ITP Metal Casting: Advanced Melting Technologies
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons Under Similar Hardness
metals Article Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons under Similar Hardness 1,2 2 2 2, , Bingxu Wang , Xue Han , Gary C. Barber and Yuming Pan * y 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; [email protected] 2 Automotive Tribology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (G.C.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Current address: 201 N. Squirrel Rd Apt 1204, Auburn Hills, MI 48326, USA. y Received: 14 November 2019; Accepted: 4 December 2019; Published: 8 December 2019 Abstract: In this research, an austempering heat treatment was applied on gray cast iron using various austempering temperatures ranging from 232 ◦C to 371 ◦C and holding times ranging from 1 min to 120 min. The microstructure and hardness were examined using optical microscopy and a Rockwell hardness tester. Rotational ball-on-disk sliding wear tests were carried out to investigate the wear behavior of austempered gray cast iron samples and to compare with conventional quenched and tempered gray cast iron samples under equivalent hardness. For the austempered samples, it was found that acicular ferrite and carbon saturated austenite were formed in the matrix. The ferritic platelets became coarse when increasing the austempering temperature or extending the holding time. Hardness decreased due to a decreasing amount of martensite in the matrix. In wear tests, austempered gray cast iron samples showed slightly higher wear resistance than quenched and tempered samples under similar hardness while using the austempering temperatures of 232 ◦C, 260 ◦C, 288 ◦C, and 316 ◦C and distinctly better wear resistance while using the austempering temperatures of 343 ◦C and 371 ◦C. -
AP-42, CH 12.9: Secondary Copper Smelting
12.9SecondaryCopperSmelting 12.9.1General1,2 Asof1992,morethan40percentoftheU.S.supplyofcopperisderivedfromsecondary sources,includingsuchitemsasmachineshoppunchings,turnings,andborings;manufacturingfacility defectiveorsurplusgoods;automobileradiators,pipes,wires,bushings,andbearings;and metallurgicalprocessskimmingsanddross.Thissecondarycoppercanberefinedintorelativelypure metalliccopper,alloyedwithzincortintoformbrassorbronze,incorporatedintochemicalproducts, orusedinanumberofsmallerapplications.Sixsecondarycoppersmeltersareinoperationinthe U.S.:3inIllinoisand1eachinGeorgia,Pennsylvania,andSouthCarolina.Alargenumberofmills andfoundriesreclaimrelativelypurecopperscrapforalloyingpurposes. 12.9.2ProcessDescription2,3 Secondarycopperrecoveryisdividedinto4separateoperations:scrappretreatment,smelting, alloying,andcasting.Pretreatmentincludesthecleaningandconsolidationofscrapinpreparationfor smelting.Smeltingconsistsofheatingandtreatingthescrapforseparationandpurificationofspecific metals.Alloyinginvolvestheadditionof1ormoreothermetalstocoppertoobtaindesirable qualitiescharacteristicofthecombinationofmetals.Themajorsecondarycoppersmeltingoperations areshowninFigure12.9-1;brassandbronzealloyingoperationsareshowninFigure12.9-2. 12.9.2.1Pretreatment- Scrappretreatmentmaybeachievedthroughmanual,mechanical,pyrometallurgical,or hydrometallurgicalmethods.Manualandmechanicalmethodsincludesorting,stripping,shredding, andmagneticseparation.Thescrapmaythenbecompressedintobricquettesinahydraulicpress. Pyrometallurgicalpretreatmentmayincludesweating(theseparationofdifferentmetalsbyslowly -
National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple -
AP-42, CH 12.8: Secondary Aluminum Operations
12.8SecondaryAluminumOperations 12.8.1General1 Secondaryaluminumproducersrecyclealuminumfromaluminum-containingscrap,while primaryaluminumproducersconvertbauxiteoreintoaluminum.Thesecondaryaluminumindustry wasresponsiblefor27.5percentofdomesticaluminumproducedin1989.Thereareapproximately 116plantswitharecoverycapacityofapproximately2.4millionmegagrams(2.6milliontons)of aluminumperyear.Actualtotalsecondaryaluminumproductionwasrelativelyconstantduringthe 1980s.However,increaseddemandforaluminumbytheautomobileindustryhasdoubledinthelast 10yearstoanaverageof78.5kilograms(173pounds)percar.Recyclingofusedaluminumbeverage cans(UBC)increasedmorethan26percentfrom1986to1989.In1989,1.3millionmegagrams(1.4 milliontons)ofUBCswererecycled,representingover60percentofcansshipped.Recyclingaton ofaluminumrequiresonly5percentoftheenergyrequiredtorefineatonofprimaryaluminumfrom bauxiteore,makingthesecondaryaluminumeconomicallyviable. 12.8.2ProcessDescription Secondaryaluminumproductioninvolves2generalcategoriesofoperations,scrappretreatment andsmelting/refining.Pretreatmentoperationsincludesorting,processing,andcleaningscrap. Smelting/refiningoperationsincludecleaning,melting,refining,alloying,andpouringofaluminum recoveredfromscrap.Theprocessesusedtoconvertscrapaluminumtoproductssuchaslightweight aluminumalloysforindustrialcastingsarepresentedinFigure12.8-1Aand Figure12.8-1B.Someorallthestepsinthesefiguresmaybeinvolvedatanyonefacility.Some stepsmaybecombinedorreordered,dependingonscrapquality,sourceofscrap,auxiliaryequipment available,furnacedesign,andproductspecifications.Plantconfiguration,scraptypeusage,and -
