rovi d e adequate an d con ven i en t t ran si t along th e m ore conge ste d l in es o f trave l to the ou te rmost l imit s o f th e Ci ty . The su r face l i nes

- at th i s ti me sti l l take ca re O f th e short h a ul t rave l . A s the popul at ion i nc rease s and a s the C i ty spread s ou t st i l l fu rthe r f ro m th e cen te r , mo re an d m o re rap id t ran s i t faci l i t ie s

must be prov ided . A t the same t ime al so the sur face fac i l it ies are ad ded to meet the

- f inc reased demand s o f the shor t haul t raf ic . Th i s growth in the trans i t fac il ities sur face and rapi d t ransit— goes on unt i l fi nal ly the maj or port ion o f the popul at ion must rel y al most ent i rely upon rapi d t ransit l ines to t rans fe r the m f rom thei r homes to thei r wo rk and back again .

New York C ity has ar ri ved at th i s point o f trans i t development . From now on its transi t program must be pl anne d on the basi s o f serv ing the whol e C ity conven iently w it h rapid t rans it l ine s .

- In a sense , th i s mean s that sur face t ransi t must be repl aced by elevated , open cut O or subway trans it . r in othe r wo rds , sur face l ine serv ice must give way to rapid — transi t serv ice . Th is evol ut ion i n city transit in New York particularly in M an hattan— i s necessary not only because o f the tremendous traffic increases w hich mu st

ne be accommodated , but al so because thi s is o way in wh ich add i t ional street capaci ty

fo r veh icl es can be obtained . I t may be assumed that conven ient rapid t rans i t service w i ll be p rov i ded i f a prospect ive passenge r i s not requi red to wal k much mo re than hal f a m il e to reach a rapi d transit l ine rout ing towards the business center , wh ich i s

the obj ect ive po int for most o f the t ra ff ic . Most peopl e can wal k a hal f m il e in ten f minutes . O n th is basi s o pl ann ing the rap id trans it l ines w il l be about a m i l e apart to " in the resi dential d i str icts , but as they app roach the center they w il l route closer

"r gether , to the extent o f t raversing every street in ext reme cases . o c rosstown service in the outlying sect ion s rapi d t rans it l ines two m il es apart w il l conven iently serve the

. C commun ity A t the cente r the c rosstown l ines must be loser togethe r . They must be close enough to p rov ide su ff icient trans fer capaci ty , as capac ity and no t conven ience

"V' i s the cont ro l l ing f acto r i n such l ocat i on . hen i ts t ran s i t p rog ram con form s to th i s stan dard o f conven ient service New Yo rk C ity w i l l have been prov i ded w ith a complete f rap id transit system , and in ef ect its su r face car system w il l have been repl aced by a t rapid transit system , as must be the ease o rel ieve su r face congestion .

T H E TRAN SI T PLA N S H OULD B E T H E B A SI S or T H E "UT URE C IT Y PLA N

fo r I Such a program w i l l requi re many yea rs i t s consummat ion . II the meantime

the art w il l develop . There fo re plann ing so far in advance o f actual i mmed iate requi re ments necessar ily assumes that the plan w il l be mod i fied in many particul ars be fore i t

i s ever compl etel y carr ied out . Neverthel ess , it is des irabl e to look as far ahead as

possibl e . The l aying down o f a comprehensive pl an no w means that each elemen t o f the pl an as i t is needed in the l arger t ransi t scheme can be consi dered and devel oped in i t s

t - f rel at ion o the whole plan . A be tte r co o rd inat ion o the var ious parts o f the pl an f can thus be ef ected . Furthermore , the City can only grow as i ts u rban t ransportation

system expands . Its development in the future must con for m to its ne w transi t l ines .

th . I n short , th e t ran si t plan shou l d be the real basi s for e Ci ty plan Th i s mean s that in th e un developed sect ion s o f the Ci ty th e new st reet pl an s an d th e n ew t ran si t plans

sh ou l d be con sid ered togethe r . Th e n ew st reet s shou l d be w i d e enough to pe rm i t th e construct ion o f elev ated l ine s th rough thei r center i n such a way a s no t to i nj u ri ou sly affect con t iguou s pro pe rty . Th e central S pace on bo th s i des o f t he eleva ted l in e an d be n eath i t cou ld be t ran s form ed i n to pa rkways . Th rough the congested d i st r ict s some O o f t h e unde r neath space cou l d be u t i l i zed for autom ob i le s to rage pu rposes . r bette r , — th e st reet pla n shou l d p rov i de n ar row r igh ts - o f way between th e streets th rough w h i ch su ch ele vated li ne s can be bu i l t . Agai n , i t m ay be d e s i rab l e t o locate th e rap i d tran si t

. o f li ne s i n open cut s Th i s i s p robabl y th e most d esi rable type con struct ion .

- o i— st reets , o r speci a l r igh ts way , a l s"o a re n ece ssary f o r th i s ki n d o f l in e . Th e st reet . o r p l an shoul d take t h i s i n to accoun t th e se reason s , and f or m any oth e rs , th e re for e , l th e fo rm ul at ion o f a comp reh en si ve t ran si t pla n at th i s ti m e i s j u sti fi ab e .

T H E Co mp RE H EN S I vE P LA N

The complete comp rehensive rapid t rans it system proposed , based on convenient “ service to the whol e C ity , i s shown on the pl an , ent itled Map o f Proposed Compre " h ensive o f Rapid T rans it Plan Cover ing A l l o f the B oroughs Greater N ew York , dated

u 1 920 . O J ne , , tran sm it ted herew i th n th i s pl an the ex isting rapi d t ransi t facil ities t — hose incl uded in t he D ual Cont racts are shown in sol i d l ines . The propo sed add it ional k l ines and extension s to the ex ist ing l ines are shown in bro en l ines . In the outlying section s of Qu een s and i n R i ch mon d on ly th e approx i mate location o f th e l ines h as been in dicated , for the reason that the ter ri tor ies t rave rse d by these p roposed routes have not yet been p rov ided w i th a compl ete st reet system . A s al ready pointed out , it w il l be ad van tageou s th e re fo re i n conn ect ion w i th th e fu tu re pl ann i ng o f th e street sy stem s in these ter ritor ies to cons ider the prospect ive rap i d trans it l ines . Th roughout the devel ope d parts o f the C ity the new l ines con form to the ex ist ing st reet pl ans . I t i s n ot to be a ssu med th at in such a co mpreh en si v e l ayou t t h e actu al l ocation o f th e l ines may no t be changed at the t i me the l ines are actual ly lai d down for Construct ion .

