The Carburization Process Rates in Synthetic Cast Iron Production
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Progress the Business and Technology of Heat Treating ® May/June 2008 • Volume 8, Number 3
An ASM International® HEATPublication TREATING PROGRESS THE BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY OF HEAT TREATING ® www.asminternational.org MAY/JUNE 2008 • VOLUME 8, NUMBER 3 HEAT TREATMENT OF LANDING GEAR HEAT TREAT SIMULATION MICROWAVE HEATING SM Aircraft landing gear, such as on this U.S. Navy FA18 fighter jet, must perform under severe loading conditions and in many different environments. HEAT TREATMENT OF LANDING GEAR The heat treatment of rguably, landing gear has Alloys Used perhaps the most stringent The alloys used for landing gear landing gear is a complex requirements for perform- have remained relatively constant operation requiring ance. They must perform over the past several decades. Alloys A under severe loading con- like 300M and HP9-4-30, as well as the precise control of time, ditions and in many different envi- newer alloys AF-1410 and AerMet ronments. They have complex shapes 100, are in use today on commercial temperature, and carbon and thick sections. and military aircraft. Newer alloys like control. Understanding the Alloys used in these applications Ferrium S53, a high-strength stainless must have high strengths between steel alloy, have been proposed for interaction of quenching, 260 to 300 ksi (1,792 to 2,068 MPa) landing gear applications. The typical racking, and distortion and excellent fracture toughness (up chemical compositions of these alloys to100 ksi in.1/2, or 110 MPa×m0.5). are listed in Table 1. contributes to reduced To achieve these design and per- The alloy 300M (Timken Co., distortion and residual formance goals, heat treatments Canton, Ohio; www.timken.com) is have been developed to extract the a low-alloy, vacuum-melted steel of stress. -
Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons Under Similar Hardness
metals Article Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons under Similar Hardness 1,2 2 2 2, , Bingxu Wang , Xue Han , Gary C. Barber and Yuming Pan * y 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; [email protected] 2 Automotive Tribology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (G.C.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Current address: 201 N. Squirrel Rd Apt 1204, Auburn Hills, MI 48326, USA. y Received: 14 November 2019; Accepted: 4 December 2019; Published: 8 December 2019 Abstract: In this research, an austempering heat treatment was applied on gray cast iron using various austempering temperatures ranging from 232 ◦C to 371 ◦C and holding times ranging from 1 min to 120 min. The microstructure and hardness were examined using optical microscopy and a Rockwell hardness tester. Rotational ball-on-disk sliding wear tests were carried out to investigate the wear behavior of austempered gray cast iron samples and to compare with conventional quenched and tempered gray cast iron samples under equivalent hardness. For the austempered samples, it was found that acicular ferrite and carbon saturated austenite were formed in the matrix. The ferritic platelets became coarse when increasing the austempering temperature or extending the holding time. Hardness decreased due to a decreasing amount of martensite in the matrix. In wear tests, austempered gray cast iron samples showed slightly higher wear resistance than quenched and tempered samples under similar hardness while using the austempering temperatures of 232 ◦C, 260 ◦C, 288 ◦C, and 316 ◦C and distinctly better wear resistance while using the austempering temperatures of 343 ◦C and 371 ◦C. -
Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon As Carburizer
Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, 483-487, 2009 © 2009 Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon as Carburizer Fatai Olufemi Aramidea,*, Simeon Ademola Ibitoyeb, Isiaka Oluwole Oladelea, Joseph Olatunde Borodea aMetallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria bMaterials Science and Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Received: July 31, 2009; Revised: September 25, 2009 Due to the complexity of controlling parameters in carburization, there has been relatively little work on process variables during the surface hardening process. This work focuses on the effects of the carburizing temperature and time on the mechanical properties of mild steel carburized with activated carbon, at 850, 900 and 950 °C, soaked at the carburizing temperature for 15 and 30 minutes, quenched in oil, tempered at 550 °C and held for 60 minutes. Prior carburization process, standard test samples were prepared from the as received specimen for tensile and impact tests. After carburization process, the test samples were subjected to the standard test and from the data obtained, ultimate tensile strength, engineering strain, impact strength, Youngs’ moduli were calculated. The case and core hardness of the carburized tempered samples were measured. It was observed that the mechanical properties of mild steels were found to be strongly influenced by the process of carburization, carburizing temperature and soaking time at carburizing temperature. It was concluded that the optimum combination of mechanical properties is achieved at the carburizing temperature of 900 °C followed by oil quenching and tempering at 550 °C. -
