Differences and Applications of Carburizing and Cabonitriding
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Progress the Business and Technology of Heat Treating ® May/June 2008 • Volume 8, Number 3
An ASM International® HEATPublication TREATING PROGRESS THE BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY OF HEAT TREATING ® www.asminternational.org MAY/JUNE 2008 • VOLUME 8, NUMBER 3 HEAT TREATMENT OF LANDING GEAR HEAT TREAT SIMULATION MICROWAVE HEATING SM Aircraft landing gear, such as on this U.S. Navy FA18 fighter jet, must perform under severe loading conditions and in many different environments. HEAT TREATMENT OF LANDING GEAR The heat treatment of rguably, landing gear has Alloys Used perhaps the most stringent The alloys used for landing gear landing gear is a complex requirements for perform- have remained relatively constant operation requiring ance. They must perform over the past several decades. Alloys A under severe loading con- like 300M and HP9-4-30, as well as the precise control of time, ditions and in many different envi- newer alloys AF-1410 and AerMet ronments. They have complex shapes 100, are in use today on commercial temperature, and carbon and thick sections. and military aircraft. Newer alloys like control. Understanding the Alloys used in these applications Ferrium S53, a high-strength stainless must have high strengths between steel alloy, have been proposed for interaction of quenching, 260 to 300 ksi (1,792 to 2,068 MPa) landing gear applications. The typical racking, and distortion and excellent fracture toughness (up chemical compositions of these alloys to100 ksi in.1/2, or 110 MPa×m0.5). are listed in Table 1. contributes to reduced To achieve these design and per- The alloy 300M (Timken Co., distortion and residual formance goals, heat treatments Canton, Ohio; www.timken.com) is have been developed to extract the a low-alloy, vacuum-melted steel of stress. -
Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon As Carburizer
Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, 483-487, 2009 © 2009 Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon as Carburizer Fatai Olufemi Aramidea,*, Simeon Ademola Ibitoyeb, Isiaka Oluwole Oladelea, Joseph Olatunde Borodea aMetallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria bMaterials Science and Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Received: July 31, 2009; Revised: September 25, 2009 Due to the complexity of controlling parameters in carburization, there has been relatively little work on process variables during the surface hardening process. This work focuses on the effects of the carburizing temperature and time on the mechanical properties of mild steel carburized with activated carbon, at 850, 900 and 950 °C, soaked at the carburizing temperature for 15 and 30 minutes, quenched in oil, tempered at 550 °C and held for 60 minutes. Prior carburization process, standard test samples were prepared from the as received specimen for tensile and impact tests. After carburization process, the test samples were subjected to the standard test and from the data obtained, ultimate tensile strength, engineering strain, impact strength, Youngs’ moduli were calculated. The case and core hardness of the carburized tempered samples were measured. It was observed that the mechanical properties of mild steels were found to be strongly influenced by the process of carburization, carburizing temperature and soaking time at carburizing temperature. It was concluded that the optimum combination of mechanical properties is achieved at the carburizing temperature of 900 °C followed by oil quenching and tempering at 550 °C. -
Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Gears to Increase Wear Resisitance And
Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Gears tOI Increase Wear Resistance and Reduce Distortion Loren ,JI, Epler uaHtygear manufacturing depends on controlled toler- asa gaseous territic nitrocarl:mrizillg process and patented by ances and geometry. As a re ult, ferritic nillocarburizing Lucas Industries in 1961. Lucas demonstrated that they could ha become the heat treat process of choice for many produce surface layers identical to those produced in salt bath gear manufacturers. The primary reason for this are: processes using an endothermic, ammonia-based atmosphere. The process is performed at low temperatures, i.e. less than The process was classified as a "thermochemical susfece critical treatment" that involved !he diffusion of both nitrogenand car- 2. The quench methods increase fatigue strength by up to, L25% bon into the surface of a metal at a temperature below the au tell- without distorting. Ferritlc nitrocarboriziag is used in place ite transforrnation temperature. The process would yield .3 single of carburizing and hardening, carbonitriding, nltriding or in phase epsilon layer with an atomic weight of Fep3' The ingle conjunction wi.th conventional and induction hardening. phase layer makes !:heproduct much more wear resistant than gas 3. h establishes gradient base haronesses, i.e, eliminates egg- or ionnitriding, according to Dawc and Trantner 0). shell effect on TiN, TiAlN,. ere. etc. [II 1982, lronbeund HeatTreat developed Ni.tmwear® using In addition, the process can also be applied to hobs, broaches, similar atmo pheres in a fluidized bed medium. Subsequently. drills and other cutting tools. Jack Ross, owner and founder of lronbound,. patented and HisUJry, Fenitic nitrocarburizing was first established in licensed the process to Dynamic Metal Treating. -