The pl an i s only intended to ind icate thei r approx imate pos it ion . In other wo rd s , the pl an i s mean t to Show general ly the numbe r o f such new l ines an d thei r approx imate to l oca ti on , on the th eo ry th at al l p orti on s o f th e Ci ty w i l l eventua ll y be ent i tl ed con v en ien t access to rapi d t ransi t l ines .

A L L TRA N S IT LI N ES EN TER A N D TRAV ERSE T H E CEN TER In the devel opment o f the pl an every col l ecting and d ist ribut ing branch traversing

The B ronx , Queens , B rooklyn and R ichmond i s routed into an d through the center in to M anhattan . The cen ter in M anhattan i s assumed include that port ion o f M anhattan

bel ow 59th S t ree t . I n other words , al l trans it l ines , w herever they may o r ig inate in the f out ly ing bo rough s , enter an d t rave rse the cen ter , so as to af ord the same degree o f accessi bil it y to th i s 8 square m il es f rom al l O f the 3 1 5 square miles const itut ing the

w hol e C i ty . The c i rcumstances demand th is . B ut i t woul d be be tte r i f othe r cente rs coul d be c reated an d thus avoi d focuss ing the act ive l i fe o f the ent ire commun ity in — . O o ne a rea . The tendency i s to concent rate acti v i t ies not d is pe rse them riginal ly

there were fi ve commun it ies , but these we re consol idated into one . Each borough to

nd a ce rtain degree st i l l main tains i ts i nd iv idual i ty , a w ith in i t s own bounda r ie s contains i t s part icul a r social an d comme rc ial d ist r icts , bu t the most o f the borough act iv it ies a re concent rated in the one ar ea in Manhattan used b y al l o f the boroughs in com f w mon . H e re the g reat maj o rity o the o rke rs o f t he whol e C ity find the i r daily

d . occu pat ions . H ere the most at t rac t ive shopping ist r icts are located He re the amuse

ment s for the ent i re C ity a re seg regated . In sho rt , th is is the real commun ity cente r fo r

tlte the ent i re C ity . I t i s and mos t l ikely w il l cont inue to be Obj ect ive po int fo r mos t

— fi ve o f t he mun ic i pal t ravel e rs . Now ou r probl em is w ith a single commun ity not — commun it ies and we must meet and deal w it h the cond it ion s as they ex ist .

— - I n the case o f t he l ines serving Richmon d s ix t wo t rack col lect ing and d istr ibut ing — l ines th ree o f the l ines r e ac lt t he cente r i n lowe r M anhattan by way o f B rooklyn . The fi s R n v b u t r t ichmond l ine s shoul d o t onl y p ro ide t rans it fo r Richmond , al so shoul d 1 1

, t raverse and se rve B rooklyn . The other three , those for later development reach the N ew no t center by way o f New J ersey . Thei r rout ing th rough J ersey has been de B e fo re these last l ines can be const ructed necessary t reaty arrangements te r m ined.

w il l have to be effected between the States o f New York and New Je rsey .

" - WA Y M A "I M U M TRAFF I C T H ROUG H CEN TER DY M EAN S O T wo T RAFF IC LIN ES

A s far as it has been pract icabl e to do so , every t runk l ine traversing the cente r in M anhattan i s connec ted at both extremities w ith col l ec t ing an d d istri buting branche s

- f in such a way as to deve lop a two way traf ic , thereby ut il i z ing such t runk l ine s fo r the

movement o f ful ly loaded train s in both d i rections dur ing each rush hour , in th i s way

making use o f the st reet system through the center to its maximum capac i ty fo r rapi d

trans it serv ice . Even unde r such cond it ions , however , pract ical ly every north and south avenue through the cente r o f M anhattan w il l be ut il ized by rapid transi t l ines .

T wo - STOR Y S UDWA Y S A RE PR OPO SED B ECA U SE T H ERE A RE N OT ENOUG H N ORT H A N D SOUT H A V EN UES FOR N ECES SARY TRU N K L I N ES

In some cases i t i s pro posed to u t i l ize the north and south avenues fo r rap i d trans it to purposes to a greater extent than ever be fo re contemplated . I t is necessary do this because there are n o t enough up and down avenues avail abl e fo r trunk l ines . F rom the

1 2 . C ity H al l to 5 th S treet , incl ud ing B roadway , the re are only eleven through avenues T ff no w o avenues , S ixth an d Seventh , are cut O by Cent ral Park , w ith populat ion to t 1 25 th serve , and wh ich is fi l l ed w ith l akes and reservoi rs o bui l d under . A bove Street there a re sti ll fewe r through avenues . The el even through avenues connect an d se rve 1 f 1 25th about 50 ef ect ive crosstown streets to S t reet . Exp ressed in another way , M an hattan f rom the B atte ry to Spuyten Duyv i l has approx imatel y 1 00 m i les o f north an d — south tho rough f ares to serve approximately 325 mi l es o f cross town streets o r the rat io

n o f crosstown to l ongitud inal st reets i s over th ree to o e . Again , the exte r ior , o r marginal , avenues do not g o through the most important part o f the center "the re fore thei r use t i s not , and i s never l ikel y o be , as intens ive as those nearer the med ian l ine . These cond it ions explain the inord inate congestion wh ich ex i sts along al l north an d south travel l ines . Consequentl y , s ince the avenues are to o few in numbe r , i t i s proposed to

. o f m ult ip ly th ei r use un dergroun d I n th e case one aven ue , Eigh th A ven ue , a two

- n sto ry eight track subway i s proposed . In the case o f a other avenue , M ad i son Avenue ,

tw o - - — a story six track subway i s proposed . A l l o f the tracks in these two story subways w il l probabl y not be constructed at the same t ime . Some new l ines w il l have to be

o n f p rov ided soon on the West S ide and some the East S ide o M anhattan . Probably tw o - story l ines w i l l have to be started i n E ighth Avenue an d i n M ad i son A venue at

tw o abou t the same time , but w ith only tracks in each story , prov ision being made in locat ing the l ine in the street and in const ruct ing it so that the remaining tracks can

n be ad ded l ater o . A n e ffort has be en made to br ing the trunk l ines th roughout the cente r as near the o f med ian l ine M anhattan as possi ble . I n th is manner the maj or ity o f the rapi d transi t l ines through the cen ter south o f 59th S t reet i s contained w ith in the section between

o n N inth Avenue on the West S i de an d Lex ington Avenue the East S ide . The t runk l ines are routed north and south in as st raight l ines as practicabl e , wh ich w il l at the

same time perm it them to be brought cl osest to the med ian l ine .