Thermal Analysis of a Conventional Cupola Furnace with Effects of Excess Air on the Flue Gases Specific Heat !
Journal(of(Materials(and(( J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2021, Volume 12, Issue 02, Page 192-204 Environmental(Science( ISSN(:(2028;2508( CODEN(:(JMESCN( http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com! Copyright(©(2021,( University(of(Mohammed(Premier(((((( Oujda(Morocco( Thermal Analysis of a Conventional Cupola Furnace with Effects of Excess Air on the Flue Gases Specific Heat ! Stephen A. Ajah1,2, Donald Idorenyin 1, Uchenna C. Nwokenkwo2, Uzoma S. Nwigwe2, Benjamin O. Ezurike2 1Applied Renewable & Sustainable Energy Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria *Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected] **Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected] Received 29 Dec 2020, Abstract Revised 16 Feb 2021, A thermal analysis was carried out on a 6.5 m tall and 0.65 m diameter conventional cupola Accepted 17 Feb 2021 furnace at the Nigeria Railway Corporation, Enugu. This study tries to solve metallurgical problem of the furnace wall due to gases dissociation from unbalance excess air and Keywords undefined adiabatic flame temperature used during the operation. A combustion and ! Cupola furnace, thermal analysis of the fuel (coke) used for its operation has been carried out and the ! Thermal analysis, adiabatic combustion temperature of the fuel has been determined to be 2,175.93K. The ! Combustion, stoichiometric and actual air-fuel ratio of the furnace were found to be 10.97 and 12.08 ! Excess air, respectively. The percentage of flue gases difference for wet and dry case were also ! Adiabatic temperature. investigated against the percentage excess air. -
Effect of Melting Process and Aluminium Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–Al Alloys
ISIJ International, Vol. 50 (2010), No. 10, pp. 1483–1487 Effect of Melting Process and Aluminium Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–Al Alloys Shivkumar KHAPLE, R. G. BALIGIDAD, M. SANKAR and V. V. Satya PRASAD Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500058 India. E-mail: [email protected] (Received on January 4, 2010; accepted on July 1, 2010) This paper presents the effect of air induction melting with flux cover (AIMFC) versus vacuum induction melting (VIM) on the recovery of alloying element, reduction of impurities, workability and mechanical prop- erties of Fe–(7–16mass%)Al alloys. Three Fe–Al alloy ingots containing 7, 9 and 16 mass% Al were prepared by both AIMFC and VIM. All these ingots were hot-forged and hot-rolled at 1 373 K and were further charac- terized with respect to chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. The recovery of aluminium as well as reduction of oxygen during both AIMFC and VIM is excellent. AIMFC ingots exhibit low level of sulphur and high concentration of hydrogen as compared to VIM ingots. VIM ingots of all the three alloys were successfully hot worked. However, AIMFC ingots of only those Fe–Al alloys containing lower concentration of aluminium could be hot worked. The tensile properties of hot-rolled Fe–7mass%Al alloy produced by AIMFC and VIM are comparable. The present study clearly demonstrates that it is feasible to produce sound ingots of low carbon Fe–7mass%Al alloy by AIMFC process with properties comparable to the alloy produced by VIM. KEY WORDS: air inducting melting with flux cover; vacuum induction melting; Fe–Al alloy; microstructure; mechanical properties. -
BAT Guide for Electric Arc Furnace Iron & Steel Installations