ITP Metal Casting: Advanced Melting Technologies
Advanced Melting Technologies: Energy Saving Concepts and Opportunities for the Metal Casting Industry November 2005 BCS, Incorporated 5550 Sterrett Place, Suite 306 Columbia, MD 21044 www.bcs-hq.com Advanced Melting Technologies: Energy Saving Concepts and Opportunities for the Metal Casting Industry Prepared for ITP Metal Casting by BCS, Incorporated November 2005 Acknowledgments This study was a collaborative effort by a team of researchers from University of Missouri–Rolla, Case Western Reserve University, and Carnegie Mellon University with BCS, Incorporated as the project coordinator and lead. The research findings for the nonferrous casting industry were contributed by Dr. Jack Wallace and Dr. David Schwam, while the ferrous melting technologies were addressed by Dr. Kent Peaslee and Dr. Richard Fruehan. BCS, Incorporated researched independently to provide an overview of the melting process and the U.S. metal casting industry. The final report was prepared by Robert D. Naranjo, Ji-Yea Kwon, Rajita Majumdar, and William T. Choate of BCS, Incorporated. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Department of Energy and Cast Metal Coalition (CMC) in conducting this study. Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an Agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any Agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any Agency thereof. -
An Introduction to Nitriding
01_Nitriding.qxd 9/30/03 9:58 AM Page 1 © 2003 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing (#06950G) CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Nitriding THE NITRIDING PROCESS, first developed in the early 1900s, con- tinues to play an important role in many industrial applications. Along with the derivative nitrocarburizing process, nitriding often is used in the manufacture of aircraft, bearings, automotive components, textile machin- ery, and turbine generation systems. Though wrapped in a bit of “alchemi- cal mystery,” it remains the simplest of the case hardening techniques. The secret of the nitriding process is that it does not require a phase change from ferrite to austenite, nor does it require a further change from austenite to martensite. In other words, the steel remains in the ferrite phase (or cementite, depending on alloy composition) during the complete proce- dure. This means that the molecular structure of the ferrite (body-centered cubic, or bcc, lattice) does not change its configuration or grow into the face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice characteristic of austenite, as occurs in more conventional methods such as carburizing. Furthermore, because only free cooling takes place, rather than rapid cooling or quenching, no subsequent transformation from austenite to martensite occurs. Again, there is no molecular size change and, more importantly, no dimensional change, only slight growth due to the volumetric change of the steel sur- face caused by the nitrogen diffusion. What can (and does) produce distor- tion are the induced surface stresses being released by the heat of the process, causing movement in the form of twisting and bending. -
Effect of Melting Process and Aluminium Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–Al Alloys
ISIJ International, Vol. 50 (2010), No. 10, pp. 1483–1487 Effect of Melting Process and Aluminium Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–Al Alloys Shivkumar KHAPLE, R. G. BALIGIDAD, M. SANKAR and V. V. Satya PRASAD Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500058 India. E-mail: [email protected] (Received on January 4, 2010; accepted on July 1, 2010) This paper presents the effect of air induction melting with flux cover (AIMFC) versus vacuum induction melting (VIM) on the recovery of alloying element, reduction of impurities, workability and mechanical prop- erties of Fe–(7–16mass%)Al alloys. Three Fe–Al alloy ingots containing 7, 9 and 16 mass% Al were prepared by both AIMFC and VIM. All these ingots were hot-forged and hot-rolled at 1 373 K and were further charac- terized with respect to chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. The recovery of aluminium as well as reduction of oxygen during both AIMFC and VIM is excellent. AIMFC ingots exhibit low level of sulphur and high concentration of hydrogen as compared to VIM ingots. VIM ingots of all the three alloys were successfully hot worked. However, AIMFC ingots of only those Fe–Al alloys containing lower concentration of aluminium could be hot worked. The tensile properties of hot-rolled Fe–7mass%Al alloy produced by AIMFC and VIM are comparable. The present study clearly demonstrates that it is feasible to produce sound ingots of low carbon Fe–7mass%Al alloy by AIMFC process with properties comparable to the alloy produced by VIM. KEY WORDS: air inducting melting with flux cover; vacuum induction melting; Fe–Al alloy; microstructure; mechanical properties. -