MovI N C PLATFOR M S FOR D I STRI BUTION O"TRAFF I C I N T H E CEN TER Loops w i thin the center are obj ectionabl e because they segregate t raff ic to such an

to o f k — extent as c reate a menac ing congestion al l inds pedestr ian , veh icul ar an d transit congest ion . The best way o f provi d ing conven ient crosstow n connect ions between al l l ines is by

means o f a number o f c rosstown l ines rout ing pract ical ly from r iver to r iver . Sur face 1 2

l ines may be ut ilized at fi rst i f proper t ran s fer arran gements are e ffected . B ut where s th e t raffic i s dense , in order to rel ieve the street for other u es and to accel erate t ransit ff movements , the rai l way tra ic shoul d be pl aced undergroun d . I t i s bel ieved that the most desi rabl e way o f furn ish ing such crosstown connect ions i s by means o f under groun d mov ing pl at form l ines . The comp rehensive program there fore includes fi ve

- 1 t th 42 such mov ing plat for m l ines c rossing through M anhattan in 4 h , 23d, 34 , d an d 7 5 th Streets . Wi th a number o f crosstown l ines the trans fer r ing woul d not be con c entr ated but woul d be d istr ibuted over many points . B y two t rans fers , includ ing two r i des on north an d south t runk lines and one r ide on a moving pl at form l ine , the enormous numbe r o f passengers reach ing the cente r coul d conven iently reach any

point w ith in the center . Tw o outly ing c rosstown l ines have been l ai d dow n in the O W comprehensive pl an . ne is a proposed B rookl yn ater f ron t C rosstown Line th rough

Q ueens and B rooklyn , f rom A stor ia to South B rooklyn . Th i s l ine was under con tem lati n p o in pa rt when the D ual System plan was formul ated . T he other i s a proposed

- - - - O f M anhattan B ronx to the ocean c rosstown l ine . I t starts on the West S ide Man

1 5 h al n l 6 1 5 t hattan in 5 t St reet , c rosses Manh attan , r o utes o g S treet in The B ronx , " l acros s the Sound an d Rike r s I sl and , across Queens to and along the Long I s an d r ight f— o w ay to Ro ckaway . By means o f th i s l ine and a s ingl e t rans fe r everyone in uppe r

M anhattan an d in The B ronx can r ide d i rectly to the ocean . I t i s expected that other c rosstown rap i d t ransi t l ines w i l l have to be p rov i ded traversing B rooklyn and "ueens , n d a possibly The B ronx , but the location o f such l ines can best be determ ined upon as a resul t o f the futu re g rowth o f the C ity .

2 1 M ORE TWO- TRA C K T UN N EL CROS S I N CS PROPOSED

A t the p resen t t ime there are 34 single - track r iver crossings connect ing M anhattan 42 w ith The B ronx , Queens and B rooklyn . The proposed plan contempl ates ad d ing

- s ingle t rack r ive r crossings . A l l o f these c rossings w il l be by means o f tunnels . h 1 Th i s means , t ere fore , that the comp rehensive program incl udes 2 add it ional two t rack tunnel l ines unde r the water s su rroun ding M anhattan and connecting M anhattan k w ith The B ronx , Queens , B roo lyn an d Richmond .

830 S I NGLE - TRA C K M I LES O"N EWRA PI D TRAN SI T "A C ILITIES

n The p ropo sed new routes have o t been studied in deta il . I t i s there fore impossi bl e to say how much o f the m i leage w il l be undergroun d m ileage and how much o f i t

. i elevated m i l eage The total new m ileage , incl ud ing the new l ines , extens on s and

- moving pl at forms , and includ ing the th ir d t racks , amounts to about 830 singl e track 1 6 f m ile s o f add i tional rap i d t ransi t fac il ities . The Dual System has 6 m iles o single track . The p roposed new fac i l it ies there fore woul d consi de rabl y more than doubl e ' the D ual System m i l eage . The thi rd t racks do no t t raverse the center and there fore do not ad d mate rial ly to capac ity , but they perm i t o f dec reasing the t ime o f t ravel

between the outly ing l im its and the cente r . Twelve extens ion s to the exist ing l ines are p ropo sed .

3 1 A DDI TI ON A L S UBWA Y TRA C K S T I-I ROUG II T II E CEN TER FOR RU S II - I I OUR TRAFF I C

The I nte rbo rough East and Wes t S i de t runk l ine s conta in fou r t racks each , or e igh t t racks al togethe r . A t the presen t t ime onl y s ix o f these e ight t racks car ry loaded t ra ins th rough the cente r dur ing the rush hours . Rel at ively empty t rains t ravel over the

k I n - other two t rac s . o the r wo rds , on ly two p airs o f these t racks develop a two way

f - f I t raf ic "the othe r t wo pa i rs devel op only a one way traf ic . t i s propose d at some

- f t future t ime to connect up the t wo one way tra fic pa i rs o B rooklyn , t he reby t ran s

- w a f n for m ing them into t wo y t ra f ic pa i r s , and in th i s manne r obta in a a dd i t ional two k t t rac capac ity t hroug h the cent e r d ur ing the rush hou rs . S im i la rly it i s proposed o 1 3

extend the pai r o f t racks o f the New York M un ici pal fou r - track t runk l ine w h ich now terminates at 59th Street into upper M anhattan so as to secu re anothe r ful l capac ity

movement through the center , wh ich w i th the t wo Interborough ful l capac ity movement s

w il l add th ree new ful l capac ity movements al together . A t the present time t ravers ing the center north

and south there are 7 t runk l ines ,

3d ". cons isting o f . 20 tracks "excl ud ing t racks

There are proposed 6 new trunk l ines , consi st ing o f 28 tracks , thu s making a total o f 1 3 trunk l ines , k cons ist ing o f 48 trac s ,

runn ing north and south in Manhattan th rough the center . 28 The three new ful l capac ity movements , w ith the new t racks wh ich are proposed 3 1 un der the comprehensive plan , w il l furn i sh add itional ful l capac i ty tracks th rough W o ut the cente r , all connected ith col l ect ing and d istr i but ing branches running into and

th rough the outlying section s o f al l o f the boroughs .

