RAVELOMANANA Tsiriniaina MAMMITES CLINIQUES DES

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RAVELOMANANA Tsiriniaina MAMMITES CLINIQUES DES RAVELOMANANA Tsiriniaina MAMMITES CLINIQUES DES VACHES LAITIERES DANS LE DISTRICT DE MORAMANGA Thèse pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etat de Docteur en Médecine Vétérinaire UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DE MEDECINE DEPARTEMENT D’ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES ET DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRE ANNEE : 2017 N° :0194 MAMMITES CLINIQUES DES VACHES LAITIERES DANS LE DISTRICT DE MORAMANGA THESE Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 10 Janvier 2017 Par Monsieur RAVELOMANANA Tsiriniaina Né le 18 septembre 1987 à Imerintsiatosika Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR EN MEDECINE VETERINAIRE (Diplôme d'Etat) Directeur de Thèse : Professeur RASAMBAINARIVO Jhon Henri MEMBRES DU JURY Président : Professeur RANDRIANJAFISAMINDRAKOTROKA Nantenaina Soa Juges : Professeur RAKOTOZANDRINDRAINY Raphaël : Professeur RAKOTO ALSON Aimée Olivat Rapporteur : Professeur RASAMBAINARIVO Jhon Henri DEDICACES ET REMERCIEMENTS Je dédie cette thèse : Au Seigneur JESUS-CHRIST, « La crainte de l’Eternel est le commencement de la connaissance ».Proverbes1:7a. Merci pour tous ce que Tu as planifié dans ma vie, et d’être toujours à mes côtés. A mes Parents : Monsieur RAVELOMANANA Paul et Madame RAZANAMAMPIONINA Vololomboahangy. Pour votre encouragement et pour tous vos sacrifices tout au long de mes parcours. Un seul merci infini ne suffit pas pour votre amour, je vous dédie cette thèse à titre de récompense. A mes grandes sœurs (Lanto et Zo) et surtout à mon grand frère (Tsiory) Rien ni personne au monde ne peut accomplir tous ce que vous avez fait dans ma vie, un grand merci alors pour les prières, les sacrifices et les aides que vous m’avez faites. Sachiez que mon succès est aussi la vôtre. A la coopération décentralisée « ile et Vilaine » et à l’inséminateur de la coopération Monsieur RAMPARANIARIVOARIMINO David Ce travail n’a pas pu être réalisé sans votre collaboration et votre financement. Veuillez trouver ici le témoignage de notre respectueuse reconnaissance. A tous les personnels de la CIREL Moramanga, mené par Madame RANIVOARIVELO Jeanne Liliane Pour vos encouragements, aides et l’esprit d’équipe A la promotion « ANKOAY » Le temps que nous avons passé et écoulé ensemble restera toujours des souvenirs inoubliables dans ma vie. Je vous aime tous. A tous mes amis et à tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de cette thèse. A NOTRE MAITRE ET PRESIDENT DE THESE Monsieur le Docteur RANDRIANJAFISAMINDRAKOTROKA Nantenaina Soa - Professeur Titulaire d’Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche en Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques et en Histologie – Embryologie à la Faculté de Médecine d’Antananarivo. - Directeur Pédagogique des spécialisations en Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques et en Histologie – Embryologie à la Faculté de Médecine d’Antananarivo. Qui nous a fait le grand honneur de présider la soutenance de cette thèse, nous avons apprécié votre aide et vos conseils si précieux. Qu’il veuille bien trouver ici l’expression de notre profonde gratitude. A NOS MAITRES ET HONORABLES JUGES DE THESE Monsieur le docteur RAKOTOZANDRINDRAINY Raphaël - Professeur Titulaire Honoraire d’Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche en Microbiologie et Parasitologie à l’Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques. - Enseignant à la Faculté de Médecine d’Antananarivo, à l’ESSAGRO et au Département d’Enseignement des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire. Madame le docteur RAKOTO ALSON Aimée Olivat - Professeur Titulaire d’Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche en Hématologie biologique à la Faculté de Médecine d’Antananarivo - Directeur d’Etablissement à Hôpital Joseph Ravohangy Andriananavalona Qui ont bien voulu siéger parmi les membres de jury, valorisant notre travail par leurs expertises. Veuillez trouver ici l’expression de nos vifs remerciements et nos plus profondes reconnaissances. A NOTRE MAITRE DIRECTEUR ET RAPPORTEUR DE THESE Monsieur le Docteur RASAMBAINARIVO Jhon Henri - Professeur agrégé en Alimentation animale et en Zootechnie. - Enseignant au sein du Département d’Enseignement des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire. - Vétérinaire Inspecteur en Chef Nous vous remercions de toute l’aide et de l’attention que vous nous avez apporté jusqu’à la réalisation de cette thèse. Veuillez trouver ici l’expression de toute notre gratitude et de notre grande reconnaissance A NOTRE MAITRE ET DOYEN DE LA FACULTE DE MEDECINE D’ANTANANARIVO Monsieur le Professeur SAMISON Luc Hervé Toutes nos respectueuses considérations A NOTRE MAITRE ET CHEF DE DEPARTEMENT D’ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES ET DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRES Monsieur le Professeur RAFATRO Herintsoa Notre reconnaissance pour tous les enseignements que vous nous avez prodigués A TOUS NOS MAITRES ET ENSEIGNANTS DE LA FACULTE DE MEDECINE ET DU DEPARTEMENT D’ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES ET DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRES, A TOUS CEUX QUI ONT PARTICIPE A NOTRE FORMATION Nous vous adressons toute notre gratitude pour la formation que vous avez donnée. A TOUS LES PERSONNELS ADMINISTRATIFS ET TECHNIQUES DE LA FACULTE DE MEDECINE ET DU DEPARTEMENT D’ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES ET DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRES Nous vous remercions pour tous les services que vous nous avez accordés. Vifs remerciements ! SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE Pages INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….. 