Carbonitriding and Hard Shot Peening for High-Strength Gears Yoshihisa Miwa, Masayuki Suzawa, Yukio Arimi, Yoshihiko Kojima, and Katsunori Nishimura Mazda Motor Corp
Carbonitriding and Hard Shot Peening for High-Strength Gears Yoshihisa Miwa, Masayuki Suzawa, Yukio Arimi, Yoshihiko Kojima, and Katsunori Nishimura Mazda Motor Corp. ABSTRACT CUE HARONESS HARONESS CUE OEtrM A new process for manufacturing high- OISTRIBUTION --E CORE HARONESS strength gears has been developed to meet the requirement of automobile transmission minia- r turization. The points of the process are to GRAIN SIZE increase the shot peening intensity and to MICROSTRUCTURE perform optimal control of the initial (before FATIGUE CARBIOES shot peening) microstructure by heat treatment STREMGTH MON-MARTEMSITIC corresponding with the peening intensity in OEFEtTS -r SURFACEUOU-METALLIC LAYER order to obtain higher residual compressive IuCLUSlONS stress. INTERGRANULAR i TOUGHMESS The new process, named Carbonitriding and Hard Shot Peening in Mazda, brings a much RESlOUAL COYIRESIVE STRESS higher fatigue strength than the one obtained by the conventional carburizing and shot peening process. Fig. 1 METALLURGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF GEARS 1. Introduction A higher drivability, stability in therefore, it is necessary to set a suitable driving, and fuel efficiency are required for i~ardnessdistribution by heat treatment using automobiles and the new systems to meet these clean material. However, in order to augment requirements have been developed. This can the fatigue strength furthermore, it is nec- be seen, for example, in multi-valve system, essary to make use of residual compressive super charging in engines, 4 WD or 4 WS, etc. stress more positively. In addition, the height of engine hood has For enlargement of the residual compressive been lowered in body designing for reducing stress, it is most effective to increase the air resistance. -
Carburizing & Carbonitriding
CARBURIZING & CARBONITRIDING A TRADITIONAL SURFACE HARDENING TREATMENT WITH MODERN PROCESS CONTROLS WHAT IS IT? HOW IS IT DONE? General Description of Carburizing & Carbonitriding Equipment & Process Carburizing is a process of controlled diffusion of carbon into Solid, molten salt and gaseous carbon-carrying medium may the surface of a component, followed by quenching and be employed, however, the first two are now rarely used. tempering, with the objective of increasing the component’s Nitrex offers gas carburizing in computer controlled integral surface hardness. The process is generally applicable to low quench and pit gas carburizing furnaces. A full range of case carbon and low alloy steels. There are two carburizing depths if feasible with an economically derived limit of process types available commercially – vacuum carburizing approximately 0.250” (6.4 mm). In addition, Nitrex offers and conventional carburizing. The former is described in a vacuum carburizing which is described in a separate separate brochure, and conventional carburizing is company publication. discussed here. The sequence of operations is as follows : In this thermal process ferrous alloys are heated to above • parts are appropriately fixtured, loaded into the furnace, their transformation temperature and exposed to carbon rich and the process is initiated atmosphere. Processing temperatures in conventional • carburizing typically are in the 1450°F - 1900°F (790°C - computers and/or process controllers are programmed to 1040°C) range. The diffusion of carbon into the part and the conduct the process automatically, subsequent quench leads to a part with a hard, wear • at the end of the process the load is either direct resistant surface and a tough, shock resistant core. -
Distortion in Case Carburized Components- the Steelmakers View
Heat Treating: Proceedings of the 18th Conference Copyright © 1999 ASM International® Ronald A. Wallis, Harry W. Walton, editors, p 5-11 All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1361/cp1998ht005 www.asminternational.org Distortion in Case Carburized Components The Steel makers View M. Cristinacce British Steel Engineering Steels Rotherham, United Kingdom 1. Abstract NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) is becoming of increasing importance in the automotive industry. The control Distortion of components during heat treatment has a of distortion to give correct mating of rotating components significant effect upon final component costs. The factors such as gears and shafts has a major influence upon NVH which influence distortion behaviour occur during the performance. machining and heat treatment processes and are therefore Most of the examples given in this paper are automotive outside the control of the steelmaker. One important factor transmission components which are carburised. which is under the control of the steelmaker is hardenability A wide variety of factors influence distortion behaviour Consistent hardenability performance can have a significant and can be broadly summarised as follows: effect in reducing the variability in distortion. In a number of Component shape. instances it has been shown that the macrostructure and Steel type. as-cast shape of the steel can also influence distortion. Other Microstructure and residual stresses prior to heat downstream processing effects such as forging may also be treatment. influential in these circumstances. Reheating and carburising conditions. This paper gives examples of some of the experiences of Stacking and support in furnace. British Steel Engineering Steels with customers and end users, Quenching - Medium, temperature, flow, jigging, etc. -