T H E E"U IVALEN T O"T H E CO M PRE H EN SI VE P LA N M IG H T B E RE"U IRED I N S EVENTY - FIV E Y EARS

Ba sed o n p resent - day degree o f ut il i zat ion o f t racks an d p re sent - day type s o f to equipm ent , t he p ropo sed add it i onal t run k l in e t racks woul d be able devel op a no t capac ity o f somewhe re a roun d passenge rs pe r year . I t i s hu m anl y p os o f si bl e to p redete rm ine wh en al l o f the se f aci l it ie s m ay be needed . Th e a rt t ran s p o r tatio n m ay so change th at t hey m ay neve r be needed i n subways . O n th e o the r h an d , con s i de ring pa st con d i t ion s an d a ssum ing develop ment gene ral ly along p re sen t f l i nes , som e degree o app roxim ati on m ay be m ade a s to when th e equ i val en t o f th e comp rehen sive p lan m ay be requi re d . Rap i d tran s it i n New Yo rk City began abou t t — — f fif y two year s ag o in 1 868. Th i s yea r the total t raf i c on al l t ran sportat ion li ne s — su r face , subway an d e lev ated l ine s w i l l amoun t to abou t p assenge rs .

- Th i s figu re p ract ical ly rep resent s the gro wth O f t raffi c i n fifty two year s . B ut

- n t the greater part o f this growth has occurred during the last twenty fiv e years , o

in f h as w i th stan d ing th e i nc rea se t rave l by automob il e . I n t h i s per i o d th e total t raf i c f i ncreased about pas senge rs . I f on ly th e same rate O i ncrease i s a ssume d

- fiv f to fo r th e n ext seventy e year s , the t ra fic to be ca red fo r then woul d amoun t

pa ssen ge rs . B u t f rom th e begi nn ing to th e p re sen t t ime the rate o f growth

n h as conti n ua l ly increased . Th ere fo re, i t i s o t un rea sonabl e to a ssume th at i n seventy fiv e yea rs th e tra ffi c m ay amoun t to somewhe re aroun d passenge r s n f m o re th an are o w car ri ed . I f , i n the f utu re , m ost o f th e traf ic i s rap i d f t rans i t t ra fi c , then th e add ition a l capa c ity p rov i de d by th e propo sed " com p rehen s ive p lan wou l d not m uch mo re th an su ffice for th e C i ty s t ran si t need s

- fiv sev enty e yea rs hen ce .

EIG H T N EWTRU N K LI N E TRA C K S T H ROUG H T H E CENTER R E"U IRED I N N E"T T WEN TY FIVE Y EARS t A l though i t i s not pos s ible o l ook ahead to th e en d , i t i s p ract icable to see f o rward

- to the near f ut u re . I f twenty fiv e years f rom n o w pa ssenger s m ust be

accom modated , an d mo st o f them o n rap i d t ran sit l i nes , i t mean s th at eno ugh faci l it i e s

m u st be adde d to se rve pas senge r s . E igh t new t runk l i ne t racks th rough th e cen te r w i t h col lectin g an d di st r ibut ing b ran ch e s run n i ng ou t f rom thei r extrem i t ie s f d o . wou l d be s uf ici ent t o th i s Supp lement ing the n ew t ru nk l ine s , th ree c ro sstown mov ing p lat form s shou l d be constructed to supply p rope r d i st r ibuti ng f aci l it ie s th ro ugh h — t e . tw out cente r A l so , o O f th e e xist ing one way t raffi c l i ne s sh o ul d be exten de d 1 4

th n orth o r sou th , as e case m ay be . i n o rde r th at the i r f u l l t runk l ine capacity th ro ugh th e cen te r m ay be ut i l ized .

E"TEN S I ON S A N D B ETT ER M ENT S N EEDED

B esi de s th e se faci l it ie s som e e xten s ion s to th e e xi sti ng l i ne s o ugh t to be b ui lt , an d su ch bette rm en t s effected as th e deve lo pmen t s i n th e a rt m ay i ndi cate to be d esi rabl e . Th e serv ice i n o u r s ubways i s th e m os t attract iv e m u n i cip a l t ran s it serv ice i n th e

- wo rl d . Th e a l l day exp res s se rvi ce coup l e d w i t h con ven ient inte rch ange between f e xp re s s an d l ocal t rain s i s th e o utstand i ng feat ure o f th i s se rv ice . B ut the ef ect o f th i s ki n d o f ope rat ion h as been to u nbalance th e u se o f the e xp re ss an d local t racks .

- - O n th e I nt erborough l in es ten car exp re ss t ra in s are ope rated an d s i x ca r local t rain s , and desp i te th e d ifference i n th e s iz e o f t he t ra i n s the inten s ity o f load ing i s greate r O o n the exp re s s th an on th e loca l t rai n s . b se rvat i on s m ad e at one t i m e in d icate d th at nea rl y on e - th i rd o f al l th e sub way p assenge r s u se d two t rai n s to reach th e i r dest inat ion — r exp res s an d local o r l ocal an d exp res s . A g eat m any u se th ree t rai n s . Th i s ch ar acte r o f se rv i ce i s popu l a r an d i s a p ub l i c conv en ience , but i t i s h ad a t a sacr ifice to

o subway capac i ty . Som e way shou l d be foun d t equal i ze th e u se o f th e exp ress an d l - oca l t racks . I f th i s co ul d be done an d ten car local t rai n s uti l ize d the capaci ty woul d 2 t h i i m m ed i ate ly be i nc reased 5 p e r cen , an d p robably m uch m ore , w ith t e sam e nten sity o f u se o f t h e tw o cl a s se s o f serv ice . A n equ a l i z ing me tho d o f operat ion wa s sugge ste d

n o t " at on e t im e , but i t di d m eet w ith favor I t m ay be n ece ssary to adopt som e such p l an late r .