Eşleştirme Projesi TR 08 IB EN 03 IPPC – Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrol T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı BAT Guide for electric arc furnace iron & steel installations Project TR-2008-IB-EN-03 Mission no: 2.1.4.c.3 Prepared by: Jesús Ángel Ocio Hipólito Bilbao José Luis Gayo Nikolás García Cesar Seoánez Iron & Steel Producers Association Serhat Karadayı (Asil Çelik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.) Muzaffer Demir Mehmet Yayla Yavuz Yücekutlu Dinçer Karadavut Betül Keskin Çatal Zerrin Leblebici Ece Tok Şaziye Savaş Özlem Gülay Önder Gürpınar October 2012 1 Eşleştirme Projesi TR 08 IB EN 03 IPPC – Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrol T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Contents 0 FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................ 12 1 INTRODUCTION. ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIRECTIVE ON INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS IN THE SECTOR OF STEEL PRODUCTION IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE ................................................................................. 14 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION OF THE SECTOR IN TURKEY ...................................................... 14 1.2.1 Current Situation ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2.2 Iron and Steel Production Processes............................................................................... 17 1.2.3 The Role Of Steel Sector in -
Influence of High-Temperature Treatment of Melt on the Composition and Structure of Aluminum Alloy
ARCHIVES of ISSN (2299-2944) FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 17 DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0131 Issue 4/2017 Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences 61 – 66 Influence of High-Temperature Treatment of Melt on the Composition and Structure of Aluminum Alloy V.A. Grachev a, *, N.D. Turakhodjaev b a A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Bldg 1, Bolshaya Ordynka St., Suite # 104, 119017 Moscow, Russia b Tashkent State Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical University 2,Tashkent 100095, Republic of Uzbekistan, * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] Received 12.04.2017; accepted in revised form 23.06.2017 Abstract The aim of the current study was to examine the structure of an alloy treated at various temperatures up to 2,000–2,100 °C. Among research techniques for studying alloy structure there were the electron and optical microstructure, X-ray structure, and spectral analysis, and for studying the developed furnace geometric parameters the authors employed mathematical modeling method. The research was performed using aluminum smelting gas-fired furnaces and electric arc furnaces. The objects of the study were aluminum alloys of the brand AK7p and AK6, as well as hydrogen and aluminum oxide in the melt. For determining the hydrogen content in the aluminum alloy, the vacuum extraction method was selected. Authors have established that treatment of molten aluminum alloy in contact with carbon melt at high temperatures of 2,000–2,100 °C has resulted in facilitating reduction of hydrogen and aluminum oxide content in the melt by 40- 43% and 50-58%, respectively, which is important because hydrogen and aluminum oxide adversely affect the structure and properties of the alloy. -
IRON MINING – ARDIS FURNACE and GALENA FURNACE [Compiled and Transcribed by William J
MENOMINEE RANGE HISTORY – IRON MINING – ARDIS FURNACE AND GALENA FURNACE [Compiled and Transcribed by William J. Cummings] Iron Mountain Press, Iron Mountain, Number 33 [Thursday, January 2, 1908], Dickinson County, Michigan, Volume 12, page 1, column 4 Number 31 [Thursday, December 19, 1907], page 1, column 1 Work Commenced. 100 TON FURNACE Work has commenced on the new blast _____ furnace, mention of which was made in The Press two weeks ago. It will be erected on the old waterworks property, near Lake PLANS PREPARING FOR Antoine, and the stone pump-house will be ERECTION IN IRON utilized in the construction. The contract for MOUNTAIN CITY. the steel stack and other machinery has _____ been let to the Prescott Iron Works, of Menominee. The furnace will be of one Work Will Commence on Structure hundred ton capacity and will differ Early in New Year – Meeting of somewhat from furnaces now in operation. Capitalists in New York. The ore for the furnace will be mined in the Randville district. John T. Jones is the leading spirit in the enterprise. The Press can state authoritatively that Iron Mountain is to become a pig iron Iron Mountain Press, Iron Mountain, manufacturing center. Dickinson County, Michigan, Volume 12, Architects are now engaged in making Number 45 [Thursday, March 26, 1908], the plans for a blast furnace to be erected page 1, column 4 here. The furnace is to be erected in the northern part of the city near Lake Antoine. New Blast Furnace. Work on the furnace will commence before the New Year is many weeks old. -
Design and Fabrication of Waste Oil Fired Furnace