Vacuum Systems and Technologies
ALD Vacuum Technologies High Tech is our Business Vacuum Systems and Technologies for Metallurgy and Heat Treatment MetaCom / Product Overview / 09.16 Overview / Product MetaCom Worldwide Leading Our Market Position ALD Vacuum Technologies is a market leader in vacuum systems and process services for thermal and thermo-chemical treatment of solid and molten metals. Our Process and Equipment Portfolio Our engineering expertise includes O vacuum process technology O know-how to design customized system solutions for Vacuum Metallurgy Vacuum Heat Treatment and Sintering Nuclear Fuel Production and Waste Management Vacuum Metallurgy Vacuum metallurgy involves vacuum processes for treating molten metals such as melting and remelting, casting and metal-powder technology as well as specialized vacuum coating technologies for high temperature turbine components. Casting and Coating O Vacuum Induction Melting – Investment Casting (VIM-IC) O Cold-Wall Induction Melting and Casting (LEICOMELT) O VAR Skull Melting and Casting (VAR-SM) Applications System Portfolio O Vacuum Turbine Blade Coating (EB/PVD) Examples of products that were developed ALD offers modern, efficiently Photovoltaic using ALD‘s advaced vacuum processes functioning production systems which O Solar silicon melting and include O significantly contributes to the Crystallization Unit (SCU) O highly alloyed special steels and cost-effectiveness of a high quality Powder Atomization superalloys production O Vacuum Induction Melting Gas O refractory and reactive metals with O covers the -
BAT Guide for Electric Arc Furnace Iron & Steel Installations
Eşleştirme Projesi TR 08 IB EN 03 IPPC – Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrol T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı BAT Guide for electric arc furnace iron & steel installations Project TR-2008-IB-EN-03 Mission no: 2.1.4.c.3 Prepared by: Jesús Ángel Ocio Hipólito Bilbao José Luis Gayo Nikolás García Cesar Seoánez Iron & Steel Producers Association Serhat Karadayı (Asil Çelik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.) Muzaffer Demir Mehmet Yayla Yavuz Yücekutlu Dinçer Karadavut Betül Keskin Çatal Zerrin Leblebici Ece Tok Şaziye Savaş Özlem Gülay Önder Gürpınar October 2012 1 Eşleştirme Projesi TR 08 IB EN 03 IPPC – Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrol T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Contents 0 FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................ 12 1 INTRODUCTION. ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIRECTIVE ON INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS IN THE SECTOR OF STEEL PRODUCTION IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE ................................................................................. 14 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION OF THE SECTOR IN TURKEY ...................................................... 14 1.2.1 Current Situation ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2.2 Iron and Steel Production Processes............................................................................... 17 1.2.3 The Role Of Steel Sector in -
The Effect of Retained Austenite on the Distortion in Carburized SAE 8620 Steel
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2005 The effect of retained austenite on the distortion in carburized SAE 8620 steel. Haitao (Lily) He University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation He, Haitao (Lily), "The effect of retained austenite on the distortion in carburized SAE 8620 steel." (2005). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7166. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7166 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE EFFECT OF RETAINED AUSTENITE ON THE DISTORTION IN CARBURIZED SAE 8620 STEEL by Haitao (Lily) He A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research through Engineering Materials -
Differences and Applications of Carburizing and Cabonitriding