T H E M OST I M PORTA N T N EWROU TES PROPOS ED

Th e fo rego ing cove r s th e m ost sal ien t po i nt s o f th e propo se d deve l opm ent p rogram .

I t i s u nneces sa ry to di scus s th e vari ou s rou tes an d exten sion s in deta i l . Some o f the m ost i mpo rtan t r outes , h oweve r , m ay be m en ti one d . Th e ea rl i est a dd it ional f aci l ity wh ich can be p rov i ded f or uppe r M anhattan o n th e “l est S i de i s by m ean s o f th e const ruct ion o f a p ropo se d tw o - t rack extens ion o f the N ew York M un icipal Rai l way Corpo rat ion B roadway - Seventh A venue l ine up "V Cent ral Park est an d E ighth A venue "or Seventh Av enue "to the H arl em River . f to T he ef ect o f such a l ine, wou l d be immed iately rel ieve the S ixth and N inth A venue el evated l ine by prov i d ing add it ional faci l it ies f o r the ter rito ry north o f 1 1 0th St reet

and east o f Morn ingsi de Park . I t woul d al so ten d to rel ieve the ex ist ing Interborough 6 th subway west o f Cent ral Park f rom 9 S t reet to 59th St reet . I f the route fol lowed 1 1 0th Seventh A v enue instead o f E ighth A venue no rth o f St reet , the present Lenox

- branch woul d be rel ieved , thereby enabl ing the Lenox B roadway serv ice to be reduced

- and t he uppe r M anhattan B roadway se rv ice to be correspond ingly increase d . Th is two - t rack subway extension w oul d mean bu i l d ing a l ine only f rom 59th St reet north t to the H arl e m R i ve r . Th is woul d be a col l ect ing and d istr ibut ing branch o the exi sting Broad way - Seventh A venue s ubway no w being Operated by the New York M un ici pal Rai l way Cor po rat ion and woul d take the peopl e us ing i t down the cente r o f M anhattan v ia B road way to City Hal l an d below . In o ther words , only the b ranch woul d need to be

bui l t . T he t runk l ine i s al ready ava i labl e . A suggest ion was made at one t ime that such an ex tens ion shoul d t rave rse S t . N icholas A venue and B road way to the uppe r end

f . su es o f M anhattan I sl and , the reby af o rd ing re l ie f to th is sect ion O f Manhattan A g g t ion has been made recently t hat th i s branch fol low S t . N ichol as A venue and Fort

f - “ ashing to n A venue to S puyten Duyv i l . The d isad vantages o f extend ing th is t wo t rack l ine by w ay o f e it her o f these p roposed routes a re that i t woul d be a ve ry long two - t rack

o b ranch , and a l so it woul d be to close to park a reas and ot he r areas not ava ilabl e for F hous ing develo pment s . or t hese reasons i t woul d not pro vide the mos t des i rabl e trans i t S 1 facil it ie s fo r the ect ion north o f 1 5 5 1 1 S t reet in u pper Manhat tan . Increase d faci l ities

1 6

- p ropose d Ei gh th A ven ue A m ste rdam Av enu e t runk l i n e i mm edi ately, th en that porti on o f th e l ine below 4l st Street t h rough th e lowe r part o f M anh attan m igh t be

const ru cted fi r st , th e reby prov i di ng a route i nto low er M anh attan for th ose pa s senger s i . s u si ng th e Ste inw ay Tu nne l l ine H owev er , i t impo rtant that the E igh th Avenue A m st erdam Av enu e l i ne be con st ructe d i n its entirety a s soon as th e fi nanci al co n

d i t io n o f th e Ci ty w i l l pe rm i t it , fo r the reason th at i t i s the onl y way i n w h ic h th e -

trans i t fac i l i t ies for th e upper We st S i d e o f M anh attan can be mater i al ly i mproved . Th e ex i sti ng I nte rborough s ubway i s th e only rap i d t ran si t l ine now se rv i ng th i s por so tion o f th e C i ty . I t i s gre at ly congeste d , th at o f al l porti on s o f M anh attan th e

nee d fo r a dd i t ion al tra ns i t f aci l it ie s i s m ost p res sing on th e u pper West S i de . There

- its n fo re , i f th e E igh th Av enue A m ste rdam Av enu e l ine cou l d be bu i lt i n ent i rety o w ,

or i n a shor t wh i l e , i t w oul d not only rel i eve th e congest ion i n the u ppe r We st S ide

‘ fo r o f M anh attan , but wou l d al so p rov i de the a dequate exte n sion o f th e S te i nw ay

T unne l l i ne prev i ou sly re ferred to . T he p rinc ipal new l ine to be p rov i ded on th e E ast S ide o f M anh attan i s th e pro

- pose d M ad i son A ven u e l i n e . Th i s l in e w oul d begi n at th e Harl em R i ve r a s a 4 track

2 - t ru nk l ine , w i th a pos sible , track conn ecti on to Th e B ron x , and e xten d down M adi son

Av enu e to 86 th St reet , wh ere two tracks woul d branch to th e ea st i nto and th rough

- E - Qu ee ns , wh ich togeth e r w ith the two t rack bran ch f rom th e i gh th Avenue A m ste rdam n 4— A venu e l ine o th e Wes t S i de , woul d con st itu te a track t ru nk l ine to Q ueen s .

6 t 23 d - From 8 th St reet sou th o St reet the M a di son Aven u e l ine woul d be a 6 t rack l i ne .

- A t 23 d Street one 2 t rack branch wou l d extend d own Fi fth Avenu e , Green e Street an d

Ch u rch S treet to abou t Chamber s S t reet , wh ere eve ntu al ly th e l i ne w ou l d tu rn west t u n de r th e Hu d son R iv er o N ew J e rsey and to Ri ch m on d . A t M a di son Avenue an d 23 d S treet tw o track s wou l d te rm in ate "th e oth er t racks w oul d exten d dow n Th i rd

A ven ue to abou t T h i r d St reet , wh e re th ey wou l d tu rn east an d c ros s th e East Ri ve r to

4 - B rooklyn , connecti ng w ith a t rack t runk l i n e i n B roa dway, th i s tru nk l ine in B rookl yn 2— th u s be ing serve d by an E ast Si de trac k con nect ion v i a M ad i son Avenu e , an d a

- We st S ide 2 t rack con n ectio n v i a the E ighth A ven u e l in e a l ready d escr ibed .