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9 Issue-2, December, 2019 Design and Fabrication of Waste Oil Fired Furnace Navaneeth Kashyap K V, Yashas M S, Yogesh Kumar K J I. Fuel Fired Furnace Abstract: The study carried out a design and fabrication of an a. Gas Fired Furnace waste oil-fired furnace. The study focused on ensuring a high b . Oil Fired Furnace efficiency in melting of aluminium, by effectively minimizing c. Coke Fired Furnace heat losses, and maximizing heat generation. To achieve this, a d. Air Fired Furnace [Reverberatory Furnace] composite refractory material consisting of cement, asbestos, and clay was used, and waste oil was splashed which is used as II. Electrical Furnace fuel with the help of blower which is running at 3000 rpm and a. Electrical resistance furnace power rating of 1hp. The working pressure of furnace is 5.86 b. Electrical induction furnace x105 N/m2. Changes in the furnace geometry were negligible i. Low frequency indicating a long service life potential. With a useful heat input, ii. High frequency the furnace is able to melt aluminium at a pouring temperature c. Arc Furnace of 6600C. The design is considered safe since the working pressure does not exceed the working stress of its casing which is i. Direct arc electric furnace made of mild steel. ii. Indirect arc electric furnace Keywords : Oil-Fired Furnace, Refractory,Crucible, Furnace, II. LITERATURE REVIEW Refractory,Combustion. Through the comprehensive review of literature, the basic operations of oil fired furnace and importance of its I. -
12.8 Secondary Aluminum Operations 12.8.1 General Secondary
12.8 Secondary Aluminum Operations 12.8.1 General1 Secondary aluminum producers recycle aluminum from aluminum-containing scrap, while primary aluminum producers convert bauxite ore into aluminum. The secondary aluminum industry was responsible for 27.5 percent of domestic aluminum produced in 1989. There are approximately 116 plants with a recovery capacity of approximately 2.4 million megagrams (2.6 million tons) of aluminum per year. Actual total secondary aluminum production was relatively constant during the 1980s. However, increased demand for aluminum by the automobile industry has doubled in the last 10 years to an average of 78.5 kilograms (173 pounds) per car. Recycling of used aluminum beverage cans (UBC) increased more than 26 percent from 1986 to 1989. In 1989, 1.3 million megagrams (1.4 million tons) of UBCs were recycled, representing over 60 percent of cans shipped. Recycling a ton of aluminum requires only 5 percent of the energy required to refine a ton of primary aluminum from bauxite ore, making the secondary aluminum economically viable. 12.8.2 Process Description Secondary aluminum production involves 2 general categories of operations, scrap pretreatment and smelting/refining. Pretreatment operations include sorting, processing, and cleaning scrap. Smelting/refining operations include cleaning, melting, refining, alloying, and pouring of aluminum recovered from scrap. The processes used to convert scrap aluminum to products such as lightweight aluminum alloys for industrial castings are presented in Figure 12.8-1A and Figure 12.8-1B. Some or all the steps in these figures may be involved at any one facility. Some steps may be combined or reordered, depending on scrap quality, source of scrap, auxiliary equipment available, furnace design, and product specifications. -
Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings Opportunities For
Energy Efficiency and Cost Saving Opportunities for Metal Casting An ENERGY STAR® Guide for Energy & Plant Managers January 2016 Document Number 430-R-16-001 Office of Air Programs—Climate Protection Partnership Division Energy Efficiency and Cost Saving Opportunities for Metal Casting An ENERGY STAR® Guide for Energy and Plant Managers Katerina Kermeli, Utrecht University Richard Deuchler, Utrecht University Ernst Worrell, Utrecht University Eric Masanet, Northwestern University January 2016 Disclaimer This guide was prepared for the United States Government and is believed to contain correct information. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any persons or organizations involved in its development, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or any persons or organizations involved in its development. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Development of this guide was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The research embodied in this report was initially supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and was completed under the U.S. Environmental Protection Contract No.