Carburizing & Carbonitriding Control Solutions For
CARBURIZING & CARBONITRIDING CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR BATCH FURNACES RETROFITS & NEW FURNACES CARBURIZING & CARBONITRIDING CONTROL SOLUTIONS OTHER CONTROL SOLUTIONS STANDARD EQUIPMENT • Protherm 455, 500, 600 or 700 controller (see separate brochures for more details) • Hi-limit temperature controllers for furnace & oil bath • Steel plate (mountable) or cabinet (enclosure) • DIN mounted hardware • Pre-wired with terminal blocks & isolation relays • Electrical drawing / user manual • Smart transmitter (allows probe care) Annealing MAIN FEATURES • Precise atmosphere control (carbon potential control) • Furnace temperature control • Quench (oil) temperature control • Alarm notification and processing • Password protected interface • Real time and historical paperless chart recorder displaying process variables • Recipes and templates can be created and modified Induction OPTIONAL FEATURES • Online carbon & nitrogen diffusion modulefor more precise control. Includes: target control / surface carbon control / soot carbon control / auto boost / auto diffusion / calculates carbon profile & hardness curve • ß-control module for more precise control & savings. Includes: online carbon diffusion module plus shortens process time and reduces energy, gas consumption and exhaust • Dual probe reliability function (with additional smart Nitriding transmitter) • Additional I/O cards: 3-gas I/R, Cascade heating control INTEGRATION / CONNECTION • Integrated web server • CANopen / DeviceNet interfaces • RS485/422 4 wire Modbus / J-bus • RJ45 Ethernet LAN interface for configuration • Seamless integration with SCADA • Modbus / TCP interface Vacuum • Optional Profibus slave or master USA CANADA CHINA FRANCE GERMANY POLAND +1 414 462 8200 +1 514 335 7191 +86 21 3463 0376 +33 3 81 48 37 37 +49 7161 94888 0 +48 32 296 66 00 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Copyright © United Process Controls (Broc701rev7). -
An Introduction to Nitriding
01_Nitriding.qxd 9/30/03 9:58 AM Page 1 © 2003 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing (#06950G) CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Nitriding THE NITRIDING PROCESS, first developed in the early 1900s, con- tinues to play an important role in many industrial applications. Along with the derivative nitrocarburizing process, nitriding often is used in the manufacture of aircraft, bearings, automotive components, textile machin- ery, and turbine generation systems. Though wrapped in a bit of “alchemi- cal mystery,” it remains the simplest of the case hardening techniques. The secret of the nitriding process is that it does not require a phase change from ferrite to austenite, nor does it require a further change from austenite to martensite. In other words, the steel remains in the ferrite phase (or cementite, depending on alloy composition) during the complete proce- dure. This means that the molecular structure of the ferrite (body-centered cubic, or bcc, lattice) does not change its configuration or grow into the face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice characteristic of austenite, as occurs in more conventional methods such as carburizing. Furthermore, because only free cooling takes place, rather than rapid cooling or quenching, no subsequent transformation from austenite to martensite occurs. Again, there is no molecular size change and, more importantly, no dimensional change, only slight growth due to the volumetric change of the steel sur- face caused by the nitrogen diffusion. What can (and does) produce distor- tion are the induced surface stresses being released by the heat of the process, causing movement in the form of twisting and bending. -
Vacuum Systems and Technologies
ALD Vacuum Technologies High Tech is our Business Vacuum Systems and Technologies for Metallurgy and Heat Treatment MetaCom / Product Overview / 09.16 Overview / Product MetaCom Worldwide Leading Our Market Position ALD Vacuum Technologies is a market leader in vacuum systems and process services for thermal and thermo-chemical treatment of solid and molten metals. Our Process and Equipment Portfolio Our engineering expertise includes O vacuum process technology O know-how to design customized system solutions for Vacuum Metallurgy Vacuum Heat Treatment and Sintering Nuclear Fuel Production and Waste Management Vacuum Metallurgy Vacuum metallurgy involves vacuum processes for treating molten metals such as melting and remelting, casting and metal-powder technology as well as specialized vacuum coating technologies for high temperature turbine components. Casting and Coating O Vacuum Induction Melting – Investment Casting (VIM-IC) O Cold-Wall Induction Melting and Casting (LEICOMELT) O VAR Skull Melting and Casting (VAR-SM) Applications System Portfolio O Vacuum Turbine Blade Coating (EB/PVD) Examples of products that were developed ALD offers modern, efficiently Photovoltaic using ALD‘s advaced vacuum processes functioning production systems which O Solar silicon melting and include O significantly contributes to the Crystallization Unit (SCU) O highly alloyed special steels and cost-effectiveness of a high quality Powder Atomization superalloys production O Vacuum Induction Melting Gas O refractory and reactive metals with O covers the -