- Th e Fou rth A venu e Lexi ngton Avenu e subway i s now h eav ily overcrow ded . Th e

- neighborh oo d arou n d th e Gran d Centra l Term in al is rap i dly bu i ld in g up . La rge f in crea se s i n hotel faci l it ie s are bei n g pl an ned . N u me rou s exten sive of ice bu il ding

p roj ect s a re tak i ng f orm . I n a rel ati vely Sh ort t i m e th e exi st ing s ubway w i l l be h wh oll y unabl e to m eet t e t ran si t requ i rem ent s o f th e East S ide o f M anhattan , an d

parti cul arl y o f th e Gran d Cent ra l ne igh borh ood . Con sequentl y , to meet th i s p re ssi ng to de man d , th e p roposed M ad ison Aven ue l ine w i l l h ave be place d u nder construction

in th e n ear fu ture . W i th re spec t to "ueen s it s fi r st need i s th e exten s ion o f th e Corona li n e to ,

th e Flu sh i ng , an d th e e xten sion o f Ste i nway Tunnel l ine we st an d dow n E ighth Aven ue

a s al ready d e scribed . is I n th e case o f B rooklyn , the m ost p re ss ing n ee d for a ddi tional t ru nk l in e facil

i t ie s into an d th rough M anh attan . The se f aci l i ti e s can be st be p rovi d ed , fi rst , by bu i l d

ing a subway an d tu nn el connect io n v ia Li v i ngston an d Wa sh ington Stree ts . B rooklyn , and in to M anhat tan to a con n ect ion w i th th e two t racks o f th e N e w York M un ici pal Rai l way Co rpo rat io n f ou r - t rack B roadway t runk li ne wh ich n o w term i n ate s a t Ci ty

I II Br o o k lvn tw o - S H al l . th i s t rack ubway tem pora r i ly coul d conn ect w i th the Fult on

S t ree t e l e vat ed l i ne at o r n ear A sh l an d Place . Th i s proj ect ha s al ready been sugge sted .

- Lat e r , ano the r t wo t rack su bway and t unn el cro ssi ng to M anhattan cou l d be prov id ed , st a rt i ng i n B rook lyn i n Fu l ton S t reet i n th e ne igh bo rh ood o f A shlan d P l ace at a bou t t h e same po i n t t hat t h e for mer l i ne i s p ropo se d to begin , and rout in g t h rough State St reet and v ia a t unne l t o a conne cti o n w it h th e spu r prov i de d at th e lowe r en d o f

the t h e Wh itehal l St reet subway o f Ne w Yo rk M un i c i pal Ra il way Corpo rat i on . Wh en th i s ne w c ro ss ing i s con st ru cted i t wou ld p ro bably be d es i rabl e t o exten d the fou r - t rack 1 7

to . s ubway t h rough Fu lton S treet i n B rooklyn East N ew York I f th i s i s done , the present Mon tague stree t tunnels w il l be gi ven ove r to the excl u si ve u se o f the Cen t re

S t reet Loop an d N assau Street l i ne s . F s or R ich mon d , th e fi r st th ing that is neede d i s to p rov ide a t unne l c ros i ng at th e Narrow s connect ing Rich mond w i th the cente r o f M anh attan vi a the Fou rth A ven ue N fo r subway . O rapi d t ran si t faci l it ies ha ve ye t been p rov i de d the B orough o f Rich

. mond . Th i s tunnel cros si ng , there fo re , sh ou l d be one o f th e fi rst proj ects ad van ced Sho rtly a fter th e Fou rth Avenu e subway i s con necte d up w i th Ric h mon d i t w i l l p rob

" . ably b e nece ssa ry to de ect th e Sea Beach l i ne f rom it Th e Sea Beach l ine i s a

- to company bui l t l ine . I t w i l l be n ecessary some t i m e p rov ide an ad d i t ional outlet

- fo r th i s l in e i n to and th rough M anhattan . Th i s can be done by w ay o f a fou r t rack route th rough Secon d A venue , Sm i th Street and J ay St reet to Park A ven ue exte nde d . From th i s poi nt tw o track s wou l d j oi n th e wate r f ron t crosstown l i ne an d tw o tracks o f wou l d cont i nu e by a tunn e l crossing to th e East S i de M anh attan , con nect ing w i th

an East S i de t runk l i ne trave rs ing M anh attan th rough Lex ington and Th i rd A ven ue s .

to Late r , a s oth e r connect ion s h ave be p rov i de d for R i ch mond , two m o re pai r s o f

- tunn e l s cou l d be bu i lt acros s th e N arrow s , con nect ing w i th a n e w f ou r t rack subway th rough Th i rd Avenue in B rooklyn an d reach i ng M anh attan v i a tw o tw o - t rac k l ine s " , to one v ia H am i l ton Avenue an d Governo r s I s l an d th e Battery , connect ing w i th th e

- tw o t racks o f th e E igh th Av en u e A m ste rdam A venu e l ine , a s al ready de scr ibed "an d th e othe r v ia Atla nt i c Avenu e , B rooklyn , to th e B attery , an d v i a a subway exten si on o n th e East S i de o f l ow e r M anha ttan to a con necti on w ith th e two t racks o f th e

Fou rth A venu e - Lex ington Av en ue l ine o f th e I nte rborough Comp any now t erm i nating

o f - at Ci ty H al l . Th e two t racks the I nterborough Seventh Av en ue B roadway l in e th at now te rm inate at th e B atte ry i t is propo sed to connect at Li berty S t reet w i th a

- tw o track l i ne th rough Liberty Street an d M ai de n Lan e , u n de r th e East R i ve r to

B rooklyn , and th enc e v i a H icks S t reet , Un ion St reet an d Seven th Av enu e to a connec

- t ion w i th th e p re sent ci ty owned Cu lve r l ine . Thi s proposed Cul ve r l ine conne ct ion

- w i th th e Seven th Avenue B roadway l i ne , an d th e p roposed A tlant i c Av enu e connection w i t h the Fou rth A venue - Lexington Avenu e l i ne woul d provi de f ou r more t racks to and th rough B rooklyn , an d no new trunk l in e t ravers in g th e center i n M an h attan wou l d h ave to be prov i de d to gi ve these B rooklyn l in es acce ss to the cente r o f M an - f h attan . I t w ou l d , h owever , develop a two way t raf i c th rough th e ex i sting fou r tracks o f the Seventh A venu e - B roa dway l ine an d Fou rth Av enue - Lexington A ven u e

no w - li n e o f th e I nterborough Com pany w h ich are n ot u sed fo r two w ay t raffic . Wh en th i s i s done th e eigh t t racks i n th ese two trunk l ine s w i l l al l be use d fo r two -way

f to t raf i c , an d th ese two l in es the re fo re may then be develope d th e i r m ax i mu m capacity .