DIFFERENCES AND APPLICATIONS OF CARBURIZING AND CABONITRIDING Francisco GUANÍ, Especialidades Térmicas, S.A. de C.V. Fundidores 18 Zona Industrial Xhala Cuautitlán Izcalli, México, C.P. 54714 Carburizing Carburizado También conocido como Endurecimiento de la Capa. Also referred as Case Hardening. Es un tratamiento térmico que produce Is a heat treatment process that una superficie la cual es resistente al produces a surface which is resistant to desgaste, manteniendo la tenacidad y wear, while maintaining toughness and resistencia en el núcleo. strength of the core. Este tratamiento se aplica a partes de This treatment is applied to low carbon acero bajo carbono después de su steel parts after machining, as well as maquinado, también como a aceros de high alloy steel bearings, gears, and rodamiento de alta aleación, engranes y other components. otros componentes. Carburizing increases strength and El carburizado incrementa la tensión y la wear resistance by diffusing carbon resistencia al desgaste, mediante la into the surface of the steel creating a difusión de carbono en la superficie del case while retaining a substantially acero, creando una capa, mientras que el lesser hardness in the core. This núcleo mantiene una menor dureza. Este treatment is applied to low carbon tratamiento se aplica a aceros bajo steels after machining. carbono después de su maquinado. Strong and very hard-surface parts of Partes con superficies duras de formas intricate and complex shapes can be intricadas y complejas se pueden made of relatively lower cost materials obtener a costos relativamente bajos que that are readily machined or formed ya han sido maquinados o formados prior to heat treatment. -
CONTROL of DECARBURIZATION of STEEL Paul Shefsiek
CONTROL OF DECARBURIZATION OF STEEL Paul Shefsiek Introduction Historically, heating steel for forming, forging or rolling, was done in electrical resistance or natural gas heated furnaces. It was inevitable that these furnaces contained Oxygen and Decarburization of the steel surface occurred. This decarburization was either ignored or minimized by coating the steel with “ stopoff “. Also, this decarburization was minimized through the use nitrogen atmosphere furnaces. But, decarburization could not be reduced to acceptable limits until the Chemical Potential of the Carbon in the furnace atmosphere matched the dissolved Carbon in the steel. The Furnace Industry that provides Equipment for the processing of steel, because of the temperature ranges involved, divided itself into two categories, namely, Reheat and Heat Treating. Each has its own special Technology. But, because of this division, quite often one division does not know the Technology of the other. In some cases this has been unfortunate. If the Reheat side of the Industry had the Carburizing Technology of the Heat Treating side, this Technology could have been applied to applications where preventing Decarburizing was a requirement. Therefore, the purpose of the following discussion is to separate out that part of Carburizing Technology that is applicable to preventing Decarburization in Reheat applications. Fundamentals Control of the Decarburization of Steel has been standardized to the monitoring of - The Metal Temperature (Furnace Temperature) - The Atmosphere Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) - The Atmosphere Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Knowing the values of these three (3) parameters and the knowledge of - Saturated Austenite in Iron - The Alloy Content of the Steel - The Equilibrium Constant for the Controllable Chemical Reaction between the Steel and the Gas Atmosphere it can be determined if the Atmosphere will prevent Decarburization of the Steel. -
Historic Lighthouse Preservation: IRON WPTC Photo Figure 1
Historic Lighthouse Preservation: IRON WPTC photo Figure 1. Cast-iron-and-steel skeletal 191-foot-tall tower at Cape Charles, Virginia Second to masonry, iron was the most Iron was also used for the production of common lighthouse construction material. architectural trim features such as gallery For lighthouse construction, iron was used deck brackets, entryway pilasters and in a variety of its commercially pediments, doors, and prefabricated lantern manufactured alloys: wrought iron, cast components. These iron features were used iron, steel, galvanized iron and steel, and on masonry and wood as well as iron stainless steel. In historic lighthouses the lighthouses. Other iron alloys such as steel, most widely used alloy was cast iron. The galvanized iron and steel, and stainless steel use of cast iron in lighthouse construction are mostly found in modern additions such ranged from simple prefabricated lanterns as handrails, equipment brackets, security to caisson-style foundations to 190-foot-tall doors, etc. first-order coastal towers. For more on the This section will discuss the preservation of variety of iron lighthouse construction types iron alloys used in lighthouse tower refer to Part II., History of the Lighthouse construction and decoration. Because of Service and Lighthouse Construction their similar properties, the various iron Types. alloys will be discussed together; special treatments concerning a specific alloy will Historic Lighthouse Preservation Handbook Part IV. B, Page 1 WPTC photo Figure 2. Example of a keeper's quarters fitted with a prefabricated cast-iron-and-steel lantern. WPTC photo Figure 4. Double-wall, cast-iron, first-order 163-foot-tall WPTC photo coastal tower at Cape Henry, Virginia.