The Effect of Retained Austenite on the Distortion in Carburized SAE 8620 Steel
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2005 The effect of retained austenite on the distortion in carburized SAE 8620 steel. Haitao (Lily) He University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation He, Haitao (Lily), "The effect of retained austenite on the distortion in carburized SAE 8620 steel." (2005). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7166. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7166 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE EFFECT OF RETAINED AUSTENITE ON THE DISTORTION IN CARBURIZED SAE 8620 STEEL by Haitao (Lily) He A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research through Engineering Materials -
Furnace Atmospheres No 1: Gas Carburising and Carbonitriding
→ Expert edition Furnace atmospheres no. 1. Gas carburising and carbonitriding. 02 Gas carburising and carbonitriding Preface. This expert edition is part of a series on process application technology and know-how available from Linde Gas. It describes findings in development and research as well as extensive process knowledge gained through numerous customer installations around the world. The focus is on the use and control of furnace atmospheres; however a brief introduction is also provided for each process. 1. Gas carburising and carbonitriding 2. Neutral hardening and annealing 3. Gas nitriding and nitrocarburising 4. Brazing of metals 5. Low pressure carburising and high pressure gas quenching 6. Sintering of steels Gas carburising and carbonitriding 03 Passion for innovation. Linde Gas Research Centre Unterschleissheim, Germany. With R&D centres in Europe, North America and China, Linde Gas is More Information? Contact Us! leading the way in the development of state-of-the-art application Linde AG, Gases Division, technologies. In these R&D centres, Linde's much valued experts Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 25, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany are working closely together with great access to a broad spectrum of technology platforms in order to provide the next generation of [email protected], www.heattreatment.linde.com, atmosphere supply and control functionality for furnaces in heat www.linde.com, www.linde-gas.com treatment processes. As Linde is a trusted partner to many companies in the heat treatment industry, our research and development goals and activities are inspired by market and customer insights and industry trends and challenges. The expert editions on various heat treatment processes reflect the latest developments. -
Carbonitriding—Fundamentals, Modeling and Process Optimization
Carbonitriding—Fundamentals, Modeling and Process Optimization Report 13-02 Research Team: Liang He [email protected] Yuan Xu [email protected] Xiaolan Wang [email protected] Mei Yang [email protected] (508) 353-8889 Richard D. Sisson, Jr. [email protected] (508) 831-5335 Focus group: 1. Project Statement Objectives Develop a fundamental understanding of the process in terms of: • The diffusion of nitrogen in the steel depends on the nitrogen gradients as well as the carbon and other alloying element concentrations and gradients. The carbon content and gradients will have a significant influence on the nitrogen activity and therefore diffusivities. A fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics of solutions of carbon and nitrogen in alloyed austenite is necessary as well as the effects on diffusion of carbon and nitrogen. • The effect of nitrogen on the hardenability of carburized steels will be determined. Nitrogen stabilizes austenite and increases the hardenability by moving the TTT diagram to longer times. The effects of nitrogen content on these phenomena will be determined. • Determine the process control requirements for Carbonitriding in terms of temperature, atmosphere composition measurement and times based on the precision and accuracy required to control the process. Develop a computational model to determine the carbon and nitrogen concentration profiles in the steel in terms of temperature, atmosphere composition (ENDOGAS + NH3), steel surface 1 condition, and alloy composition. This tool will be designed to predict the carbon and nitrogen profiles based on the input of the process parameters of temperature (time), and atmosphere composition (time). Boost and diffuse cycles will be included. • CarbTool© will be modified to create CarboNitrideTool©, a software that will simulate the carbonitriding process, by adding the nitrogen absorption and diffusion in austenite with concomitant carbon uptake and diffusion.