N one o f th e othe r l ines w i l l be de scr ibe d i n deta il . Th ei r gene ral l ocat ion i s

in d icated p lai n ly enough on th e pl an .

E"TEN SION S A N D N EWROUTES RECO M M EN DED "OR EARLY CON STRU CTION To M EET N E"T " TWEN TY - FI VE Y EARS RE"U IRE M EN TS

Ex te nsio ns Th e fi rst n ew work th at w il l h av e to be car ri ed ou t w i l l p robably be ce rtai n

extension s or add it ion s to th e ex i sti ng li n es , a s f ol l ow s : Exten sion o f th e Coron a b ran ch o f th e Ste inway Tun nel l i n e f rom i ts

present te rm inu s t o M a in S treet , Flu sh ing .

o f Exten si on th e S t ei nway Tunnel l i ne , f rom i ts p roposed term i nu s at 4 l 4 l Sevent h A venu e an d st St ree t , west th rough st Str eet to a conn ect ion w i th

- th e propose d Eigh th Avenue Am ste rdam Avenue tru nk l ine , a s al ready de sc ri bed . " Tw o - track exten sion o f the N ew York M un i ci pal Rai l way Co rporati on

- 9th B roadway Fou rth Avenu e trunk l in e , f rom 5 Stree t an d Sev enth Avenu e u p “l E Cent ral Park est and ighth o r Seven th A ven ue to the H a rlem Ri ve r . 1 8

Exten si on f rom th e N ew York M un icipal Rai lway Corpo rati on B roadway

Fou rth Avenu e subway , at B road way an d Ci ty Hal l Pa rk , v ia A nn St reet an d the

E ast R i ve r to B rooklyn , an d th ence v i a B rooklyn B r idge term i n al property, D Kal W ash ington S tree t , Li v i ngs ton S treet , e b Av enue an d Fo rt Green e P lace F to a con necti on w i th th e u l ton S treet el evated l i ne at o r nea r A sh land Place .

h as Th i s con nect ion al ready bee n un der con si de rati on .

Tw o - t rack tunnel unde r th e N arrow s connect ing th e south ern ext rem i ty o f — th e B roadway Fou rth A v enue l in e o f th e N ew York M un i ci pal Ra i lway Corpo

o i R ration w ith th e B orough i ch mon d , p rov i di ng th e fi rst rap id t ran s i t faci l itie s f o r th i s b orough . Conti n u at ion o f th e N ostran d Av enu e subway o f th e I nterborough Company i sou th nto an d th rough Coney I sl an d . Cro s stown l i n e th rough Q uee n s and B rooklyn connect i ng the A storia branch

in "ueen s w i th th e B righto n B each l i ne i n B rooklyn , the reby p rov i d ing a c ros s

to wn l ine between "ueen s an d South B rooklyn , an d be ing a pa rt o f th e p ropo se d

B rooklyn w ater f ront c ro sstown l in e p rev iou sly described . S uch a connection h as al ready been lai d dow n an d w as con sidere d f or in co rpo rati on in th e D ual

System , bu t h ad to be o m i tted beca u se o f l ack o f f u nds fo r const ruct ion at

th at t ime .

Exten s io n o f th e t wo t racks o f th e I n terbo rough Seven th Avenue - B roadway h l in e no w ter m i natin g at t e B atte ry , f rom a poi n t at Greenw ich an d Libe rty L " St reets , v i a Libe rty St reet , M ai den an e an d th e Ea st R iv er to B rooklyn , and

thence v i a H icks S t reet , Un i on St reet, Seven th Avenue an d Gravesen d A venue

n o w 4 th e to a co nn ecti on w i th th e Cu lv er l in e i nclu ded u n de r Contract N o . ,

u n de rstan di ng be ing th at th e Cu lv er l i n e w i l l subsequen tly be recap tu red , a s N 4 p rov i ded in Contract o . , to pe rm i t th e I n te rbo rough Com pany to operate th i s

- ex ten sion , th e reby ut il i z ing the pai r o f t rack s i n th e Se venth Aven ue B road way

- ff f - f l i ne fo r two way tra ic in stead o one way t ra f i c as at p resent . W A l so , som e m ino r e xten s ion s to th e el evated l ine s he re such l i ne s a re not

n ow rou te d o u t to th e C ity l im it s .

N ew Tr un k L ine s I n add iti o n to th e f oregoing e xten sion s th e f o l low i ng new t runk l ine s w i l l probably h av e to be con st ructe d i n the nea r f ut ure ‘

- Se rv in g th e We st S i de o f M anh attan , fo u r t ra cks o f th e e igh t track E igh th

- 1 5 5 h A venu e A m ste rdam A ven ue tr un k l i ne , extend ing f ro m t St reet in uppe r 2 M anh attan to 3d S t reet i n lowe r M anh attan , w i th a col lect i ng an d d i stribut i ng b ranch f ro m its no rth ern e xtrem ity e xten di ng n orth th ro ugh uppe r M anh att an

an d in to Th e B ron x , an d p rov i s ion fo r an easterly branch , w h ich late r can be 1 l st con st ructe d ea st acros s Th e B ro n x v ia 6 S t reet , Longwoo d A venue an d

r s its Ran da l l A ve n ue to Th o gg N eck , and w ith a b ranch f rom sou the rn e x

r 23d o e t e m ity e xten d i ng ea st th rough St reet t th e Ea st R ive r , w h i ch subs quent ly

can be ca r ried ac ro ss to B rooklyn , an d w ith an othe r b ran ch exten d ing south

to d own H u d son and Wash ington St reets somew h e re nea r th e B a tte ry , wh i ch

su bsequent ly can be e xtended t o B rooklyn .