1 PREMIERE PARTIE : RAPPELS I. DEFINITION ET ETIOLOGIE DE LA MAMMITE………………………….. 3 I.1.Définition………………………..………………………………………… 3 I.2. Etiologie………………………..…………………………………………. 3 II. CLASSIFICATION DE LA MAMMITE………………………..……………... 4 II.1. La mammite clinique………………………..……………………............ 4 II.2. La mammite subclinique………………………..…………………........... 5 III. PATHOGENIE DE LA MAMMITE…………………………………………. 5 III.1. Pénétration du germe et processus infectieux…………………………... 5 III.2. Mécanisme de défense………………………..…………………............ 5 IV. EPIDEMIOLOGIE SYNTHETIQUE………………………..……………….. 9 IV.1. La mammite contagieuse………………………..………………............ 9 IV.2. La mammite environnementale…………………………………............ 10 V. FACTEURS DE RIQUES DE LA MAMMITE CLINIQUE…………………. 11 V.1. Définition du « Facteur de risque » ……………………………………... 11 V.2. Facteurs liés à l’animal…………..…………………..…………… 11 V.3. Les facteurs liés à la traite…………..……………………………. 13 V.4. Facteurs liés aux zootechniques de la vache…………..………… 15 V.5. Autres facteurs…………..……………………..………………… 16 VI.IMPACTS ECONOMIQUES DE LA MAMMITE…………..…………… 17 VI.1. Généralité sur l’impact économique d’une maladie…………..………… 17 VI.2. Evaluation de l’impact de la mammite clinique en économie de la santé rrrrrrranimale…………..……………………..……………………..………… 18 VI.3. Effets de la mammite clinique…………..……………………..………... 19 VI.4. Différents types de coût de la mammite…………..…………………….. 20 DEUXIEME PARTIE : METHODES ET RESULTATS I. MÉTHODES…………..……………………..……………………..…………... 23 I.1. Cadre d’étude…………..……………………..……………………..……. 23 I.2. Type d’étude…………..……………………..……………………..……... 24 I.3. Durée de l’étude…………..……………………..……………………..…. 24 I.4. Période d’étude…………..……………………..………………………… 24 I.5. Populations d’étude…………..……………………..……………………. 24 I.5.1 Unité cible…………..……………………..…………………………. 24 I.5.2 Unité d’analyse…………..……………………..……………………. 24 I.5.3 Unités déclarantes…………..……………………..…………………. 25 I.6. Critères d’inclusion…………..……………………..…………………….. 25 I.7. Critères d’exclusion…………..……………………..……………………. 25 I.8. Mode de recrutement et taille de l’échantillon…………..………………... 26 I.9. Variables étudiés…………..……………………..……………………….. 26 I.9.1. Variables indépendants…………..……………………..……………. 26 I.9.2. Variables dépendants…………..……………………..……………… 27 I.10. Traitement et analyses des données…………..……………………..…... 28 I.10.1. Mode de collecte des données…………..……………………..…… 28 I.10.2. Analyse des données…………..……………………..…………….. 28 I.11. Considérations éthiques…………..……………………..………………. 31 II. RÉSULTATS…………………………………………………………………... 32 II.1. Description de populations étudiées……………………………………... 32 II.1.1. Description des éleveurs……………………………………………. 32 II.1.2. Description des vaches étudiées…………………………………….. 40 II.1.3. Description selon l’impact économique de la mammite clinique…... 43 II.2. Etude descriptive des vaches atteintes de la mammite clinique…………. 48 II.2.1. Détermination de la prévalence de la mammite clinique…………… 48 II.2.2. Description des vaches atteintes de la mammite clinique selon les zzzzz facteurs liés aux éleveurs…………………………………………… 48 II.2.3. Description des vaches atteintes de la mammite clinique selon les zzzz facteurs liés à la vache……………………………………………… 49 II.2.4. Description des vaches atteintes de la mammite clinique selon les zzzz facteurs liés aux logements d’élevage……………………………… 51 II.2.5. Description des vaches atteintes de la mammite clinique selon le zzz rythme de nettoyage journalier de l’étable…………………………. 52 II.2.6. Description des vaches atteintes de la mammite clinique selon les zzzz règles de traite………………………………………………………. 52 II.3. Etude analytique des facteurs de risque………………………………….. 56 II.3.1. Relation entre les facteurs de risque liés à l’éleveur et la survenue zzzz de la mammite clinique des vaches………………………………… 56 II.3.2. Relation entre les facteurs de risque liés à la vache et la survenue de zzz la mammite clinique des vaches……………………………………. 57 II.3.3. Relation entre les facteurs de risque liés à l’étable et la survenue de zzz la mammite clinique des vaches……………………………………. 58 II.3.4. Relation entre le rythme de nettoyage journalier de l’étable te la zzzz survenue de la mammite clinique…………………………………… 59 II.3.5. Relation entre les facteurs liés à la traite et la survenue de la zzzzzzzmammite clinique………………………………………………….. 59 II.4. Calcul du cout économique de la mammite clinique…………………….. 62 II.4.1. Coût total de la mammite
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