- Se rv i ng th e East Si de o f M anh attan , fou r t racks o f the s i x track M adison m H 23d A ve n ue t runk l i ne , extend in g f ro th e a r l em R i ve r to St reet , w i th no

col le ct ing and d i st ri bu t i ng branch at th e no rthe rn ext rem ity , bu t w ith a tw o t rack co l lect i ng an d d i str ibut i ng b ranch exten d i ng f ro m the so uthe rn ext rem ity dow n Fi ft h A ven ue an d t h rough lo we r M anh attan to som e po in t n ea r Pa rk

th e t 23 d P lace , o th e r two o f the fou r rack s te rm ina t i ng at S treet and M ad i son

A venu e . 1 9

Mo v ing Pla tfo r m s

I n o rde r t o p rov ide suffic ien t t ran s fe r fac i l i t ie s ac ro s s to wn betwee n al l o f th e no rth and south t ru n k l i ne s to perm i t O f t h e traffic reach i n g th e cente r hav i ng easy acce ss to any po i n t w ith in the cen te r ,

th ree m ov ing p l at fo rm subways shou l d be i nc l uded i n the p rogram , n ame ly , 1 th 2d 7 th rough 4 St reet , 4 St ree t and 5 th St reet , p ract i ca l ly f rom r i ve r to r ive r ,

con nect ing al l the up an d down rap i d t ran s i t l i ne s .

n w Th e exten si on s . e t run k l ine s an d m ovi ng pl at fo rm s p roj ected abov e w i l l p robably

f r - fi me et a l l o f th e rapi d t ran si t requ i remen t s o the ne xt twenty ve yea r s . Th e bu i l d i ng program Sh o uld be lai d down i n such a man ner a s to enable th e begi n n ing o f con structi on o f t h ese l i nes a s soon as pos sibl e , an d so a s to equal ly d i st ri but e the i r con s t ruct i on ove r th i s t we nty - fiv e - ye ar pe ri o d i n o rde r th at al l O f th e fac i l i t i e s out l in ed f may be a vai l abl e at t he exp i ratio n o t h i s pe ri o d . I t i s impract i cabl e t o e sti m ate th e co nst ruct ion co st o f th i s twenty - fiv e - yea r

p rogram because o f the long pe r io d ove r w h ich t he constr uc ti on wou l d exten d . A t

- pre war pr i ces . h oweve r , i t i s e st im ate d that the co n st ruct io n program outl i ne d would cost somewhe re i n t he n e igh bo rhoo d O f A t p re sen t p r ice s i t i s e st im ate d th i s cos t wou ld am ount to I t i s h ard ly l ike ly th at pre sen t costs wi l l be

o h O f great ly exceeded . s t at the cost carryi ng ou t th i s p rogram w i l l p robabl y be som e

d n o t where betw een t hese t wo figu res . Th ese fi gu re s o i ncl u de in te re st d u r ing c o n

N o st ructi on or engin eerin g an d super i ntendence . e st i mate ha s been m ade O f th e cost

o f o f equ i pp i ng th es e l i ne s . Th e ope rato rs the l ine s wou l d be re qui red t o do th i s .

TOTA L COST A N D R ATE O"CON S TRU CTION CA N NOT BE E STI M ATED

I t i s im p ract icabl e a t th i s t i m e to m ake any est im ate o f the ent i re co st o f the h comp rehen si ve program out l i ned . I t i s i m pos sibl e al so t o say j u st o w fast th e new i f work sh ou l d be p roceede d w it h f rom the begi nn ng to th e e nd o the p rogram . I f

ut l the p rogram i s eve r carrie d o i n i t s e nt i rety, i t s comp l ete con st ructi on w i l exten d o ve r a long pe r io d O f yea rs . Du r ing t h i s t i m e th e a rt O f t ran spo rtat ion w i l l be s ubj ect

N e w to m any change s . de ve l op m ent s m ay enabl e l arge r capaci t i e s to be Obta ined f ro m th e ex i stin g l ines . t h ereby sl ow i ng down the ne w bu i l d i ng p rogram . Th e best that can be d on e i s to keep i n formed f rom year to yea r an d add ne w f aci l i t ie s i n respon se to t he apparent nee d o f a few yea rs ah ead , and a t th e same t im e al ways keep t h e general p rogram i n v iew .

N E WA Y WB UI LDI NG PR OG RA M M U ST BE S TA RTED A T O NCE A N D KEPT UN DER CON TI N UOU SLY

Th i s mean s that con tact w i th th e tran si t si tuat ion m u st be ma i ntai n e d a l ways . F rom pre sent con di t ion s i t i s ev iden t n o w that new faci li ti e s m u st be ava i l able soon

to meet th e im med iate fu tu re t ran s it n ee ds . I t h a s ave raged abou t ten years f rom the i ncep t ion O f th e prev iou s gene ra l t ran s it p roj ect s to th e date o f th e op e rat ion o f th e l ines . There f ore , i t i s i mportant that a s soon as th e D ua l System con st ru ct ion i s

a compl etely un der con tr ct . a n ew bui ld ing program shou l d b e started at once , and be p roceeded w ith g radua l l y an d con ti n uo u sly i n ant ic ipat ion o f and in o rde r to keep ff ahead o f the con stan tly grow ing tra ic requ i rements . Th i s i s th e e ssenti a l thing .

Th e new t ran si t l ine s sh ou l d p recede th e popul ati on . Th e new t ran s it p l an should

h y be th e bas i s o f t e Ci t pl an . Upon th ese tw o ca rd in al p rinc ip l es the f utu re o f th e

n City depe d s . The fore sigh t exe rci sed in deve l op i ng i t s tran si t faci l i tie s an d i n co n fo rm ing its fu ture expan sion th ere to w i l l largely dete rm i ne the pro sper ity o f New

v r Yo rk City i n t he ea s t o come . DA N I E L L . TU RN ER ,

Ch ie f Engi nee r . 29 Dated J uly ,